乔布斯之子立下宏愿：把癌症变成可控慢性病！
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | When I hear the word cancer, the other word I usually hear is a cure for cancer. | 当我听到癌症这个词, 我通常听到的另一个词 是癌症的治疗。 |
| 0:04 | And there has been billions and billions, maybe even a trillion dollars put towards that mission. | 有数十亿,甚至一万亿美元 用于完成这个任务。 |
| 0:09 | The Yosemite's mission is to make cancer non-lethal. | 约塞米特人的任务是使癌症不致命. |
| 0:13 | What does that mean? | 这是什么意思? |
| 0:14 | I've also been pitched a cure to cancer like four or five hundred times. | 我也有四五百次治疗癌症 |
| 0:17 | And the reason why I don't like that language is, first of all, I think it's been abused | 我之所以不喜欢这种语言 首先,我觉得它被滥用了 |
| 0:21 | because to have human cells, you're always going to have the risk of cancer developing. | 因为要拥有人类细胞, 你总是会有癌症发展的风险。 |
| 0:26 | You know, that's never going away. | 你知道,这永远不会消失。 |
| 0:28 | So the idea that no mutation is ever going to happen and no cancer could ever accrue is farcical. | 因此,认为任何突变都不可能发生, 也不可能产生癌症的想法是荒谬的。 |
| 0:33 | What you care about a lot more is that it doesn't kill you. | 你更关心的是 它不会杀了你 |
展开字幕全文（824 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | When I hear the word cancer, the other word I usually hear is a cure for cancer. | 当我听到癌症这个词, 我通常听到的另一个词 是癌症的治疗。 |
| 2 | And there has been billions and billions, maybe even a trillion dollars put towards that mission. | 有数十亿,甚至一万亿美元 用于完成这个任务。 |
| 3 | The Yosemite's mission is to make cancer non-lethal. | 约塞米特人的任务是使癌症不致命. |
| 4 | What does that mean? | 这是什么意思? |
| 5 | I've also been pitched a cure to cancer like four or five hundred times. | 我也有四五百次治疗癌症 |
| 6 | And the reason why I don't like that language is, first of all, I think it's been abused | 我之所以不喜欢这种语言 首先,我觉得它被滥用了 |
| 7 | because to have human cells, you're always going to have the risk of cancer developing. | 因为要拥有人类细胞, 你总是会有癌症发展的风险。 |
| 8 | You know, that's never going away. | 你知道,这永远不会消失。 |
| 9 | So the idea that no mutation is ever going to happen and no cancer could ever accrue is farcical. | 因此,认为任何突变都不可能发生, 也不可能产生癌症的想法是荒谬的。 |
| 10 | What you care about a lot more is that it doesn't kill you. | 你更关心的是 它不会杀了你 |
| 11 | You grew up in Palo Alto. | 你在帕洛阿尔托长大 |
| 12 | You started working at cancer labs at age 15. | 你15岁开始在癌症实验室工作 |
| 13 | My dad got cancer when I was 12, but they wouldn't let me in when I was 12, so I had to wait until I was 15. | 我爸在我12岁的时候得了癌症,但是我12岁的时候他们不让我进去,所以我不得不等到15岁. |
| 14 | If you look historically at the biggest drugs in the world, | 如果你看历史 世界上最大的毒品, |
| 15 | they come from discoveries that happened in basic biology, sometimes decades previously. | 它们来自基础生物学中的发现, 有时是在几十年前。 |
| 16 | Every single major discovery has almost always come from someone pursuing a strange observation. | 每一个重大发现 几乎总是来自 某人追求一个奇怪的观察。 |
| 17 | And it wasn't a strange observation, I'm going to make a company. | 这不是一个奇怪的观察, 我要成为一个公司。 |
| 18 | It was just curiosity. | 这只是好奇心。 |
| 19 | And for Yosemite to be really successful, we need to create new modalities. | 要使Yosemite真正成功,我们需要建立新的模式。 |
| 20 | We need to use the tools that we have in ways that are completely different | 我们需要用我们拥有的工具 以完全不同的方式 |
| 21 | and probably invent new ones along the way. | 并可能发明新的 沿途。 |
| 22 | Reid Jobs 欢迎光临我的节目 | |
| 23 | Sabrina, it is wonderful to finally be here. | 莎宾娜,终于来了 |
| 24 | It's so great to have you here. | 很高兴你能来 |
| 25 | We have actually known each other for almost 10 years, which is crazy. | 我们相识了将近十年,这太疯狂了。 |
| 26 | Your sister Eve was one of my best friends from Stanford. | 你妹妹夏娃是我从斯坦福来最好的朋友之一 |
| 27 | And we spent many nights at your family home in Palo Alto. | 我们在帕洛阿尔托的你家过很多夜 |
| 28 | And I love spending time with your family. | 我喜欢和你的家人在一起 |
| 29 | You guys are all very amazing, smart, truly impact-driven people. | 你们都是惊人的,聪明的, 真正的撞击驱动的人。 |
| 30 | And it's been so fun the last few days. | 过去几天很愉快 |
| 31 | I've gotten to finally really dive into all of your work | 我终于真正地 潜入你所有的工作 |
| 32 | and what you've dedicated the last 10 years of your life to. | 以及你过去10年的奉献 |
| 33 | But you grew up in Palo Alto. | 但你是在帕洛阿尔托长大的 |
| 34 | You started working at cancer labs at age 15. | 你15岁开始在癌症实验室工作 |
| 35 | You went to Stanford. | 你上过斯坦福大学 |
| 36 | You led health at Emerson Collective for years. | 你在爱默生集团领导健康多年 |
| 37 | And a few years ago, you left to found Yosemite. | 几年前,你离开了 找到Yosemite。 |
| 38 | And we're going to get into all of that today. | 我们今天要进入这一切。 |
| 39 | But I would like to start from the very beginning, which is | 但我想从一开始,那就是 |
| 40 | what were you like as a kid growing up in Palo Alto? | 你小时候在帕洛阿尔托长大时是什么样子? |
| 41 | What were you interested in? | 你对什么感兴趣? |
| 42 | How do you think your siblings would have described young Reid? | 你觉得你的兄弟姐妹会怎样描述年轻的Reid? |
| 43 | Oh, I'm a little worried about that last little sting in the tail you added there, Sabrina, | 哦,我有点担心 尾巴的最后一点刺 你在那里加,莎宾娜, |
| 44 | because I'm worried you did little background research. | 因为我担心你做一些背景研究 |
| 45 | It's really good to see you as always. | 见到你真好 |
| 46 | And first of all, I have to say, I'm really proud to see you developing such a wonderful career. | 首先,我不得不说, 我非常自豪地看到你 发展了这样一个美好的事业。 |
| 47 | Of all my sister's friends, you're probably one of the ones who's kind of the most assured of themselves | 我姐姐的朋友中 你可能是最自信的 |
| 48 | and who have really come the furthest. | 他们确是最远的。 |
| 49 | And it's really wonderful to see. | 这真是太棒了。 |
| 50 | So congratulations. | 恭喜你们 |
| 51 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 52 | And you're right. | 你说得对 |
| 53 | We've known each other for a very long time. | 我们认识很久了 |
| 54 | A lot of Halloweens in there. | 里面有很多万圣节 |
| 55 | Palo Alto, as you observed by going to Stanford, is a beautiful place to grow up. | Palo Alto,就像你去斯坦福时看到的, 是成长的美丽地方。 |
| 56 | I loved my childhood there. | 我喜欢我的童年 |
| 57 | And it's a really safe, idyllic neighborhood where you can bike around a lot. | 它是一个非常安全,充满戏剧色彩的街区 你可以在这里骑自行车很多。 |
| 58 | You can exercise. | 你可以锻炼。 |
| 59 | You can, you know, study and be immersed in anything you want to be. | 你可以,你知道,学习和 浸透任何你想成为。 |
| 60 | And it's actually very, it gives you a lot of freedom. | 实际上,它给了你很多自由。 |
| 61 | So I think when I was a kid, I went to a pretty intense high school as all my siblings did. | 所以我想,当我还是个孩子的时候, 我上了一个非常激烈的高中, 像我所有的兄弟姐妹一样。 |
| 62 | You know, we all studied very hard. | 你知道,我们都学习非常努力。 |
| 63 | But after that, we, you know, really enjoyed the freedom that Palo Alto and not as much supervision allowed. | 但在那之后,我们,你知道, 享受着帕洛阿尔托所允许的自由, 而不是太多的监督。 |
| 64 | You started working at cancer labs at Stanford, actually at 15. | 你开始在斯坦福的癌症实验室工作,实际上15岁。 |
| 65 | What what led you to that? | 是什么让你找到的? |
| 66 | And that was sort of the beginning of you really making my cancer your life mission. | 这算是你让我的癌症成为你生命使命的开始。 |
| 67 | Sure. | 当然 |
| 68 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 69 | Well, my dad got cancer when I was 12, but they wouldn't let me in when I was 12. | 我12岁时我爸得了癌症 12岁时他们不让我进去 |
| 70 | So I had to wait till I was 15. | 所以我得等到15岁 |
| 71 | And at the time, I purely kind of bullied my way in and was not that qualified. | 而当时,我完全 欺负我的方式, 没有那么合格。 |
| 72 | But they they sort of saw that I was really passionate about this. | 但他们看到,我对此非常热衷。 |
| 73 | And obviously, they knew that my family was going through this. | 显然,他们知道 我的家人正在经历这个。 |
| 74 | They kind of decided to give me a break. | 他们决定放过我 |
| 75 | And at the time, this would have been about oh, my God, like 2007, 2008. | 而当时,这应该是关于 哦,我的上帝, 像2007,2008。 |
| 76 | This was sort of the beginning of genomics. | 这是基因组学的开始。 |
| 77 | And what I was really doing, which was at the cutting edge, was sample prepping for genomic sequencing of various tumors. | 我真正要做的是, 在最前沿, 为各种肿瘤的基因组测序准备样本。 |
| 78 | And I was in a lab that was going after colorectal cancer. | 我当时在实验室里 正在研究肠道癌 |
| 79 | And it was actually really amazing because, you know, my dad had pancreatic. | 这真的很棒 因为我爸有胰腺炎 |
| 80 | But I learned about all these other types of cancers that exist, which are very different, you know, one to each other. | 但我了解了所有这些其它类型的癌症, 这些癌症非常不同, 你知道,彼此之间。 |
| 81 | And when I was working, I really got to know how sequencers worked. | 当我在工作的时候,我真的要知道测序器是如何工作的。 |
| 82 | And at that point, it was still really driven by Illumina. | 那时,它仍然被伊鲁米娜所驱动。 |
| 83 | And, you know, you could kind of see how, first of all, the optics work. | 而且,你知道,你可以看到,首先, 光学是如何工作的。 |
| 84 | It's really complicated, actually, how that could be optimized. | 这非常复杂,实际上,如何优化。 |
| 85 | And then you kind of saw all the data coming out of it. | 然后你看到了所有的数据。 |
| 86 | And this is the beginning of really using data as one of the key markers for health care because this was going to look and seeing, you know, how do cancers really operate. | 这是真正使用数据作为保健的关键标志之一的开始, 因为这将会看到,你知道,癌症是如何真正运作的。 |
| 87 | That was really the basis of still how I look at cancer today is through a genomic lens and how you see mutations and how they accrue and how you could target them. | 这确实是今天我如何看待癌症的基础, 是通过基因组透镜, 以及你如何看待突变, 它们是如何累积的, 以及如何针对它们。 |
| 88 | But what we learned from that time was that, you know, going after individual mutations wasn't enough. | 但我们从那段时间学到的 是,你知道,去 个人突变是不够的。 |
| 89 | What I worked in was a lab that dealt with the familial colorectal cancer. | 我在实验室工作, 处理家庭结肠癌。 |
| 90 | And unfortunately, these families would have these really high mutation rates, like millions of them, and you were guaranteed to have cancer. | 不幸的是,这些家庭的突变率会非常高, 就像数百万人一样, 你保证会患上癌症。 |
| 91 | So, unfortunately, like if you were in these families and you would know, you would get a prophylactic colectomy at age 40, which is really aggressive and extreme. | 所以,很不幸,如果你是这些家庭的人, 你会在40岁时得到一种预防性的共通体, 这是非常激进和极端的。 |
| 92 | Right. | 对 |
| 93 | Because it was like that was you're going to get cancer anyway. | 因为那样你总有一天会得癌症 |
| 94 | And what then happened was when immunotherapy got launched, and that was maybe about five years after I was working in the lab at that point, it totally changed the trajectory for this patient population. | 然后,当免疫疗法被推出时, 那时大概是我在实验室工作了五年之后, 这彻底改变了这个病人的轨迹。 |
| 95 | Because, you know, the whole idea of immunotherapies forget about the mutations. | 因为,你知道,免疫动物的整个想法 忘记了突变。 |
| 96 | We're going to see if it's different from you or not. | 我们去看看是不是跟你不一样 |
