TED演讲：如何利用森林和真菌的共生关系

发布于 2026-10-30 · 时长 12:07

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:08	So we know forests play an essential role in regulating the Earth's climate.	因此,我们知道森林在调节地球气候方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
0:14	However, most of what we know about those forests is actually based on things	然而,我们对这些森林的了解大部分其实是基于一些东西
0:18	we can measure above ground.	我们可以测量地面上。
0:20	So historically, ecologists like myself would come to this place	因此,历史上,象我这样的生态学家会来到这个地方
0:24	and we'd count the number of tree stems we'd find,	我们数下树根的数量
0:27	we'd identify which species they are,	我们会找出他们是什么物种,
0:29	and today we'd probably remotely sense features of this forest canopy from space.	而今天,我们可能遥感特征这个森林树冠从太空。
0:34	And all of this absolutely makes sense.	这一切是完全合理的。
0:36	Above ground is where photosynthesis happens.	地面上是光合作用的地方
0:40	Photosynthesis is how carbon and energy enter forests.	光合作用是碳和能源如何进入森林.

展开字幕全文（191 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	So we know forests play an essential role in regulating the Earth's climate.	因此,我们知道森林在调节地球气候方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
2	However, most of what we know about those forests is actually based on things	然而,我们对这些森林的了解大部分其实是基于一些东西
3	we can measure above ground.	我们可以测量地面上。
4	So historically, ecologists like myself would come to this place	因此,历史上,象我这样的生态学家会来到这个地方
5	and we'd count the number of tree stems we'd find,	我们数下树根的数量
6	we'd identify which species they are,	我们会找出他们是什么物种,
7	and today we'd probably remotely sense features of this forest canopy from space.	而今天,我们可能遥感特征这个森林树冠从太空。
8	And all of this absolutely makes sense.	这一切是完全合理的。
9	Above ground is where photosynthesis happens.	地面上是光合作用的地方
10	Photosynthesis is how carbon and energy enter forests.	光合作用是碳和能源如何进入森林.
11	Photosynthesis is how trees can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.	光合作用是树木如何从大气中去除二氧化碳.
12	However, we also know most trees are limited in some way by soil resources	然而,我们也知道,大多数树木在某种程度上受到土壤资源的限制。
13	like water or nutrients.	像水或营养。
14	And to access those resources, trees have to build roots.	为了获取这些资源,树木必须建立根基。
15	And trees build an incredible amount of roots.	而树建立不可思议量根.
16	So in some forests, there can be as much or more biomass below ground	在一些森林里, 地面下可能有同样多的生物量
17	and root structures as above ground in stems and leaves.	和地上的根状结构在树干和叶子上
18	Decades of research have now made very clear that below ground ecology,	数十年的研究已经非常清楚地表明,在地面生态之下,
19	so what's going on in the soil,	所以在土壤里发生了什么
20	is really essential to understanding how these forest systems work.	这对于了解这些森林系统如何运作至关重要。
21	However, if you follow these root systems all the way out to their very terminal ends,	但是,如果你跟随这些根系统一直到他们的终点
22	the finest tips in the root system,	根系中最好的小费,
23	and you look closely, and I mean super closely like you're going to need a microscope closely,	你仔细看,我的意思是超级紧密就像你需要一个显微镜
24	you discover a place where the tree stops being a plant	你发现一个地方树停止成为植物
25	and starts becoming a fungus.	开始变成真菌
26	So most trees on earth form a partnership,	所以地球上的大部分树木都形成了伙伴关系,
27	or what scientists call a symbiosis, with mycorrhizal fungi.	或科学家称之为共生, 与 mycorrhizal真菌。
28	So this, in my opinion, is one of the most remarkable images ever captured of these organisms.	因此,我认为,这是有史以来捕捉到的这些生物中最显著的图像之一。
29	So in the background at the top, you can see this dense network of fungal hyphae.	因此在顶部的背景中,可以看到这个密集的真菌网.
30	These are essentially like roots, but for fungi instead of plants.	这些基本上就像根, 但对于真菌而不是植物。
31	And in the foreground, you can see these incredible multi-nucleated fungal spores,	在前景中,你可以看到这些不可思议的多核真菌孢子,
32	which look totally unreal but absolutely are.	它看起来完全不真实但绝对是。
33	These are the reproductive structures of the fungus.	这些是真菌的生殖结构.
34	These have the potential to become entirely new fungal networks.	它们有可能成为全新的真菌网络。
35	Mycorrhizal fungi are essential to how basically all plants access limiting soil resources.	Mycorrhizal真菌对于基本上所有植物如何获得有限的土壤资源至关重要。
36	There's actually evidence that when plants first made the evolutionary transition	实际上有证据表明,当植物第一次进行进化过渡时
37	from living in water to living on land,	从在水中生活到在陆地上生活,
38	they evolved this symbiosis before they even evolved roots.	他们进化了这种共生体甚至还没进化出根