| 97 | And now these people live perfectly normal lives and they don't get both their cancers are actually largely treatable and they don't have to get these prophylactic collect me's anymore. | 现在这些人过着完全正常的生活, 他们并没有得到 两种癌症都基本上可以治疗, 他们不必再得到这些预防性的收集我。 |
| 98 | And it's a really beautiful transformation. | 这是一个非常美丽的转变。 |
| 99 | And that's me. | 这就是我。 |
| 100 | It's happened over the course of my life. | 这发生在我一生中。 |
| 101 | Funnily enough, it's amazing that you are still very young and you've actually seen 20 years. | 有趣的是,你还很年轻, 并且你已经看到了20年。 |
| 102 | It's a good point. | 说得有道理. |
| 103 | I am still very handsome. | 我还是很帅 |
| 104 | But but I imagine that that there there has been a lot of shift. | 但我想,这已经发生了许多转变。 |
| 105 | So flash also still very yeah, yeah, we're all very young. | 所以,闪光仍然非常是, 是的,我们都非常年轻。 |
| 106 | Thank God, but you then went to Stanford studied. | 谢天谢地 但你后来去了斯坦福学习 |
| 107 | My brother was actually in your fraternity and he said that he remembers you playing a lot of board games. | 我哥哥实际上是在你的兄弟会 他说他记得你玩了很多棋盘游戏 |
| 108 | I wasn't alone. | 我不是一个人。 |
| 109 | At a certain point, you know, after midnight, your options of activities narrow. | 在某个时候,你知道,在午夜之后, 你的活动选择范围缩小。 |
| 110 | It's true. | 这是真的。 |
| 111 | And I've always been a bit of a night owl. | 我总是有点夜猫子。 |
| 112 | So there you go. | 就这样 |
| 113 | So after school, you joined Emerson collective. | 所以放学后,你加入了爱默生集体. |
| 114 | What did you work on there? | 你在那里做过什么? |
| 115 | So let me tell you about what Emerson does. | 让我告诉你爱默生做什么 |
| 116 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 117 | So Emerson is a family office that structure as an LLC and we have both a donor advice fund and LLC. | 所以爱默生是一家家庭办公室 以专卖局长的身份组建 我们有一个捐赠咨询基金和专卖局长 |
| 118 | And why that matters is because that allows us to do both for a nonprofit investing agnostically. | 这之所以重要 是因为这样我们就可以同时为非盈利投资 做不可知的事 |
| 119 | So you could, you know, do, you know, something that is philanthropic to get, you know, what you want done | 所以你可以,你知道,做,你知道, 一些慈善的东西 得到,你知道,你想做什么 |
| 120 | or you could do something in a for-profit setting. | 或者你可以在盈利的环境下做点什么 |
| 121 | And it's just about, you know, getting the ball down the field in the areas that you care about. | 它只是,你知道,把球从球场上移到 你关心的地区。 |
| 122 | And so when Emerson started, it was really an education and they have an incredible amount of educational nonprofits. | 所以当爱默生开始的时候,这真的是教育, 他们有惊人数量的教育非盈利。 |
| 123 | One called College Track, which they helped start, which I'm deeply proud of, which is a fantastic program to do college admission and application prep for kids. | 一个叫College Track的,他们帮助开始了, 我对此深感骄傲, 这是一个很棒的计划, 做大学入学 和入学准备的孩子。 |
| 124 | But then, you know, when they started doing venture investing in the space, you know, they found that they were kind of disconnected. | 但是,你知道,当他们开始冒险 在空间投资, 你知道,他们发现 他们有点脱节。 |
| 125 | Like there wasn't a pipeline of companies in the education space that were coming out of education philanthropy, you know. | 就像教育空间里没有一条 由教育慈善事业产生的公司管道一样 |
| 126 | And, you know, the education startup space is pretty small. | 而且,你知道,教育的启动空间很小。 |
| 127 | But when I started experimenting with these tool agnostic ways of deploying capital in the health care space, | 但当我开始试验这些工具 不可知的方法 在医疗空间部署资本, |
| 128 | it actually became really clear to me that there was a direct through line from later stage philanthropy to early stage investment | 实际上我很清楚 从后期慈善事业到早期投资 都有一条直线 |
| 129 | because the IP and the people were completely conserved and the experiments were really identical. | 因为IP和人民被完全保存了下来 实验也完全一样 |
| 130 | And it became immediately obvious to me that actually later stage philanthropy was really like seed funding. | 对我来说,很显然, 后期的慈善活动就像种子资助。 |
| 131 | And so I was lucky enough to go to a bunch of Y Combinator demo days growing up. | 所以我很幸运能去 一群Y联合体的示范日。 |
| 132 | They always invited my family and it was really cool. | 他们总是邀请我的家人 非常酷 |
| 133 | You know, like over the years, we got to see a lot of companies that grew up to become, you know, DoorDash or things like that. | 你知道,像这些年来, 我们必须看到很多公司 成长成为,你知道, DoorDash 之类的东西。 |
| 134 | And I realized that there didn't exist that accelerator for the health care system. | 我意识到 医疗系统没有加速器 |
| 135 | And that's been a great part of the Bay Area ecosystem has been just that pipeline of talent and just the discipline that that creates. | 这一直是湾区生态系统的一大部分 就是人才的管道和创造出来的学科 |
| 136 | And we then decided at Emerson when I was there to try to use our philanthropy program to seed companies | 然后在爱默生的时候 我们决定 利用我们的慈善计划去种子公司 |
| 137 | and to use it in the same way that Y Combinator did to, you know, de-risk IP and get people ready to be entrepreneurs, | 并使用它的方式, Y Combinator 所做的,你知道,去风险IP 并让人们准备成为企业家, |
| 138 | do the same thing in the life sciences. | 做同样的事情 在生命科学。 |
| 139 | And the best tool to do that is actually philanthropy. | 这样做的最佳工具是慈善。 |
| 140 | So you eventually spun out to start Yosemite, which you're working and building a team around today. | 所以,你最终涌出 开始Yosemite, 你的工作和建立一个团队 围绕今天。 |
| 141 | What parts of your work there and what you learned from there did you want to bring into Yosemite? | 你在那里的工作是什么 以及你从那里学到了什么 你想带进约塞米蒂? |
| 142 | And what did you decide? | 你决定了什么? |
| 143 | Oh, I just copied it. | 哦,我刚刚复制它。 |
| 144 | I copied the whole thing, Sabrina. | 我复制了整个事情,莎宾娜。 |
| 145 | Oh my gosh. | 天呐 |
| 146 | Well, it was great. | 嗯,这是伟大的。 |
| 147 | It was right there. | 就在那边 |
| 148 | So I just copied it. | 所以我就抄下来了 |
| 149 | And what we did differently was, of course, we brought in external capital and we structured this as a fund. | 我们所做的不同是,当然,我们引进了外部资本, 并且我们把它组织成一个基金。 |
| 150 | But the reason I taught at Emerson was we also have a donor-advised fund alongside Yosemite. | 但我在爱默生教的理由是 我们还有一个捐赠者建议的资金 与约塞米蒂。 |
| 151 | And there's 2.5% of the amount of capital raised for each fund over the course of a decade goes into that. | 在十年中,每个基金筹集的资本的2.5% 都进入了这个阶段。 |
| 152 | And that's a totally new structure that Yosemite has actually pioneered been the same. | 这是尤塞米蒂所开创的全新结构,其实是一样的。 |
| 153 | But the reason is identical is because we want to be able to build things and we want to be able to really invest in totally cutting-edge, | 但原因是一样的 因为我们想 能够建设的东西 并且我们想 真正投资 完全尖端, |
| 154 | totally novel sciences as we have in, well, I'm sure we'll get into that soon. | 完全新颖的科学,因为我们有, 嗯,我相信我们会进入 很快。 |
| 155 | But we actually have used the exact same tools that we developed at Emerson now in Yosemite. | 但是,我们实际上使用了 我们开发的完全相同的工具 在爱默生现在在约塞米蒂。 |
| 156 | And we hope other VCs are going to copy us too. | 我们希望其他越共也会复制我们。 |
| 157 | Yes. | 对 |
| 158 | Okay, Yosemite's mission is to make cancer non-lethal. | 好吧 Yosemite的任务是让癌症不致命 |
| 159 | And I think as someone that isn't in biology, when I hear the word cancer, the other word I usually hear is a cure for cancer or cure in cancer. | 我认为,作为一个不在生物学中的人, 当我听到癌症这个词的时候, 我通常听到的另一个词是癌症的治疗或癌症的治疗。 |
| 160 | And there has been billions and billions, maybe even a trillion dollars put towards that mission | 已经有数十亿,也许甚至一万亿美元 用于这个任务 |
| 161 | because every single person has been impacted or has had a loved one that has been impacted by it. | 因为每个人都受到了影响,或者有一个爱人受到了影响。 |
| 162 | But you guys are working to make cancer non-lethal. | 但你们正在努力使癌症不致命。 |
| 163 | So what does that mean and why those words? | 那是什么意思,为什么这些话? |
| 164 | Sure. | 当然 |
| 165 | And I appreciate you signaling them out because they were chosen very deliberately. | 我很感激你发出信号 因为他们是被刻意选中的 |
| 166 | And you're right. | 你说得对 |
| 167 | I've also been pitched a cure to cancer, you know, like four or five hundred times. | 我还做了一个治疗癌症的方法, 你知道,像四五百次。 |
| 168 | And the reason why I don't like that language is, first of all, I think it's been abused. | 我之所以不喜欢这种语言,首先,我觉得它已经被滥用了. |
| 169 | And my, you know, skepticism always is triggered when I hear that. | 我,你知道, 怀疑总是触发 当我听到这一点。 |
| 170 | But on a deeper level, I think it's inaccurate because to have human cells, you're always going to have the risk of cancer developing in one of them. | 但是在更深层次上,我觉得这不准确, 因为人类细胞, 你总是会有癌症发展的风险。 |
| 171 | You know, that's never going away. | 你知道,这永远不会消失。 |
| 172 | Mutations occur naturally all day every day. | 变异每天自然发生. |
| 173 | And most of them are taken over the immune system and are fine. | 并且它们大多被占据了免疫系统,并且很好. |
| 174 | So the idea that no mutation is ever going to happen and no cancer could ever accrue is farcical. | 因此,认为任何突变都不可能发生, 也不可能产生癌症的想法是荒谬的。 |
| 175 | What you care about a lot more is that it doesn't kill you. | 你更关心的是 它不会杀了你 |
| 176 | And when we've seen this happen with other diseases, that has been the way that people have actually had them recede, you know, from the point of view of terror. | 当我们看到这种疾病和其他疾病发生时, 人们从恐怖的角度出发, 也正是如此。 |
| 177 | And I think a really good example is AIDS. | 我认为一个很好的例子就是艾滋病。 |
| 178 | And the story of AIDS has been one of combination therapy where there were several different protocols combined in the late 90s and early 2000s, | 在90年代后期和2000年代初期, 有一些不同的协议, |
| 179 | which has really transformed it from a disease of mortality to one of lifelong chronic progression and management. | 它确实将它从一种死亡疾病转变为一种终身慢性病。 |
| 180 | And that is exactly what I think will happen with cancer, not say that AIDS is not a big deal or a minor disease. | 这正是我认为癌症会发生的情况, 而不是说艾滋病不是大问题或小疾病。 |
| 181 | It's a very serious disease. | 这是一个非常严重的疾病。 |
| 182 | But the fear around it has markedly changed. | 但周围的恐惧已经明显改变。 |
| 183 | And the way that it is dealt with socially is very different now than it was 10, 20 years ago. | 而社会处理的方法 现在与10,20年前大不相同。 |
| 184 | I think cancer, while probably a longer duration and it will be different for each subtype, will probably follow more of that law. | 我认为,癌症虽然可能持续时间更长,而且每种子类型都不同,但可能遵循更多的法律。 |
| 185 | Yeah, so it's something that people will face, but people will be able to manage. | 是的,所以这是人们会面对的东西, 但人们会管理。 |
| 186 | That's the dream and goal of it. | 这就是它的梦想和目标。 |
| 187 | So something that's unique about Yosemite, and I asked some people that you've invested in, like Jack Dent, like, what do you, you know, admire about them? | 约塞米蒂的独到之处 我问了一些你投资过的人 比如杰克·丹特 你对他们有何好感? |
| 188 | They're your investors. | 他们是你的投资者。 |
| 189 | And he said something that he found to be really awesome is the way you set up both having grants and having investments. | 他说,他发现 真正令人赞叹的是 你设置的方式 既有赠款 也有投资。 |
| 190 | You guys have founded some companies, you invest in companies. | 你们建立了一些公司,你们在公司投资。 |
| 191 | You guys also give every person on your team a large pool of capital to make grants. | 你们也给团队中的每个人 一笔大笔资金来提供赠款 |
| 192 | And I think this is extremely unique because most venture funds invest in private companies and they're investing in founders. | 我认为这是非常独特的, 因为大多数风险基金投资于私人公司, 他们投资于创始人。 |
| 193 | So I want to ask, like, what do you see as the relationship between, you know, research and academia and why we should be supporting that and then how to bring that into commercial use cases? | 所以我想问,你认为研究与学术界之间的关系是什么? 为什么我们应该支持它,然后如何将它引入商业使用案例? |
| 194 | And how did that kind of inspire this structure? | 这种结构是如何激励的? |
| 195 | Well, if you look historically at the biggest drugs in the world, they come from discoveries that happened in basic biology, sometimes decades previously. | 嗯,如果你从历史上看世界上最大的药物, 它们来自在基础生物学中发现的药物, 有时是几十年前。 |
| 196 | And every single major discovery has almost always come from someone pursuing a strange observation. | 每一个重大发现几乎总是来自 追求一个奇怪的观察。 |
| 197 | And it wasn't strange observation. | 亦非奇观. |
| 198 | I'm going to make a company. | 我将成为一个公司。 |
| 199 | It was just curiosity. | 这只是好奇心。 |
| 200 | And that purity has never really changed. | 而这种纯洁并没有真正改变。 |
| 201 | And for your company to be really successful, we need to create a lot of new information. | 为了使你的公司真正成功 我们需要创造很多新的信息 |
| 202 | We need to create new modalities. | 我们需要建立新的模式。 |
| 203 | We need to use the tools that we have in ways that are completely different and probably invent new ones along the way. | 我们需要使用我们所拥有的工具,这些工具是完全不同的,并可能在整个过程中发明新的工具。 |
| 204 | So to do that, we've tried to enable everyone to have a lot of freedom. | 因此,为了做到这一点,我们努力使每个人都能拥有很多自由. |
| 205 | And one of the things that I love about my job is all the different things you get to learn. | 我对工作最爱的一件事 就是你们学到的不同东西 |
| 206 | You know, I can work in immunotherapy and, you know, radiotherapy and AI and hospitalization, and we constantly get to learn and educate ourselves. | 我可以做免疫疗法 放射疗法 人工智能和住院治疗 我们不断学习和教育自己 |
| 207 | So the grants are actually a tool for us to take things that we've learned about and de-risk them before they're ready for companies. | 因此,这些赠款实际上是我们的一个工具, 来获取我们所学到的东西, 在它们为公司做好准备之前去冒险。 |
| 208 | One of the really difficulties of my industry, Sabrina, is it takes a long time. | 我这个行业的一个真正困难是 萨布丽娜 需要很长时间 |
| 209 | It's really expensive to find out if things are going right or if they're going off, you know, I've said this before and this is all public. | 要知道事情是正常的,还是不正常的, 这真的很昂贵, 你知道,我以前说过,这都是公开的。 |
| 210 | But like, you know, a phase three cancer trial costs about two hundred and sixty million dollars and only about one out of three succeed. | 但是,你知道,第三阶段的癌症试验 花费大约两亿六千万美元, 大约三分之一的成功。 |
| 211 | So what we try to do with grants is actually test ideas as cheaply as possible and fail cheaply. | 因此,我们试图用赠款 来测试各种想法, 尽可能低廉和低廉的失败。 |
| 212 | They're actually set up so that we can really de-risk things and go or no go very, very, very efficiently before we've spent years and millions of dollars on a company that might be fruitless. | 它们实际上是为了让我们能够真正去掉风险, 去或不去非常,非常,非常高效, 在我们花了多年和数百万美元 在一个可能没有结果的公司。 |
| 213 | So it's actually a fantastic filter for us to identify things really early on and work in places that are perfectly designed for this. | 因此,它实际上是一个很棒的过滤器, 用于我们早期识别一些东西, 并在设计完美的地方工作。 |
| 214 | So universities have already invested, you know, hundreds of millions of dollars, if not billions, into medical infrastructure and research. | 所以,大学已经投资了,你知道, 数亿美元,甚至数十亿美元, 用于医疗基础设施和研究。 |
| 215 | Think about Stamford where we both went. | 想想斯坦福 我们一起去的地方 |
| 216 | I mean, the real estate, the hospitals that they have there to get all the patient data flow, the buildings that they built, the postdocs that they've had to train. | 我的意思是,房地产,他们在那里拥有的医院 以获得所有病人的数据流, 他们建造的建筑物, 他们必须训练的邮编。 |
| 217 | That is billions of infrastructure over decades that as a philanthropist, you can already just pop in and leverage. | 这是数十年的数十亿基础设施, 作为一个慈善家,你已经可以 流行和杠杆作用。 |
| 218 | It's so much more efficient. | 效率要高得多 |
| 219 | Something that's kind of on this point that I've I heard you say and in one of the only other podcasts you went on is that something unique about biotech is often it could be, you know, | 我听到你说的 关于这一点 你唯一一个播客说 生物技术方面的独特之处 往往是... |
| 220 | the founder of a company might be an amazing scientist that came out of academia, but they might not be the same person as the CEO of the company. | 公司的创始人可能是一位来自学术界的惊人科学家,但他们可能与公司的首席执行官不同。 |
| 221 | And that's very kind of an antithesis to classic Silicon Valley where you have like the founder CEO. | 这和经典硅谷的反演非常类似, 你在那里有像创始人CEO。 |
| 222 | And I thought that was a really interesting observation. | 我认为这是一个非常有趣的观察。 |
| 223 | Why is that the case in biology? | 为什么生物学是这样? |
| 224 | Oh, there's two reasons. | 哦,有两个原因。 |
| 225 | First of all is one is cultural and one is structural. | 首先,一个是文化,一个是结构。 |
| 226 | So cultural, this is of course a subjective statement. | 文化上,这当然是一个主观的说法. |
| 227 | But when I started my career, there were a lot of academics who thought that joining a company was sort of sullying their academic pursuits and that maybe sulling is a bit harsh, | 但当我开始我的职业生涯时, 有很多学者认为 加入一家公司 有点烦恼 他们的学术追求, 也许生气有点苛刻, |
| 228 | but at least it was a distraction from, you know, the the environment or academia. | 但至少是分散了环境或学术界的注意力 |
| 229 | There's a bit of ivory tower ism to be camping with you. | 有一点象牙塔是 与你同营。 |
| 230 | And, you know, that's fair enough, right? | 而且,你知道, 这是公平的,对不对? |
| 231 | Like it's their IP, they can be involved or not. | 就像他们的IP一样,他们可以参与与否. |
| 232 | But in my generation and younger investigators and professors care less about tenure than they do about solving problems in my experience. | 但是,在我这一代人和年轻的调查员和教授中,对任期的关心比他们对解决我的经验中的问题关心的少。 |
| 233 | And because of that, people are a lot more willing to join companies than they have been, but that old culture is still somewhat there. | 由于这个原因,人们比以前更愿意加入公司, 但这种老文化仍然有些存在。 |
| 234 | So that's part one. | 所以这是第一部分。 |
| 235 | But part two is much more important and that's structural. | 但第二部分更为重要,这是结构性的。 |
| 236 | So right now, really good cancer research researchers spend on average about 30% of their time writing and submitting for grants usually from the NIH or from foundations. | 所以现在,真正优秀的癌症研究研究者 平均花费大约30%的时间写作, 并提交通常来自NIH或基金会的补助金。 |
| 237 | And that isn't time that they're spending actually in the lab actually doing work. | 这不是他们花在实验室工作的时间。 |
| 238 | It's them chasing money and that's a 30% of their time. | 是他们追钱 占他们时间的30% |
| 239 | So if you're going to have someone who's maybe the best in the world at discovering something, why would you want to have them? | 所以,如果你要去有一个人 谁也许是最好的 在世界上发现的东西, 你为什么想要他们? |
| 240 | Why would you want to take more of their time away from the lab? | 为什么你想把更多的时间 离开实验室? |
| 241 | They're already fundraising with 30% of the time probably. | 他们已经用30%的时间筹款了 |
| 242 | Why would you want them to run recruiting and HR and fundraising this company? | 为什么你要他们 经营招聘和HR 并为这家公司筹资? |
| 243 | You want to disaggregate that if they're going to be part of the company. | 你要分解一下 如果他们要加入公司的话 |
| 244 | And I that's always my preference is that they are maybe a great CSO or CMO. | 我总是喜欢他们 也许是个优秀的CSO或CMO。 |
| 245 | They help bring the scientific ball down the field as far as possible and are actually sort of spared from having to do a lot more of the workman, you know, work of a CEO and dealing with investors as a CEO needs to. | 他们尽可能地把科学的球带下这个领域, 并且实际上可以避免做更多的工作, 你知道,做一个CEO的工作, 和作为CEO的投资者打交道。 |
| 246 | That makes a lot of sense. | 这有很多道理。 |
| 247 | And last question just to touch on academia is the current state because you've seen it over now two decades is I feel like people in San Francisco investors specifically are pulling people more and more out of academia. | 最后一个问题就是 学术界的现状,因为你已经看到了二十年了, 我觉得旧金山的投资者 正在把越来越多的人拉出学术界。 |
| 248 | And I feel like there's more PhD dropouts. | 我觉得有 更多的博士辍学。 |
| 249 | How has the current state of, you know, funding and talent in academia research and in biology today? | 今天学术界的研究和生物学的资金和人才状况如何? |
| 250 | It's so great because again, people want to solve these problems. | 这太棒了,因为人们又想解决这些问题。 |
| 251 | No one cares about being, you know, oh, this chair of whatever at some school. | 没人会在乎的, 你知道,哦, 这椅子什么的 在一些学校。 |
| 252 | And, you know, that's fine. | 而且,你知道,这很好。 |
| 253 | But people really care about frankly getting rid of these diseases that people care about the missions that your assembly cares about. | 但人们真正关心的是 坦率地去除这些疾病 人们关心的 是你们大会关心的任务。 |
| 254 | And, you know, people who join my field usually do it like me for personal reasons and they want to see those be satisfied. | 而且,你知道,人们谁加入我的领域 通常做它喜欢我的个人原因 他们希望看到这些满足。 |
| 255 | So people are extremely entrepreneurial right now. | 所以人们现在都非常有创业精神。 |
| 256 | And the second factor is AI has turbocharged everyone in making in their ability to make companies and be entrepreneurs because so much of this work on scaling your company, making yourself operational can actually be leveraged now with AI. | 第二个因素是AI让每个人都有能力 做公司和企业家, 因为很多关于你公司规模的 工作, |
| 257 | And you don't need a whole team as you once did. | 你不需要一个完整的团队 就像你曾经那样 |
| 258 | A single scientist can be an entrepreneur now much easier. | 一个科学家可以成为一个企业家 现在更容易。 |
| 259 | I think that biotech has been historically hard to invest in because unlike a lot of other sectors, you're betting on something that you fundamentally don't know if it's possible because you're you're funding science. | 我认为生物技术在历史上是很难投资的, 因为与其他许多部门不同的是, 你在打赌一些你根本不知道的东西, 如果它有可能,因为你正在资助科学。 |
| 260 | Basically, sometimes we don't even understand how exactly and even I give you an example. | 基本上,有时我们甚至不明白 到底如何,甚至我给你一个例子。 |
| 261 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 262 | Can I tell like this is one of my favorite stories. | 我能说出我最喜欢的故事之一吗? |
| 263 | So and I think about this a lot, but this is the feeling that is kind of at the heart of biology. | 所以,我想了很多, 但这种感觉是生物的核心。 |
| 264 | And for me, at least it's something that keeps me going, which is the wonder that you get so I have a lot of because of my job. | 对我而言,至少是一些东西 使我继续前进, 这是奇迹 你得到,所以我有很多 因为我的工作。 |
| 265 | I interact with a lot of cancer patients, sometimes strangers, and if I can help them, you know, I try to. | 我和很多癌症患者互动, 有时是陌生人, 如果我能帮助他们,你知道,我尽力。 |