39	And so this partnership between forests and their fungi is ancient,	所以森林与真菌之间的这种合作关系是古老的
40	and it stretches back hundreds of millions of years.	它可以追溯到亿万年
41	However, these roots don't have to be just fungi.	然而,这些根不一定只是真菌.
42	They can also be, for instance, bacteria.	例如,它们也可能是细菌。
43	So these circular structures in this root network are called root nodules.	因此这个根网中的这些圆形结构被称为根结核.
44	They house symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.	它们存放着共生的固氮细菌.
45	And what these bacteria do is actually convert nitrogen gas in the atmosphere	这些细菌所做的就是在大气中转换氮气
46	into plant-usable forms, and in turn, they nurture plant growth.	并进而培育植物生长
47	And the complexity of soil biology just keeps going.	土壤生物学的复杂性一直在持续。
48	So these roots symbiotes are embedded in an even more complex network	因此这些根系共生体被嵌入一个更复杂的网络
49	of free-living bacterial and fungal decomposers	自由生活的细菌和真菌分解器
50	and archaea and protists and microscopic soil animals and viruses.	考古学家和实验学家以及微生物和病毒
51	The biodiversity of soil communities is astonishing.	土壤社区的生物多样性令人吃惊。
52	We now know a handful of soil can easily contain	我们现在知道少数土壤很容易被埋藏
53	over a thousand coexisting microbial species.	1000多种微生物物种共存。
54	And so all of this, this is the soil microbiome.	所以,所有这些, 这是土壤的微生物。
55	This is the forest microbiome.	这是森林微生物。
56	This is the ecosystem microbiome.	这是生态系统的微生物。
57	So breakthroughs in DNA sequencing technology	DNA测序技术的突破
58	have finally turned the lights on below ground.	终于打开了地下的灯
59	DNA has allowed us to see these microbial communities	DNA让我们看到了这些微生物群落
60	in unprecedented detail and only recently at unprecedented scales.	最近才以前所未有的规模出现。
61	Yet despite these breakthroughs, I'd argue we still don't know the answers	尽管有了这些突破,我还是觉得我们不知道答案
62	{\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}看似简单的问题
63	What does a healthy forest microbiome look like?	一个健康的森林微生物是什么样子的?
64	We're far closer to answering a question like this for people than we are plants.	我们比植物更接近于回答这样一个问题
65	The human microbiome project has really led in this area.	人类的微生物项目确实在这方面发挥了主导作用。
66	So the human body is a microbial ecosystem.	因此人体是一个微生物生态系统.
67	Each of us houses an incredibly biodiverse community of bacteria in our gut,	我们每个人的肠胃里都有一个生物多样化的细菌群体
68	and that has a profound impact on our health.	这对我们的健康有着深远的影响。
69	This was discovered by medical microbiologists using DNA sequencing	这是医学微生物学家利用DNA测序法发现的
70	to characterize which bacteria live in hundreds of people's bodies,	描述哪些细菌生活在数百人的体内,
71	and importantly, also noting health features of those same people.	也注意到这些人的健康特征。
72	So are they sick, and if so, with what?	他们病了,如果病了,用什么?
73	What's their blood pressure, their digestive health, their mental health?	他们的血压,消化能力,精神状况如何?
74	And by combining all of that information,	通过综合所有的信息,
75	those microbiologists could begin to identify combinations of bacteria linked to health and disease.	这些微生物学家可以开始识别与健康和疾病有关的细菌组合。
76	And these analyses became a roadmap for the development of human microbiome transplant therapies,	这些分析成为了开发人类微生物移植疗法的路线图,
77	which is essentially ecosystem restoration, but for your gut microbiome.	这基本上是生态系统的恢复, 但对于你的肠道微生物。
78	And these therapies are now on the road to market to treat some of these diseases today.	现在这些疗法正在上市治疗今天的一些疾病。
79	And so drawing from this work, my team asked,	从这个作品中,我的团队问,
80	what would it look like to take the human microbiome project approach,	人类的微生物项目方法是什么样子的?
81	but apply it to the forest?	把它应用到森林里?
82	What could we discover about the forest carbon cycle?	森林碳循环有什么发现?
83	Could we identify places where we could actually do below ground microbial restoration,	我们能否确定在地面微生物修复下可以做什么的地方,
84	and in the process combat climate change?	在应对气候变化的过程中?