| 266 | And in the last four years, unfortunately, I've had a friend who's had brain cancer and the average lifespan of someone who has glioblastoma is one year and he's in year five. | 在过去四年里, 不幸的是,我有一个朋友患了脑癌, 患有Glioblastom的人的平均寿命是一年, 他的寿命是五年。 |
| 267 | Wow. | 珃 |
| 268 | Amazing. | 厉害 |
| 269 | That's amazing. | 这是惊人的。 |
| 270 | And he's a man his late 50s. | 他是一个50多岁的男人 |
| 271 | And, you know, when it started for him, he started with slurred speech because the brain cancer started in his left hemisphere and broke his area where your language center is, which is pretty typical for brain cancer. | 而且,你知道,当它开始为他, 他的演讲是沉闷的, 因为脑癌是从他的左半球开始的, 并打破了他的区域, 在那里你的语言中心, 这是脑癌的典型。 |
| 272 | Actually, it usually starts there. | 实际上,它通常从那里开始。 |
| 273 | So he had a couple surgeries, which are really, really hardcore. | 所以他做了几次手术, 这些手术真的非常非常坚硬。 |
| 274 | And I was with him as he was visiting his neurologist at he was being treated at Penn at the time, and his speech had really, really recovered since the surgery, which was kind of weird because they like took it out. | 当时我和他一起去看他的神经科医生 当时他在宾州接受治疗 他的演讲在手术后真的恢复了过来, 这很奇怪,因为他们喜欢把它取出来。 |
| 275 | So when we were with his doctor, we were asking him about this and his neurologist was, you know, was really calm. | 所以当我们和他的医生在一起时, 我们问他这件事, 他的神经科医生,你知道的,非常冷静。 |
| 276 | He goes, oh, yeah, sure. | 他去,哦,是的,当然。 |
| 277 | You know, that happens a lot. | 你知道,这经常发生。 |
| 278 | And we're just like, oh, wait, excuse me. | 我们只是,哦,等等,对不起。 |
| 279 | What happens like is so? | 怎么会这样? |
| 280 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 281 | You know, he says to the adult brain is more plastic than we understand. | 你知道,他说,成人的大脑 是更多的塑料 比我们理解。 |
| 282 | And when we done when we've done fMRIs on, you know, on brain cancer patients, adults about and when we've had to take out the broke his area about 30% of the time, the language function migrates. | 当我们做FMRI的时候, 脑癌病人,成年人, 以及当我们不得不取出破损的地区时, 大约30%的时间,语言功能迁移。 |
| 283 | To the right hemisphere through the corpus callosum. | 右半球通过血压计 |
| 284 | We don't understand how, but it happens and you recover. | 我们不理解怎么做的,但是它发生 而你恢复。 |
| 285 | And I've still never gotten over that. | 我仍然无法克服这一点。 |
| 286 | Think about that. | 考虑一下 |
| 287 | Sabrina language functioning, transitioning in an adult. | 莎宾娜语功能,在成人中过渡. |
| 288 | This is this is crazy. | 这是疯了。 |
| 289 | This is one of those complex thing. | 这是其中一件复杂的事情。 |
| 290 | Your brain does and we have no idea how it retains this. | 你的大脑是这样做的,我们不知道它如何保留这个。 |
| 291 | Oh my God. | 天呐 |
| 292 | What a wonder, right? | 多么神奇,对不对? |
| 293 | Like, isn't it crazy? | 喜欢,是不是疯了? |
| 294 | We still hardly understand like our own of course rain and body and that feeling of just all about what your body can do and the complete abandonment of what you previously thought was possible is really what biology is all about. | 我们仍然很难理解 我们自己当然的雨和身体, 这种感觉只是所有 关于你的身体可以做什么, 完全放弃你以前认为可能的事情 真的是什么生物学。 |
| 295 | And anyone who tells you that, you know, things are impossible just doesn't know biology that well because we figured out, you know how to now manipulate huge parts of your body, but we still do not know how other massive areas work. | 任何人告诉你,你知道,事情不可能发生, 只是不熟悉生物学,因为我们知道, 你知道现在如何操控你身体的很大部分, 但我们仍然不知道其他大块区域是如何工作的。 |
| 296 | So, I mean, while we are extremely sophisticated right now, we'll talk about AI and that scenes and all these kinds of great things. | 所以,我的意思是,虽然我们现在非常复杂, 我们会谈论AI和那些场景和所有这些伟大的事情。 |
| 297 | We still have very basic things like how your brain and memory and language works that we do not understand, which I find fascinating. | 我们仍然有非常基本的东西, 比如你的大脑、记忆和语言如何工作, 我们不理解,我觉得这很有趣。 |
| 298 | Definitely. | 当然 |
| 299 | I think we're like the the greatest mystery and I wonder what AI will help us learn about ourselves. | 我认为我们是最大的谜团 我想知道AI会帮助我们了解自己 |
| 300 | And I mean, the universe is a mystery too. | 宇宙也是个谜 |
| 301 | So we're we're we're amidst it all. | 所以,我们是在 这一切。 |
| 302 | Getting big on me there. | 变得对我大。 |
| 303 | Not to get too meta here, but I think that you have started this fund at probably one of the most like exciting moments in biology ever. | 不是来得太多, 但我认为你创办了这个基金 在生物界最令人兴奋的时刻之一。 |
| 304 | If you if you look forward to to how the progress that like we're starting to see in this in this field, like what is top of mind for you? | 如果你期待我们在这一领域中 开始看到的进展, 像你的头脑是什么? |
| 305 | Like what is most exciting when you look at like 10 years ahead and kind of the toolbox that we are starting to put together of like how we are going to work on managing cancers and understand them and fight them. | 比如说,当你展望未来10年时,最令人兴奋的是什么, 以及我们开始拼凑的工具箱, 就像我们要如何管理癌症, 了解癌症,防治癌症。 |
| 306 | Like what what are what are those sort of key elements? | 比如,这些关键要素是什么? |
| 307 | Yeah, great question. | 问得好 |
| 308 | So first of all, we're really now focusing on the driver core oncogenes right now, Sabrina. | 所以,首先,我们现在真的 专注于驱动核心肿瘤,萨宾娜。 |
| 309 | So what that means in a nutshell is we think we can figure out how to inhibit a lot of the drivers of cancer across huge cancers. | 简言之,这意味着 我们认为我们可以找出 如何抑制 癌症的驱动力 跨越巨大的癌症。 |
| 310 | This has really happened shockingly in pancreatic cancer. | 这真的发生在胰腺癌中 |
| 311 | The one my dad had and this year has been the biggest year ever pancreatic cancer in the best way possible. | 今年是有史以来最大的一年 最好的方式。 |
| 312 | And this really happened because of a company called Revolution Medicines, which is created partially from IP right here at UCSF. | 这真的是因为一家叫"革命药剂公司"的公司, 这个公司是部分地由IP创建的, 就在UCSF这里。 |
| 313 | Actually, I'm from Kravon Chokat, who's a total national hero. | 实际上,我来自克拉冯·乔卡特, 他是一个完全的民族英雄。 |
| 314 | And what they're able to do is actually get after the most prolific gene that's mutated across all pancreatic cancer for the very first time. | 他们能做的是 找到在所有的胰腺癌中 发生突变的最丰富的基因 |
| 315 | And they have doubled the survival rate. | 他们把生存率翻了一番 |
| 316 | Sabrina doubled it from 12 to 24 months. | 莎宾娜从12个月翻倍到24个月. |
| 317 | Now, look, 24 months still is not sufficient, but you don't get many doublings of survival rates with this, you know, with one drug in a huge cancer like this that often. | 现在,你看,24个月还是不够的, 但你没有得到很多的两倍的存活率 通过这个,你知道,一个药物 在一个巨大的癌症中 像这样的经常。 |
| 318 | So it is a big step forward. | 所以这是向前迈出的一大步。 |
| 319 | And most importantly, is just unlocking new areas of chemistry. | 最重要的是,打开化学的新领域。 |
| 320 | If we can hit Ras, we could probably have a lot of other things, too. | 如果我们能打到拉斯, 我们可能还有很多其他的东西,太。 |
| 321 | Yep. | 对 |
| 322 | Pancreatic was previously one of the sort of most difficult cancers to work with. | 胰岛素是以前最难治疗的癌症之一 |
| 323 | 24 months is still not great. | 24个月还是不好。 |
| 324 | Yeah, investing in biotech is incredibly difficult because you don't know if things will work. | 是啊,投资生物技术是极其困难的, 因为你不知道 事情会成功。 |
| 325 | You're you're betting on an idea that hopefully has some, you know, evidence has proven maybe more in like a academia or research environment. | 你是在打赌一个想法, 希望有,你知道, 证据已经证明也许更多 在学术界或研究环境。 |
| 326 | You're betting on an amazing team. | 你打赌一个惊人的团队。 |
| 327 | So when you think about the ideas that are most promising and the teams are most excited about, like what is now starting to be possible that feels like, | 所以当你想到那些最有希望的想法 球队最兴奋的时候 就像现在开始可能的感受一样 |
| 328 | Okay, there's a real company to be built around this in the next 15 years. | 好吧,有一个真正的公司 要围绕这 在接下来的15年。 |
| 329 | Oh, boy. | 哦,伙计。 |
| 330 | Well, I'll give you the one I'm working on a lot right now. | 好吧,我给你一个 我的工作现在很多。 |
| 331 | There's been a dream for a decade of mine, Sabrina, since I started at Emerson, actually. | 自从我从爱默生开始,我十年来就一直梦想着 |
| 332 | And that is in vivo CAR T cells going after solid tumors. | 这是在活体CAR T细胞 跟踪固体肿瘤。 |
| 333 | Finally, finally, Sabrina, you've been waiting. | 终于,莎宾娜,你一直在等 |
| 334 | You've been waiting. | 你已经等了很久了 |
| 335 | Here comes your here it comes. | 来了,来了 |
| 336 | So and like, it's so cool that this is this may not be this could be a few years down the road, by the way. | 顺便说一句,这太酷了,这也许不是几年之后。 |
| 337 | But the fact that this is even like a whisper of a possibility right now is phenomenal. | 但事实上,这甚至像 耳语的可能性 现在是惊人的。 |
| 338 | So one of my favorite people in the world is Jim Allison. | 我最喜欢的人之一 是吉姆·艾利森。 |
| 339 | He's fucking awesome, Sabrina. | 他他妈的真棒,莎宾娜。 |
| 340 | He's in his late 70s. | 七十余岁. |
| 341 | My turn 80 soon. | 到我80岁了 |
| 342 | He isn't he lives in MD Anderson. | 他不是住在安德森医生 |
| 343 | He's Nobel laureate. | 他是诺贝尔奖获得者. |
| 344 | He's in he's a harmonica player with Willie Nelson when he tours. | 他在巡演时与威利·尼尔森是口琴演奏家. |
| 345 | He's a rock and roller. | 他是摇滚乐手 |
| 346 | He's absolutely self-taught. | 他绝对是自学的 |
| 347 | He's like this gravelly voice. | 他就像这个烂声音 |
| 348 | And he is the father of immunotherapy. | 他是免疫疗法之父 |
| 349 | So he's one of the most highly decorated scientists in American history. | 因此他是美国历史上装饰最优秀的科学家之一. |
| 350 | And he is a real national treasure. | 他是一个真正的国家宝藏。 |
| 351 | He discovered the T cell receptor and really discovered how your immune system sees things. | 他发现了T细胞受体 并真正发现了你的免疫系统如何看待事物 |
| 352 | But not only that, he then became the first person ever to win the Nobel Prize for medicine, | 不仅如此,他后来成为第一个获得诺贝尔医学奖的人, |
| 353 | not only for the discovery, but for making the drug against it, too. | 不仅是为了发现 也是为了制造药物 |
| 354 | And he with Bristol Myers Squibb made the first immunotherapy every epillumimab, which in 2011 came to market. | 而他和布里斯托尔·迈尔斯·斯基布(英语:Bristol Myers Squibb)一起,在2011年上市,每一次癫痫都做了第一次免疫疗法. |
| 355 | And the way that this all works is to look at your cancer and you and have it look at the cancer and see that it's not you. | 这些都工作的方式是 看你的癌症和你, 并让它看癌症,看到它不是你。 |
| 356 | Now, there's a lot of ways that hides and there's a few ways that you can optimize your immune system to get around that. | 现在,有许多方法可以隐藏, 有一些方法可以优化你的免疫系统来绕过它。 |
| 357 | One is to block it physically in the cell. | 其一是将其物理屏蔽在牢房内. |
| 358 | These are with the small molecules. | 它们是与小分子。 |
| 359 | There's another way. | 有别法. |
| 360 | It's a lot more complicated, but I think it's going to be more powerful in the long term. | 事情要复杂得多,但我觉得从长远来看会更强大. |
| 361 | And those are called CAR T cells. | 这些被称为CAR T细胞。 |
| 362 | We're just going to go with CAR T cells. | 我们只是去 与CAR T细胞。 |
| 363 | It stands for chimeric antigen receptor T cells. | 它代表着奇美抗原受体T细胞. |
| 364 | 好吧,CAR T细胞。 | |
| 365 | 是CAR T细胞 | |
| 366 | So what that means is that we take out your immune cells. | 这就是说,我们取出你的免疫细胞。 |
| 367 | OK, and this is like, you know, the workhorse of your immune system. | 这就像,你知道,你的免疫系统的工作马。 |
| 368 | We will use, you know, historically what we do is we use, you know, some kind of virus usually to put a little genetic payload in. | 我们会使用,你知道, 历史上,我们做的是,你知道, 我们使用某种病毒 通常把一个小 基因有效载荷。 |
| 369 | We'll then modify your T cells a little bit and we'll have them selectively go after the cancer. | 然后调整一下你的T细胞 然后有选择地检查癌症 |
| 370 | We'll actually put a target for that for your specific cancer on that T cell, which is incredibly cool. | 我们实际上会把目标 用于你的具体癌症 在T细胞,这是令人难以置信的酷。 |
| 371 | Wow. | 珃 |
| 372 | And we then put them back in your body and then they will selectively go after that cancer. | 然后我们把它们放回你的身体里, 然后他们会有选择地去治疗癌症。 |
| 373 | Right. | 对 |
| 374 | Amazing. | 厉害 |
| 375 | But there's two big problems with this. | 但是,这有两个大问题. |
| 376 | There's three big problems with this. | 这有三个大问题 |
| 377 | The first problem is that that whole process manufacturing takes like two months and not everybody has two months. | 第一个问题是,整个工艺制造需要两个月,而不是每个人都有两个月。 |
| 378 | Problem number one, problem number two cost about $100,000, which is really expensive. | 问题一,问题二 花费约10万美元, 这真的很昂贵。 |
| 379 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 380 | And problem number three, the final product only really works in hematological cancers, which are leukemias and lymphomas where there isn't a tumor. | 第三个问题,最后的产物 只在血液癌中起作用, 这些癌症是白血病和淋巴瘤,没有肿瘤。 |
| 381 | It's cancer cells floating around. | 它的癌细胞漂浮在周围。 |
| 382 | Still really serious, but it's very different from like a solid tumor, which is most cancer. | 仍然很严重,但是它和像坚固的肿瘤, 也就是大多数的癌症有很大不同。 |
| 383 | So what this has meant is that it's not only for solid tumors, but it has been incredible for liquid tumors. | 因此,这意味着它不仅对固态肿瘤,而且对液态肿瘤来说也令人难以置信。 |
| 384 | We are talking like multi myeloma. | 我们说话就像多膜瘤。 |
| 385 | All these leukemias are now drastically better. | 这些白血病现在都好得多了 |
| 386 | We're talking like 60, 70 percent cure rates. | 我们说的是六七成的治愈率 |
| 387 | It's unbelievable. | 难以置信 |
| 388 | And it has been a dream for a long time to say, okay, it's working great in liquid tumors. | 很久以来,人们一直梦想着, 好吧,在液态肿瘤中效果很好。 |
| 389 | How do we optimize this to solids? | 我们如何优化它到固体? |
| 390 | How do we bring that to solids? | 我们怎么把它带到固体? |
| 391 | And it has been persistently so difficult. | 它一直如此艰难。 |
| 392 | You know, you do this to these T cells. | 你知道,你这样做 这些T细胞。 |
| 393 | You put them in the body. | 你把它们放进体内。 |
| 394 | They'll go to the immune system. | 他们会去免疫系统。 |
| 395 | They'll go to the solid tumor. | 他们会去坚固的肿瘤。 |
| 396 | What are they? | 他们是什么? |
| 397 | What happens? | 发生了什么事? |
| 398 | Nothing. | 没什么 |
| 399 | They will kind of like see this big, you know, amount of antigen. | 他们会看到这么大的抗原 |
| 400 | We'll get really excited. | 我们会很兴奋的 |
| 401 | But like give all these cytokines off. | 但是,像把这些细胞基。 |
| 402 | And then what happens? | 然后会发生什么? |
| 403 | They senesce. | 他们闹鬼。 |
| 404 | They sort of like get overloaded and signal and actually kind of go to sleep horribly like on the periphery and they do nothing. | 像是被超载和信号, 实际上是去睡觉 可怕的像在外围, 他们什么都不做。 |
| 405 | They don't help at all. | 他们一点帮助都没有。 |
| 406 | So it's never worked. | 所以它从来没有工作。 |
| 407 | And we are now with advances in the ways that we can deliver genetic engineering packages. | 我们现在在提供基因工程包的方式上有了进步。 |
| 408 | We think that and there's a few companies doing this. | 我们这样想,也有几家公司这样做。 |
| 409 | It looks like one of these companies is going to succeed in getting this editing done inside of you that day. | 看来这些公司中的一个 将在你体内完成编辑工作 |
| 410 | So instead of the like two months and one hundred thousand dollars, what if it was like inside of you that afternoon? | 所以,而不是像两个月和十万美元, 如果它是像 在你内部的那天下午? |
| 411 | It's amazing. | 不可思议. |
| 412 | And the bigger picture, though, is if we could do this and edit your T cells, maybe we could edit anything. | 但大局是,如果我们能做到这一点 并编辑你的T细胞, 也许我们可以编辑任何东西。 |
| 413 | Chemo historically just goes after every cell, right? | Chemo在历史上只是去 每一个细胞,对不对? |
| 414 | This is like a targeted specific way. | 这就像一种有针对性的特定方式。 |
| 415 | Yes. | 对 |
| 416 | To treat cancer. | 治疗癌症。 |
| 417 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 418 | Wow. | 珃 |
| 419 | Much more selective, much safer and much more powerful because it's using the way that your body is evolved in a way that helps you. | 更有选择性、更安全、更强大 因为它利用了你的身体进化的方式 帮助你。 |
| 420 | Yeah, so you have some of these amazing scientific breakthroughs you guys are working on bringing to patients and commercializing. | 是啊,所以你们有一些惊人的科学突破 你们正在努力给病人带来 和商业化。 |
| 421 | And then one thing I think about is like the patient experience of having cancer is obviously a terrible experience. | 然后,我想到的一件事 就像病人的癌症经历 显然是可怕的经历。 |
| 422 | Sure. | 当然 |
| 423 | But then also it's almost like the consumer experience of having cancer is really difficult. | 但也几乎像 消费者患癌症的经验 是非常困难的。 |
| 424 | Like there's fragmented information and, you know, a lot of like decisions that patients have to make that they don't know about. | 像有零散的信息,你知道, 很多类似的决定 病人必须做出 他们不知道。 |
| 425 | It's incredibly expensive. | 这太贵了 |
| 426 | Like if you think about how you could improve this part of it, whether that's from screening and testing to treatment options, | 比如如果你考虑如何改善这部分, 无论是从检查和测试到治疗, |
| 427 | like what do you hope it looks like in the future? | 就像你希望它将来会是什么样子? |
| 428 | And like what are the types of ways we could improve this for people? | 什么样的方法能改善人们的生活? |
| 429 | Because so many people go through it. | 因为有这么多人经历它。 |
| 430 | You're totally right, Sabrina. | 你说得对,莎宾娜 |
| 431 | Like on the one hand, the critical thing is we need therapies that are really effective for people. | 一方面,关键是我们需要对人们有效的疗法。 |
| 432 | Like that is the primary thing. | 这才是最重要的 |
| 433 | That is where I spend most of my time doing and that is what Yosemite is designed for. | 那是我大部分时间工作的地方 也是约塞米蒂的设计目标 |
| 434 | But we also do a lot of healthcare work because you're totally right. | 但我们也做了很多的保健工作 因为你完全正确。 |
| 435 | We could do this, but if we can't deliver it and if it exists in a broken healthcare system, | 我们可以做到这一点, 但是如果我们不能提供 它,如果它存在 一个破烂的医疗保健系统, |
| 436 | it's not really as useful as it should be and it's only half a solution. | 它并没有真正发挥应有的作用,它只是半个解决方案. |
| 437 | So we care about this a lot and weirdly, I see it as a huge business opportunity as well | 所以,我们很关心这个 奇怪地,我认为这是 一个巨大的商机,也 |
| 438 | because hospitals in America are horrible in my experience and opinion and are really technologically anachronistic. | 因为在我的经验和观点中,美国的医院是可怕的,在技术上确实不合时宜. |
| 439 | They are some of the most recalcitrant, still paper-based systems that I've ever encountered. | 它们是我所见过的最顽强的纸质系统。 |
| 440 | But truly, like your electronic health record might happen, might get delivered to you in a floppy disk or in paper records. | 但是,真的,就像你的电子健康记录 可能发生, 可能交付给你 在软盘或纸质记录。 |
| 441 | This is 2026, Sabrina. | 这是2026年,莎宾娜。 |
| 442 | Like, are you serious? | 你是认真的吗? |
| 443 | Like, could you even find that useful? | 喜欢,你甚至会觉得有用吗? |
| 444 | Why are healthcare systems like so calcified in this way? | 为什么这样的医疗体系会这样计算? |
| 445 | Because I talked to a lot of like interesting companies trying to... | 因为我和很多有趣的公司谈过... |
| 446 | Oh, no, it's all about patient retention. | 哦,不,这是所有关于病人保留。 |
| 447 | Yeah, yeah, no. | 是啊,是啊,没有。 |
| 448 | So here's the thing. | 事情是这样的 |
| 449 | So if you're... | 所以,如果你是... ... |
| 450 | The way that the laws work are as a patient, you are entitled to get your healthcare records | 法律是病人的方式, 你有权获得你的医疗记录 |
| 451 | and the hospital must give them to you in the format that you asked for. | 医院必须以你要求的格式给你 |
| 452 | So if you ask for it electronically, they must comply, which is great. | 所以,如果你要求它的电子, 他们必须服从,这是伟大的。 |
| 453 | But the thing is, is that hospitals make money by retaining patients. | 但问题是,医院通过留住病人赚钱。 |
| 454 | So they do not have an incentive to make it easy for you to like leave Kaiser and go to Sutter, to use a local example. | 所以他们没有动机让你喜欢离开凯泽,去萨特,用当地的例子。 |
| 455 | And they will usually do bureaucratic and procedural hurdles to make that as difficult as possible. | 他们通常会设置官僚主义和程序性障碍,以便尽可能地使之困难。 |
| 456 | Oh, wow. | 哦,哇呜。 |
| 457 | I didn't even think about that. | 我甚至没有想到这一点。 |
| 458 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 459 | No, the business side of this is really where a lot of this is being driven by. | 不,这的生意方面 真的是很多事情被驱动。 |
| 460 | I see. | 原来如此 |
| 461 | So you were saying, like you think some of the ways to improve this are what? | 所以,你当时在说,就像你认为一些改进的方法是什么? |
| 462 | I think some of the ways to do this are actually to use patients' rights in ways that people haven't gone to yet. | 我认为一些这样做的方法 其实是用病人的权利 的方式 人们还没有去。 |
| 463 | I think AI is actually incredible because we're going to be able to look across all the different providers | 我认为AI其实是不可思议的,因为我们会 能够查看所有不同的提供者 |
| 464 | and make someone maybe their own clinical record in real time that they can take with them wherever they go. | 并让某人 自己的临床记录 实时 他们可以带走他们 无论他们去哪里。 |
| 465 | And first of all, that is, I think, the morally right thing to do. | 首先,我认为,这在道德上是正确的。 |
| 466 | But also, it's going to make it so much easier for people if we can get this to work to actually transport things. | 而且,如果我们能用它来实际运输东西, 它会让人们变得容易得多。 |
| 467 | And frankly, cancer patients are the best examples of this and will be the people who will use this the most | 坦率地说,癌症患者是这方面的最好例子,并且将是最能使用这个的人。 |
| 468 | because they actually have the most complex care, seeing all the specialists and the radiologists that they have to | 因为他们实际上有 最复杂的照料, 看到所有的专家和放射学家 他们必须 |
| 469 | with usually different record systems, which is, I mean, not only do you have cancer, you have to like manage all this, | 通常不同的记录系统, 我的意思是, 不仅是你有癌症, 你必须喜欢管理这一切, |
| 470 | which is horrible and so difficult. | 这是可怕的,如此困难。 |
| 471 | And if we could actually use AI or any technology to really mitigate that, that is something we're deeply interested in. | 如果我们能真正利用人工智能或任何技术 来真正缓解这种情况, 这是我们非常感兴趣的。 |
| 472 | Okay, you touched on AI. | 好吧 你碰过人工智能了 |
| 473 | 我要这个 I want it. | |
| 474 | I want to get into it fully. | 我想完全进入它。 |
| 475 | In the past couple of years, as models have improved, how have you seen that translated into like the rate of progress | 在过去几年里,随着模型的改进,你是如何看待这个变化的? |