85	Over the past three years, we've been working with forest scientists across Europe to do exactly that.	在过去的三年里, 我们一直与整个欧洲的森林科学家们合作来做到这一点。
86	In each of these locations, scientists have been documenting forest health for decades.	在这些地方,科学家几十年来一直在记录森林健康情况。
87	And so we asked our forest research partners to go out to each of these forests	所以我们请我们的森林研究伙伴去这些森林的每一处
88	and collect a small sample of soil, which they then ship back to our lab in Zurich	然后收集少量土壤样本然后运回苏黎世的实验室
89	so we could extract and sequence DNA, which allowed us to understand	所以我们可以提取和排序DNA, 这让我们理解
90	which microorganisms, and particularly fungi, live in each of these forests.	这些微生物,特别是真菌都生活在这些森林中
91	And then finally, we use statistics and machine learning to relate	最后,我们用统计和机器学习来联系
92	which microorganisms live in a forest to a really important forest health metric,	生活在森林中的微生物是一个非常重要的森林健康指标,
93	tree growth rate and carbon capture rate above ground.	树木生长率和地面上的碳捕获率。
94	Now, once we controlled for the environmental drivers of tree growth,	一旦我们控制了树木生长的环境驱动力
95	so how warm and wet each of these places is,	这些地方多温暖多湿润
96	as well as other variables we know control background site fertility,	以及其它变量我们知道控制背景地点的生育率,
97	we discovered that particularly which fungi colonize the roots of these trees	我们发现,特别是哪一种真菌殖民这些树的根
98	is linked to threefold variation in how fast these trees grow,	与这些树木生长速度的三倍差异有关
99	how fast they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.	它们从大气中清除二氧化碳的速度有多快.
100	So put another way, these correlations imply that you could have two pine forests	换句话说,这些关联意味着你可以有两个松林
101	sitting side by side, experiencing the same climate, growing in the same soils.	并肩而坐,经历同样的气候,生长在同一土壤中.
102	But if one of them was colonized by the right community of fungi on its roots,	但是如果其中之一被真菌的正确社区殖民根,
103	it could be growing up to three times as fast as that adjacent forest.	它的生长速度可能是邻近森林的三倍
104	And furthermore, these patterns were not driven by the presence	此外,这些模式并非由存在所驱动
105	of particularly high performing species or strains,	具有特别高性能的物种或菌株,
106	but instead they were driven by biodiverse	但他们却被生物多样化所驱使
107	and completely different communities of fungi.	和完全不同的真菌群落
108	And so these fungal signatures are super exciting to us	所以这些真菌的签名对我们来说非常刺激
109	because they imply an opportunity to manage	因为它们意味着有机会管理
110	and in many cases actually rewild the forest fungal microbiome.	在许多情况下森林真菌微生物体被重新迷惑
111	So for example, can we reintroduce fungal biodiversity	例如,我们可以重新引入真菌生物多样性
112	into a managed timber forestry landscape?	变成有管理的木材林业景观?
113	And in the process, can we make those trees grow faster?	在这个过程中,我们能让这些树生长得更快吗?
114	Can we make them capture more carbon in their tree stems and in their soils?	我们可以让他们在树根和土壤中捕捉更多的碳吗?
115	Can we rewild the soil and combat climate change?	我们能重整土壤,应对气候变化吗?
116	And these aren't just rhetorical questions, we've actually started doing this.	这些不仅仅是夸夸其谈的问题, 我们已经开始这样做。
117	So this is one of our field trials in Wales in the United Kingdom.	因此,这是我们在英国威尔士的实地试验之一。
118	It's run in collaboration with a charity there called the Carbon Community.	它与一个叫碳社区的慈善机构合作运作。
119	It's 28 acres or 11 hectares, and it's set up as a block randomized controlled trial.	占地28亩或11公顷,设置为区块随机控制试验.
120	This is analogous to how you would run a drug trial,	这和你如何进行毒品审判类似
121	but in this case it's for trees instead of people.	但在这种情况下,它是树而不是人。
122	And here we do a pretty straightforward experiment.	在这里我们做了一个非常直截了当的实验。
123	We either plant trees business as usual,	我们要么照常种树
124	which is just direct planting of seedlings into the ground,	那只是把幼苗直接植入地面,
125	or we plant trees and at the moment of planting we had a small handful of soil.	或者种树在播种的时候我们只有少量的土壤
126	But it's not just any soil.	但它不仅仅是任何土壤。
127	It's soil sourced from a forest our analyses have identified	是从森林中找到的土壤我们的分析发现
128	as harboring potentially high performing fungi.	藏着潜在的高性能真菌
129	So since we reintroduced microbial biodiversity into some of these sites,	所以自从我们把微生物生物多样性重新引入其中一些地点后
130	we've observed that where we actually did that,	我们观察到,我们在哪里这样做,
131	we've been able to accelerate tree growth and carbon capture in tree stems	我们得以加速树木生长和树根的碳捕获
132	by 30 to 70% depending on the tree species.	依树种不同而增加30%至70%。
133	Or put another way, where we've manipulated and rewilded	或者用另一种方式来操纵和重新迷惑
134	the invisible microbiology of this place,	这个地方的隐形微生物学,
135	we've begun to change how that entire place works.	我们已经开始改变整个地方的工作方式。
136	Now it's important to emphasize that we're really excited about these findings,	现在有必要强调我们对这些发现非常兴奋
137	but we also understand they're still early.	但我们也知道他们还很早
138	We want to see many more large scale field trials	我们想看到更多的大规模实地审判
139	and many more locations with many more years of data.	以及更多有多年数据的地点。
140	However, beyond just these carbon and climate outcomes,	然而,除了这些碳和气候结果之外,
141	I think the most exciting thing here is that we can actually do this	我觉得这里最令人兴奋的是我们可以真正做到这一点
142	with wild and native and biodiverse combinations of microorganisms.	与野生、原生和生物的微生物结合。
143	And while we pointed this approach at forestry,	当我们把这个方法指向林业时
144	in principle this kind of science has the potential to generalize	原则上,这种科学有可能概括
145	to all of our managed landscapes.	我们所有的风景。
146	We can begin asking questions like,	我们可以开始问问题,比如,
147	what does a healthy agricultural microbiome look like?	一个健康的农业微生物是什么样子的?