| 476 | of some of these sort of like AI-driven biocompanies that you're investing in? | 比如你投资的人工智能驱动生物公司? |
| 477 | And what do you expect for the next few years? | 接下来几年你期望什么? |
| 478 | So, first of all, just to set the stage, it's really interesting to me that biology has become this focal point | 因此,首先,为了做好这个工作, 生物学已经成为了一个焦点。 |
| 479 | amongst the really large language model labs in the last six months. | 在过去的六个月里, 在真正的大型语言模型实验室中。 |
| 480 | Yes. | 对 |
| 481 | And, you know, this is probably something that you've seen a lot of where Anthropic has been acquisitive. | 你知道,这可能是你已经看到 很多 在那里Anthropic 已经获得。 |
| 482 | OpenAI has invested a lot, you know, in a lot of companies that are going into space. | OpenAI在很多进入太空的公司中投资了很多。 |
| 483 | And obviously, Google has a massive effort here through isomorphics. | 显然,Google通过异形学 做了大量的努力。 |
| 484 | So you really do see the deployment of a lot of resources from the major players into this as a sector and also a lot of, | 所以,你确实看到 从主要角色 部署大量资源 在这个部门, 以及很多, |
| 485 | you know, just a lot of ink that they're putting down. | 你知道,只是很多墨水 他们放下。 |
| 486 | It's like they're talking about this a lot as a big area that they're seeing as really, really promising. | 这就像他们谈论这个很多 是一个大的领域, 他们看到的是真正,真正有希望。 |
| 487 | So that is a big signal that is overlaying the market here a lot. | 这是一个巨大的信号, 覆盖了这里的市场。 |
| 488 | Where things are right now, and I know, you know, Jack and you talked to the Chai guys quite a lot. | 我知道 杰克和你经常和柴人谈 |
| 489 | And I'm sure he told you quite a bit about what they're doing on the antibody side. | 我敢肯定,他告诉你很多 他们在做什么 在抗体方面。 |
| 490 | That is a really good window into the state of the art right now. | 这是一个非常好的窗口 进入现在的艺术状态。 |
| 491 | Chai is leading coming to space. | 柴正向太空前进 |
| 492 | And what they're able to do on antibody prediction is just drastically efficient. | 他们能够做的抗体预测非常有效。 |
| 493 | So what used to really take, you know, technicians and lab techs at pharmaceutical companies or biotech companies, | 所以以前真正需要的是 制药公司或生物技术公司的技术人员和实验室技术人员 |
| 494 | you know, months and thousands of dollars can now take, you know, still a few thousand dollars, but hours. | 你知道,几个月和几千美元 现在可以花费,你知道, 还是几千美元,但小时。 |
| 495 | And the time save is so valuable that, you know, it's really clear that those are very, very profitable businesses | 节省的时间是如此宝贵,你知道, 很明显,这些非常,非常赚钱的企业 |
| 496 | and really big advancements to the speed of development. | 和真正的大进步 发展的速度。 |
| 497 | But it's not yet at a place where we have, say, new hypotheses being generated or, you know, a new pathway that's been identified. | 但是,它还没有到达一个地方,比如说,新的假设正在产生, 或者,你知道,一个新的路径已经被确定。 |
| 498 | It's still really like looking through existing literature and looking at existing ideas and making a drug for that, | 这还是真的像 查看现有的文献, 查看现有的思想, 并做一个药物为此, |
| 499 | making something for a ligand that we know. | 做一些我们知道的东西。 |
| 500 | So that has just made it an incredible tool that everybody is really interested in using because it will just make us a lot more efficient. | 这使得它成为一个令人难以置信的工具, 每个人都对它感兴趣,因为它只会使我们更有效率。 |
| 501 | But it's also one that I think we'll see where it goes. | 但它也是,我想我们会看到它去的地方。 |
| 502 | And everyone is careful about it creating new knowledge, but is excited about the possibility for that. | 每个人都很小心,它创造了新的知识, 但对此的可能性很兴奋。 |
| 503 | I'm really curious, what do you think of the approach of these labs? | 我很好奇 你觉得这些实验室的方法如何? |
| 504 | They're building teams around health and like building these sort of generalized models with the goal of curing diseases. | 他们正在建立团队 围绕健康, 喜欢建立这种 通用模型 以治疗疾病。 |
| 505 | That feels so broad compared to how hyper-focused a lot of like leading companies in these spaces are. | 和这些空间里的主要公司相比 这感觉是如此广泛 |
| 506 | What do you think that will translate to? | 你觉得那会变成什么? |
| 507 | I think, you know, me and the biotech and pharma community are going to judge it based on the products that come out of this. | 我想,你知道,我和生物技术和药剂界 将会根据产品来判断它。 |
| 508 | So, you know, isomorphic and thropic have not made anything through clinical trials yet. | 所以,你知道,异形和热带 还没有做任何事情 通过临床试验。 |
| 509 | When they do, we will look at it just as we always do with any kind of drug. | 当他们这样做时,我们将像对待任何一种药物一样看待它。 |
| 510 | And, you know, that is just a muscle that I and the rest of the biopharmaceutical world knows really well. | 你知道,这只是一个肌肉, 我和其余生物制药界都非常了解。 |
| 511 | So I think, frankly, based on what they've said, they should be judged on the drugs that they can produce. | 因此,坦率地说,我认为,根据他们所说的,应该根据他们能够生产的药物来判断他们. |
| 512 | AI to improve the first half of drug discovery is clearly there. | 改进药物发现前半部分的AI明显存在. |
| 513 | In terms of the clinical trial side, which, as you said, is so unbelievably expensive, | 在临床试验方面,正如你说的, 如此昂贵, |
| 514 | makes it really difficult for a lot of companies to even like compete in this space. | 使得很多公司甚至很难喜欢在这个空间里竞争. |
| 515 | You know, healthcare is going to stay a very highly regulated space, which is really good. | 你知道,保健会保持一个高度规范的空间, 这真的很好。 |
| 516 | We all need a FDA that protects all of us. | 我们都需要一个保护我们所有人的FDA。 |
| 517 | And where AI is really making leaps and bounds here is in some critical, | 如果AI真的在跳跃 和界限在这里 在一些关键, |
| 518 | non-sexy areas that drive a lot of the cost of clinical trials. | 导致临床试验成本高昂的非性领域。 |
| 519 | Two things that come to mind immediately are automating the resist criteria | 立刻想到的两件事情 正在使抵制标准自动化 |
| 520 | and doing some synthetic comparator arms for large clinical trials. | 并且为大型临床试验做一些合成的参照武器。 |
| 521 | So to take the last one first, the biggest driver of cost for clinical trials patient recruitment. | 所以,首先拿最后一个, 最大的成本驱动 临床试验病人招聘。 |
| 522 | So you've got three stages, right? | 所以,你有三个阶段,对不对? |
| 523 | Phase one, phase two, phase three. | 第一阶段,第二阶段,第三阶段. |
| 524 | There's actually phase four. | 实际有第四阶段. |
| 525 | So you get phase one is, you know, looking at dose escalation. | 所以,你得到的第一阶段是,你知道, 看剂量上升。 |
| 526 | Two is usually safety and three is efficacy. | 二是一般安全,三是功效. |
| 527 | And three is by far the most, is the largest and takes the most amount of time | 3个最多,最多,最需要时间 |
| 528 | because you're looking at efficacy against the current standard of care. | 因为你正在研究疗效 与目前的护理标准。 |
| 529 | So, you know, let's use a real world example. | 所以,你知道,让我们用一个真实的世界的例子。 |
| 530 | So let's say I have a drug for breast cancer. | 因此,我有一个药物 对于乳腺癌。 |
| 531 | And right now, the drug that's one of the best selling drug in the world is called Inher2. | 而现在,世界上最畅销的药物之一叫做Inher2. |
| 532 | And it's the standard of care for her to positive breast cancer. | 这是治疗乳癌的标准 |
| 533 | They do about 11 billion dollars of sales a year. | 他们每年的销售额约为110亿美元。 |
| 534 | So because, you know, that's a really profitable drug, there's a lot of companies that want to supplant that. | 所以,因为,你知道,这是一个真正的盈利药物, 很多公司想要取代它。 |
| 535 | So if I'm one of those companies and I think, you know, I got a better way of doing that. | 所以,如果我是那些公司之一 我认为,你知道, 我有一个更好的方法做到这一点。 |
| 536 | Well, the way I do a clinical trial right now is we have one arm that is women on the Inher2 drug | 我现在做临床试验的方式是 我们只有一只手臂是 Inher2药物上的女人 |
| 537 | or people on the Inher2 drug and women on the Inher2 drug. | 或者是那些在Inher2药物上的人 还有那些在Inher2药物上的女人 |
| 538 | And the other arm is my new thing. | 而另一只手臂是我的新东西。 |
| 539 | And if my new thing can outperform the standard of care, then I get approval. | 如果我的新东西能超过护理标准,那我就会得到批准。 |
| 540 | I get about 12 years of patent protection. | 我得到12年的专利保护 |
| 541 | And, you know, I win. | 而且,你知道,我赢了。 |
| 542 | That's how you get a drug to market. | 这就是你如何得到 药物市场。 |
| 543 | And, you know, I think that's actually a good process because that serves consumers really well. | 而且,你知道,我觉得这实际上是一个很好的过程, 因为这对消费者非常有利。 |
| 544 | That, you know, all it does is raise the bar for this type of care they can expect. | 你知道,它所做的只是提高酒吧 对于这种类型的护理 他们可以期待。 |
| 545 | And why this is a good example is because right now in the U.S., | 为什么这是一个很好的例子 因为现在在美国, |
| 546 | there are many phase three clinical trials that are doing exactly this what I described. | 有很多第三阶段的临床试验 正在做我描述的。 |
| 547 | And what is inefficient about that is that control element is totally just like repeated every single time. | 效率低的是控制元素 完全和每次重复一样 |
| 548 | You know, the women on Inher2, well, that's, you know, the same for trial A, B, and C. | 你知道,Inher2上的女人, 也就是,你知道, 同样的审判A,B,和C。 |
| 549 | What if you could use AI to make basically a synthetic control arm? | 如果你可以使用AI来制造一个基本上合成的控制臂呢? |
| 550 | And obviously, you do this with the FDA to say, okay, this is a stand-in for what, like, the control is. | 很明显,你和FDA一起说,好吧, 这是一个站立的,比如,控制是什么。 |
| 551 | This is what a standard case is. | 这是标准案件 |
| 552 | And you don't have to recruit people to, you know, to do that. | 你不必招募人来做这个 |
| 553 | We do this all day, every day. | 我们每天都这样 |
| 554 | We're just going to, like, say that this is the stand-in. | 我们只想说,这是站着。 |
| 555 | If you can do better than that, then you can sell the act. | 如果你能做得更好,那么你可以卖掉这个角色. |
| 556 | And you'd only need to recruit the active arm and not the control arm. | 而你只需要招募主动臂而不是控制臂 |
| 557 | This would half the amount of patients you need for the phase three, which would be huge for time savings. | 这将是你第三阶段需要的病人的一半, 这对于节省时间是巨大的。 |
| 558 | This is a big deal. | 这是件大事 |
| 559 | The FDA is actually kind of amenable to this, which is cool. | FDA其实也挺喜欢的,这很酷。 |
| 560 | Wow. | 珃 |
| 561 | And that's a big advancement. | 这是一大进步。 |
| 562 | The other one is something called automating the resist criteria is a little technical. | 另一种叫做电阻标准自动化 有点技术性 |
| 563 | But every scan that is done by a radiologist in a clinical trial has to be reread by a different radiologist to verify. | 但是,在临床试验中,每个放射科医生所做的扫描都必须由不同的放射科医生重读才能验证. |
| 564 | And this takes a few months for every clinical trial. | 每一次临床试验都需要几个月的时间。 |
| 565 | You just kind of have to sit on your hands and wait for this to happen. | 你只好坐着等这事发生 |
| 566 | And it's mostly just done by, like, moonlighting radiologists who do this as contract work. | 大部分都是由月光辐射学家做的 作为合同工作。 |
| 567 | That time waste is so expensive. | 浪费时间太贵了 |
| 568 | And that's another really, really easy way for AI to jump in and say, okay, you know, this is just image recognition. | 这是另一个非常,非常简单的方式, AI跳进去说,好吧,你知道,这只是图像识别。 |
| 569 | We're just going to do A to B images to see, does this look copacetic with what has come before? | 我们只是做A到B的图像来看, 这看起来像Conabethe 之前的吗? |
| 570 | It's a really easy job, and it's one that we could accelerate and just take out massively and use AI instead. | 这是一个非常容易的工作, 而这是一个我们可以加速 并只是大量取出 用AI代替。 |
| 571 | I mean, I think both of those ideas are so interesting in terms of the impact it would have. | 我的意思是,我认为这两个想法 在它的影响方面是如此有趣。 |
| 572 | And it sounds like also just like speeding up trials to see if drugs work or not. | 听起来就像加快了审判 看看毒品是否有效 |
| 573 | Yeah, speed is a really important element here that people don't think about enough. | 是的,速度是一个非常重要的元素 在这里,人们没有想到足够的。 |
| 574 | And these trials are so expensive that if you could, you know, shave a year or two off, it's a really, really big change. | 这些试验非常昂贵, 如果你可以,你知道,刮掉一两年的毛, 这是一个非常,非常巨大的变化。 |
| 575 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 576 | A question for you is this. | 有个问题要问你 |
| 577 | 我们听说了所有即将与OpenAI和Anthropic合作的IPO, 还有,你知道,SpaceX刚刚发生了。 | |
| 578 | 他们是IPO -ING? | |
| 579 | Yes. | 对 |
| 580 | At some point. | 某时. |
| 581 | I'm sorry, I can help. | 对不起,我可以帮忙。 |
| 582 | At some point. | 某时. |
| 583 | I can help. | 我可以帮你 |
| 584 | You can keep that. | 你留着吧 |
| 585 | And I think there was this article that went really viral on Twitter that was basically saying, like, | 我认为这篇文章在推特上非常的病毒化 基本上说,就像, |
| 586 | there's going to be a new generation of wealth, especially in San Francisco. | 将有新一代的财富,特别是在旧金山. |
| 587 | I think a lot of these people probably, like, will want to give back. | 我想这些人中有很多可能想还钱 |
| 588 | If you think about, like, what is the best way to give back with the goal of ambitious science and medicine? | 如果你想,比如,什么是最佳的回馈方式 目标雄心勃勃的科学和医学? |
| 589 | 对于所有这些OpenAI和Anthropic的人 他们喜欢,完全。 | |
| 590 | I think give a certain percent of my wealth to help the world. | 我想把我的财富的一部分 用来帮助世界 |
| 591 | What shows up for patients? | 病人有什么发现? |
| 592 | I think that's an important question to ask. | 我认为这是一个很重要的问题。 |
| 593 | And I actually think the answer is kind of easy because you and me, | 其实我觉得答案很简单 因为你和我 |
| 594 | in my opinion, have both been profoundly positively affected by the best philanthropists in Bay Area history. | 我认为,湾区历史上最优秀的慈善家对双方都产生了深刻的积极影响。 |
| 595 | And that was Leland and Jane Stanford. | 这是利兰和简斯坦福。 |
| 596 | And think about that legacy. | 想想这遗产 |
| 597 | Obviously, you know, that has been around for about 140-ish years. | 显然,你知道, 已经大约140年了。 |
| 598 | But in their second class was actually U.S. President, funnily enough. | 但是在他们的二等舱里,其实是美国总统,够有趣了. |
| 599 | And the legacy that Stanford's built has not only really created Silicon Valley would go into that history, | 斯坦福建造的遗产 不仅创造了硅谷 而且会进入历史 |
| 600 | but you would not have Silicon Valley without Stanford University, suffice to say. | 但是如果没有斯坦福大学 你就不会有硅谷了 |
| 601 | But moreover, it's become one of the great universities of the world. | 但是,它也成为了世界上最好的大学之一。 |
| 602 | And that is an intangible legacy that has really become the soul, not just the engine, but the soul of the Bay Area. | 这是一个无形的遗产,它真的变成了灵魂, 不仅仅是引擎,而是湾区的灵魂。 |
| 603 | And I think universities are one of the best long-term institutions that people actually can endow if they want to. | 我认为大学是最好的长期机构之一, 人们如果愿意,实际上可以培养。 |
| 604 | And, you know, if you look geographically, like how many great universities are on the West Coast, Sabrina? | 而且,你知道,如果你看起来地理上, 像有多少伟大的大学 在西海岸,莎宾娜? |
| 605 | A couple. | 一对夫妇 |
| 606 | Yeah, a couple, right? | 是啊,一对夫妇,对不对? |
| 607 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 608 | You know, probably as many as there are in, like, a few states on the East Coast. | 你知道,也许有 多少,像,几个州 在东海岸。 |
| 609 | And on a population level, I think the West Coast is kind of underserved by great universities. | 在人口层面,我认为西海岸的大学服务不足。 |
| 610 | You know, Stanford's fantastic, but we should have many more. | 你知道,斯坦福很棒 但我们应该有更多的。 |
| 611 | And I would encourage those people to think along the lines of Lila and Jane Stanford. | 我鼓励这些人按照莱拉和简·斯坦福的思路思考。 |
| 612 | That's amazing. | 这是惊人的。 |
| 613 | I feel like universities have been getting a lot of hate lately, actually, | 我觉得大学最近很讨厌 |
| 614 | and both in terms of the discussion around funding cuts, | 在关于削减资金的讨论方面, |
| 615 | but also just this, like, fundamental question that I think a lot of people in AI ask, | 但也正是这个,就像, 根本的问题,我认为很多人在AI问, |
| 616 | which is, like, does it even make sense to go to college anymore? | 这就像,它甚至有道理 上大学了? |
| 617 | Does it make sense to get a Ph.D.? | 获得博士学位有道理吗? |
| 618 | I actually understand the impulse behind asking those questions. | 我其实明白问这些问题背后的冲动。 |
| 619 | And look, it's always important to kind of challenge your preconceptions. | 听着 挑战你的成见总是很重要的 |
| 620 | I think if nothing else, the friends you build in college will carry you for the rest of your life. | 我认为,如果没有其他的, 你在大学里建立的朋友 会怀你一辈子。 |
| 621 | And that is something that you cannot replicate elsewhere. | 这是你无法在其他地方复制的东西。 |
| 622 | But more importantly, it is an important time in someone's life to give yourself room for exploration. | 但更重要的是,这是一个人生活中的重要时刻,让自己拥有探索空间. |
| 623 | I don't know about you, I did not know what I wanted to do when I got to Stanford. | 我不知道关于你, 我不知道我想做什么 当我到达斯坦福。 |
| 624 | And I took some great classes all over the place. | 我到处上课 |
| 625 | I mean, I wish I could have done more. | 我是说,我希望我能做更多 |
| 626 | You know, I wish I had done a literature class or Shakespeare class or something. | 我希望我上过文学课或莎士比亚课 |
| 627 | And that sounds great in hindsight. | 事后看来这听起来很棒 |
| 628 | So I actually think giving people that kind of freedom is one of the best things you can give them | 所以我真的认为给予人们这种自由 是你能给他们最好的选择之一 |
| 629 | and just let them figure out what they want to do. | 让他们知道他们想做什么 |
| 630 | So I think universities are actually very important. | 所以我认为大学其实是非常重要的。 |
| 631 | And I'd send my kids to universities. | 我会送我的孩子去大学 |
| 632 | You probably do the same. | 你可能也一样 |
| 633 | I had no idea either. | 我也没想到 |
| 634 | But I started a radio show freshman year for fun, and that has led me to my current thing. | 但我开始了一个电台大一的乐趣, 这已经引导我到现在的事情。 |
| 635 | So it's it's true. | 故曰实. |
| 636 | It's such a time of exploration. | 这是这样一个探索的时间。 |
| 637 | And on the topic of best friends throughout life, I actually asked Taylor Francis, | 关于一生最好的朋友, 我实际上问泰勒·弗朗西斯, |
| 638 | if he had a special question for you, I said, is there anything that I would know about him | 如果他有个特殊的问题要问你,我说, 有什么我可以知道的他 |
| 639 | that I would only know if we had been friends, like best friends? | 我只会知道 如果我们是朋友, 像最好的朋友? |
| 640 | Maybe you could like let, I'm sure your audience has no idea who Taylor Francis. | 也许你可以喜欢让, 我敢肯定,你的观众 不知道是谁泰勒弗朗西斯。 |
| 641 | Yeah, yeah, let's talk about, let's give him his flowers. | 是啊,是啊,让我们谈谈, 让我们给他的花。 |
| 642 | Who's Taylor Francis? | 泰勒・弗朗西斯是谁? |
| 643 | Who is, I mean. | 我的意思是,谁是。 |
| 644 | Okay, Taylor is the, should I say it? | 好吧,泰勒是,我应该说吗? |
| 645 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 646 | Taylor, Taylor is many things. | 泰勒,泰勒是很多东西。 |
| 647 | He is an amazing person that has a very charismatic personality and a very, | 他是一个惊人的人 一个非常有魅力的人格和一个非常,非常, |
| 648 | a very distinctive laugh. | 一个非常独特的笑声。 |
| 649 | And he is also the founder of an amazing company called Watershed. | 他也是一家叫Watershed的惊人公司的创始人。 |
| 650 | And he is, he is the best friend of you. | 他是你们最好的朋友 |
| 651 | Yeah, my oldest friend. | 是的,我最年长的朋友。 |
| 652 | We've been really, really best friends since we were 11, 12. | 我们从11岁到12岁就一直是好朋友了 |
| 653 | We went to this tiny nerdy little high school on the peninsula, which is really great. | 我们在半岛上读过一所小的书呆子高中,这真的很棒。 |
| 654 | So, all right, what have you been including with Taylor? | 好吧 你和Taylor有什么关系? |
| 655 | He actually didn't get back to me on a question for you. | 他实际上没有回到我 关于一个问题给你。 |
| 656 | He said he's going to think of it. | 他说他会考虑的 |
| 657 | But maybe you can give me a question to ask him and one day I'll interview Taylor. | 但也许你可以问我一个问题 问他,有一天我会采访泰勒。 |
| 658 | Ask him, you got to ask him why he went to Princeton. | 问他,你得问他为什么去普林斯顿 |
| 659 | Okay. | 摆 |
| 660 | He was a great guy. | 他是个好人 |
| 661 | He was this star. | 他是这个明星。 |
| 662 | He could have been anything, Sabrina. | 他什么都有可能,萨宾娜 |
| 663 | He was so promising. | 他是那么有前途。 |
| 664 | And then he decided to try going to Princeton. | 然后他决定去普林斯顿 |
| 665 | And he has, after that, just started this climate company. | 在那之后,他刚刚成立了这个气候公司。 |
| 666 | It's been successful. | 功德圆满. |
| 667 | Who is this guy, Sabrina? | 这个人是谁,莎宾娜? |
| 668 | He is supposed to go into investment banking. | 他应该去投资银行 |
| 669 | What, what the hell did they do to him? | 他们对他做了什么? |
| 670 | Oh, I'm kidding. | 哦,我在开玩笑。 |
| 671 | I don't know. | 师曰. |
| 672 | Ask Taylor. | 问泰勒. |
| 673 | What do you want to ask Taylor? | 你想问泰勒什么? |
| 674 | You should, he should come on this. | 你应该,他应该来这个。 |
| 675 | Okay, maybe you guys both will have to text me afterwards and we can do like a separate | 好吧,也许你们俩会 需要发短信给我 之后,我们可以做像一个单独的 |
| 676 | clip in where you, where you both ask each other. | 剪辑在你们在哪里, 你们两个问对方。 |
| 677 | No, you should ask him. | 不 你应该问他 |
| 678 | You guys should have come on together. | 你们应该一起来 |
| 679 | That would have been really fun. | 那会很有趣的 |
| 680 | Ask him why he's not a hippie. | 问他为什么不是嬉皮士 |
| 681 | Okay. | 摆 |
| 682 | Yeah, yeah. | 对 对 |
| 683 | To be continued. | 待续. |
| 684 | He was raised black then. | 他当时是黑人 |
| 685 | Oh, really? | 是吗? |
| 686 | So you would think. | 所以你会想。 |
| 687 | Why are you not a hippie? | 你为什么不是嬉皮士? |
| 688 | Why are you not a hippie, Taylor? | 你为什么不是嬉皮士,泰勒? |
| 689 | Okay, to be answered one day. | 好吧,总有一天要回答 |
| 690 | We'll give him some time to think. | 我们会给他一些时间思考。 |
| 691 | Okay, one of my, one of my last questions for you Reed is, is this beyond the, | 好吧,我的一个,我最后一个问题 给你里德是,这是超越, |
| 692 | beyond the investments and, and companies and people that Yosemite supports | 以及Yosemite支持的公司和人员 |
| 693 | and funds and hopefully and already seeing it sort of like the therapies | 和资金,希望和已经看到 它有点像疗法 |
| 694 | and products that translates into. | 和能够转化的产品。 |
| 695 | I think that like great institutions change the way that people in a field | 我认为,像伟大的机构 改变人们在一个领域的方式 |
| 696 | like think and approach problems too. | 就像思考和处理问题一样 |
| 697 | What you hope is sort of like the way that Yosemite affects and imprints | 你所希望的 有点像 Yosemite 影响和印记的方式 |
| 698 | like the way people approach investing in science and medicine. | 就像人们在科学和医学领域投资的方式 |
| 699 | I really like that question Sabrina. | 我真的很喜欢萨宾娜的问题 |
| 700 | I think about this a lot actually because if we really work Yosemite will | 我想了很多 因为如果我们真的工作 Yosemite会 |
| 701 | change the way that companies are made in the biotech space and that's a | 改变公司在生物技术领域形成的方式 |
| 702 | really important thing for us to be thoughtful about. | 对我们来说 考虑一下很重要的事 |
| 703 | I want us to actually change mostly the ways that professors think about | 我希望我们真正改变 教授们思考的方式 |
| 704 | their work and how close they are to the people where this is going to | 他们的工作,以及他们与人民有多亲近 |
| 705 | matter and I hope that the way Yosemite works in a tool agnostic way will | 我希望Yosemite以不可知论的方式工作 |
| 706 | rub off on other people because the way that we think about this again, | 和别人擦擦,因为我们的想法 再次, |
| 707 | this goes all the way back to where we started with Emerson Collect is | 回到我们爱默生收集的开始 |
| 708 | we are really clear about our outcome and we're pretty, we're pretty scrappy | 我们非常清楚我们的结果 而且我们漂亮,我们很烂 |
| 709 | and pretty open to whatever tool we need to use to get to that outcome. | 并且相当开放 任何我们需要的工具 得到的结果。 |
| 710 | And for us, it is all about mitigating cancer mortality. | 对我们来说,这都是为了降低癌症死亡率。 |
| 711 | So we will use grants, you know, when it's not ready for a company yet. | 所以我们会使用赠款,你知道, 当它还没有准备好的公司。 |
| 712 | And if we look honestly at the IP, yeah, it's too risky. | 如果我们诚实地看IP,是的,这是太冒险了。 |
| 713 | We need to like, you know, get it through some more experiments first. | 我们需要,你知道,先通过一些实验。 |
| 714 | We probably should do that in the lab. | 我们也许应该在实验室里做 |
| 715 | We will do that and we'll do it with grant dollars and we'll track it all | 我们将做到这一点,我们将做到这一点 用赠款和我们跟踪这一切 |
| 716 | the way, but we won't take IP royalty strings. | 顺便说一句 但我们不会接受IP版权 |
| 717 | Pure grant, nice, really nice and clean and then we know if it's ready | 纯粹的赠与,善良,真正善良和干净 然后我们知道它是否准备好了 |
| 718 | for a company, boom, we are right there. | 为了公司,砰,我们就在那里。 |
| 719 | We know exactly what the next experiments are going to be. | 我们很清楚接下来的实验会是什么。 |
| 720 | We'll probably already have a managed team that we built up and then we | 我们可能已经有一个管理团队 我们建立起来,然后我们 |
| 721 | can just take things and run them into the clinic and what we want people | 带东西到诊所去 我们想要的人 |
| 722 | to know from that is only one group can do all that. | 从中得知,只有一个群体可以做到这一切。 |
| 723 | Like you don't need to have these balkanized little specialists doing | 就像你不需要让这些小专家来做一样 |
| 724 | that and frankly, we think pharmaceutical companies could really | 坦白说,我们觉得制药公司真的可以 |
| 725 | be changed a lot too and all of this means that a single individual | 都意味着一个人 |
| 726 | or group can really take this very, very far. | 或团体真的可以 做到这一点非常,非常远。 |
| 727 | It's only getting more powerful with AI and all of us who got into | 只有人工智能和我们所有进入 |
| 728 | the space wanted to do it to see people live and I just think we're | 空间想做它 看人活着,我只是认为我们 |
| 729 | going to see an explosion of companies and energy of people actually realizing that. | 将会看到公司爆炸 和人们的能量 真正意识到这一点。 |
| 730 | Well, I'm so excited. | 我太兴奋了 |
| 731 | I feel so lucky to talk to you today, Reed. | 我今天很幸运能跟你说话 Reed |
| 732 | Honestly, thank you for, you know, entrusting me with the story of | 老实说,谢谢你,你知道, 委托我的故事 |
| 733 | Yosemite and your story and I feel lucky to be a person that is alive | 尤塞米蒂和你的故事 我感到幸运的是一个活着的人 |
| 734 | today and gets to experience and witness and hopefully reap the | 今天开始体验和见证 希望能收获 |
| 735 | benefits of the amazing progress that is happening all around us. | 我们周围正在发生的惊人进展的好处。 |
| 736 | It's pretty exciting. | 这是相当刺激的。 |
| 737 | It's a great time to be alive. | 尔时世尊. |
| 738 | It's great to be in San Francisco. | 于三摩地圆满. |
| 739 | It's such a good time to be in San Francisco. | 于此三昧菩萨行. |
| 740 | Actually, one more question on that is like you've grown up in the Bay | 其实,还有一个问题,你好像在海湾长大了 |
| 741 | area. | 区域。 |
| 742 | I think you've lived here your whole life. | 我想你一辈子都住在这里 |
| 743 | The current moment of SF, what is it? | SF的当前时刻是什么? |
| 744 | What does it feel like for you? | 你觉得怎么样? |
| 745 | Great question. | 问得好 |
| 746 | I'm so glad you asked me that. | 我很高兴你问我。 |
| 747 | 所以Sabrina,我在一个叫Palo Alto的小镇长大。 | |
| 748 | Yep. | 对 |
| 749 | And I would think about this recently, you know, I think my parents | 我最近会想这个,我想我的父母 |
| 750 | lived in Palo Alto because of the energy of the South Bay during the | 由于南湾的能量, |
| 751 | time of my dad's career. | 我父亲职业生涯的时光 |
| 752 | And if you were his age, that was where all the juice was, right? | 如果你是他的年龄, 这就是所有的果汁是在那里,对不对? |
| 753 | Like that was where you had HP and IBM and like Google was down there. | 就像你在那里有HP和IBM 就像谷歌在下面 |
| 754 | Obviously Apple wasn't like Sun Microsystems down there. | 显然苹果不像太阳微系统 |
| 755 | They're all down there in like kind of the Cupertino San Jose Mountain | 他们都在那里 类似Cupertino圣何塞山 |
| 756 | View area. | 景区. |
| 757 | And where is the energy now? | 现在能量在哪里? |
| 758 | I would say it has really migrated north of San Francisco, you know, | 我想说它真的迁移到旧金山北部,你知道, |
| 759 | 打开AI,Anthropic,Chai, 伟大的AI公司在这里。 | |
| 760 | And I can really feel that difference kind of in a day-to-day way. | 我每天都能感觉到这种不同。 |
| 761 | I'm sure you can too because when you were going to Stanford, it was | 我敢肯定,你也可以 因为当你要去斯坦福,它是 |
| 762 | kind of the transition moment between those two nodes. | 也就是这两个节点之间的过渡时刻。 |
| 763 | And so for me, I love following where the action is, you know, we're | 所以对我来说 我喜欢跟随行动 |
| 764 | building Yosemite to be right in the thick of things. | 建立Yosemite 正确在厚厚的东西。 |
| 765 | So we're building it here in San Francisco. | 所以我们要把它建在旧金山。 |
| 766 | I've lived here for, gosh, now nine years. | 我在这里住了九年了 |
| 767 | I actually, you know, I'm not too far away from Palo Alto. | 其实我离帕洛阿尔托不远 |
| 768 | It's the perfect distance for me. | 这是完美的距离对我来说。 |
| 769 | And it's actually a very cool new place though, and the energy is | 其实这是一个很酷的新地方, 能量是 |
| 770 | here and the companies are here. | 这里和公司在这里。 |
| 771 | So why do you think it shifted back to SF? | 那你为什么认为它会转回SF? |
| 772 | Because I totally agree with you. | 因为我完全同意你的观点。 |
| 773 | I wonder if it's just like more density and there's way more companies | 我不知道这是否只是像 密度和有办法 更多的公司 |
| 774 | and, you know, Open AI, Anthropic for as big as they are, they don't | 而且,你知道,打开AI,Anthropic 对于像他们这么大,他们不 |
| 775 | have campuses in the way that these like previous giants do. | 像以前那些巨人一样有校园 |
| 776 | So they're actually all pretty close together, which is also interesting. | 所以他们实际上都非常亲密, 这也很有趣。 |
| 777 | Pandemic made a lot of office space really cheap in San Francisco. | 大流行使得旧金山的办公空间非常便宜. |
| 778 | And in the 60s, when San Francisco was the birth of, you know, the | 在60年代,当旧金山 诞生,你知道, |
| 779 | hippie movement, free love. | 嬉皮运动,自由的爱。 |
| 780 | And at the time it had, we talk about music, it had some of the, you | 那时,我们谈论音乐, 它有一些,你 |
| 781 | know, best bands in the, in the country started here, you know, Jefferson | 你知道,最好的乐队 在乡下开始在这里, 你知道,杰斐逊 |
| 782 | airplane, that kind of thing. | 飞机,那种东西。 |
| 783 | And during that decade, it was actually the cheapest city to rent in | 在那十年里 它实际上是最便宜的租入城市 |
| 784 | in the United States at the time for a city of its size. | 在当时的美国 对于一个其大小的城市。 |
| 785 | And it was cheap enough that, you know, artists and misfits and, you | 而且很便宜,你知道, 艺术家和不合时宜,你 |
| 786 | know, these kinds of people could actually afford to live here. | 这些人可以住在这里 |
| 787 | And obviously it's much more, you know, expensive now than it was then. | 显然,现在比当时要贵得多。 |
| 788 | But, you know, during the pandemic, the city did change a lot. | 但是,你知道,在大流行期间, 城市确实改变了很多。 |
| 789 | It got very dark. | 它变得非常黑暗。 |
| 790 | A lot of people laughed. | 众皆笑曰. |
| 791 | It was actually kind of a scary time, but it was also a time that a | 这其实是种可怕的时间, 但也是一个时间,一个 |
| 792 | lot of people started things here and actually it was cheaper to start | 很多人在这里开始的事情,实际上它开始便宜 |
| 793 | things here and obviously talents has been massively abundant here and | 这里的东西,显然 才华横溢 |
| 794 | always has been, and it was just a natural turning point for the city. | 一直以来,它只是城市的自然转折点。 |
| 795 | You know, if you see the flag of San Francisco, there's a | 你知道,如果你看到 旧金山的旗帜,有一个 |
| 796 | Phoenix on it, which is really meant to represent the city kind of | 凤凰城在它, 这真正是为了代表城市 |
| 797 | rising from the ashes of the earthquake in 1906 afterwards and | 从1906年地震的灰烬中升起 |
| 798 | everything. | 一切众生. |
| 799 | But if you also just look at kind of the corporate history, it happens | 但是如果你也看看公司的历史,它会发生 |
| 800 | like that too, with these really kind of extreme boom and bust cycles | 也一样,这些 真正的极端繁荣和崩溃循环 |
| 801 | that you have in California here. | 你在这里的加州。 |
| 802 | And this is a really typical one happening, you know, during our | 这确实是一个典型的 发生在我们 |
| 803 | lifetime. | 一辈子 |
| 804 | Yeah, it is the boom and bust city. | 是啊,这是繁荣和破败的城市。 |
| 805 | But I have three friends moving here next month and it's certainly | 但我有三个朋友 下个月搬来,当然 |
| 806 | back, San Francisco is back. | 旧金山回来了 |
| 807 | Where are they moving from? | 他们从哪里来? |
| 808 | New York. | 纽约。 |
| 809 | Open AI is bringing one of them. | 打开AI带了其中之一。 |
| 810 | YC is bringing another one of them. | 共青团又带来了一个 |
| 811 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 812 | So lucky me. | 真幸运 |
| 813 | And I don't see it happening as much in Mountain View anymore. | 我也不觉得在山景区会发生什么 |
| 814 | It's really all happening up here in San Francisco, which is interesting. | 这一切都发生在旧金山,这很有趣。 |
| 815 | Well, we're in the heart of the city. | 好吧,我们在市中心。 |
| 816 | I'm sure on this podcast, you will hear some cars and buses and we're | 我敢肯定,在这个播客, 你会听到一些汽车和巴士 我们 |
| 817 | not in a soundproof room, but we're here. | 不是在隔音室, 但我们在这里。 |
| 818 | So Reed, thank you so, so much for coming on. | 所以,里德,谢谢你,这么多 来。 |
| 819 | It's been so fun. | 它是如此的乐趣。 |
| 820 | If you enjoyed this episode, please take a minute to subscribe and | 如果你喜欢这集 请花一分钟订阅 |
| 821 | like, it really helps us put more resources and time into growing | 像,它真的帮助我们 投入更多的资源和时间增长 |
| 822 | the show and covering the most interesting people and topics and | 节目,并覆盖 最有趣的人和话题 |
| 823 | exploring the future of our human experience. | 探索我们人类经验的未来. |
| 824 | So thank you. | 谢谢 |
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