148	Thinking across both food and forest agriculture.	既思考粮食农业,又思考森林农业.
149	And there's reason to think a biodiversity first approach	也有理由先考虑生物多样性
150	may be particularly powerful here.	这里也许特别强大
151	And that's because the history of agriculture has been an exercise in reductionism.	这是因为农业的历史一直是一种减少主义的练习.
152	We've identified high-performing plant species and then strains,	我们已经确定了高性能的植物物种然后是菌株
153	and then we've selectively bred them, and now we genetically modify them.	然后我们有选择地培育它们, 现在,我们基因改造它们。
154	And finally, we plant those organisms out in vast monocultures.	最后,我们将这些生物植入巨大的单一育种中。
155	So a single plant species as far as you can see.	至此可见的单一植物种.
156	And to be clear, this has produced very productive agroecosystems,	很明显,这已经产生了非常有生产力的农业生态系统,
157	but it's also produced ecosystems we're coming to understand are remarkably fragile.	但它也产生了生态系统我们逐渐认识到是非常脆弱的。
158	Systems increasingly sensitive to extreme climate events and novel pathogens,	系统对极端气候事件和新的病原体越来越敏感,
159	systems incredibly reliant on chemical inputs we're coming to understand	系统非常依赖化学投入我们逐渐了解
160	have really serious externalities.	有非常严重的外在因素。
161	So we now have the data, computational tools,	现在我们有了数据计算工具
162	and the ecological theory to start going the other way,	和生态理论开始走向另一条路,
163	to lean into biodiversity and complexity.	(c) 注重生物多样性和复杂性。
164	And once we do, the question really becomes,	而一旦我们这样做,问题真的变成了,
165	by rewilding our soils, can we make our managed food and forest landscapes	通过重覆我们的土壤, 我们能否做我们管理的食物和森林景观
166	reservoirs of below-ground biodiversity?	地下生物多样性库?
167	And in the process, can we enhance yields and carbon capture	在这个过程中,我们能提高产量和碳捕获量吗?
168	and all the other services we ask of these ecosystems?	还有我们要求的所有其他服务?
169	I think there's a lot of reason to be incredibly hopeful here.	我认为有很多理由令人难以置信的希望在这里。
170	And I think we also shouldn't be so surprised that these microscopic organisms	我认为我们也不应该这么惊讶这些显微生物
171	have the potential for such enormous ecosystem-scale effects.	具有如此巨大的生态系统规模影响的潜力。
172	And that's because we've known now, really for a long time,	因为我们早就知道了
173	that forests are fungi.	森林是真菌。
174	And there are incredibly biodiverse communities of bacteria	并且有惊人的生物多样化的细菌群落
175	and archaea and protists and microscopic soil animals and viruses.	考古学家和实验学家以及微生物和病毒
176	Soils are the literal foundation of terrestrial ecosystems.	土壤是陆地生态系统的字面基础。
177	And the microbial life that inhabits soil represents some of the most complex	生活在土壤中的微生物生命代表着一些最复杂的生物
178	and biodiverse communities of life on Earth.	以及地球上生物多样化的生物群落
179	For the first time, DNA sequencing is turning the lights on below-ground.	DNA测序首次开启地下灯光.
180	It's allowing us to see these organisms in unprecedented detail	它让我们能以前所未有的细节看到这些生物
181	and at unprecedented scales.	和空前的规模。
182	Imagine studying plant biology.	想象一下研究植物生物学
183	But you never really knew if you were looking at a sequoia tree	但你从来没有真正知道如果你在看 sequoia树
184	or a sphagnum moss.	或 a苔.
185	And then all of a sudden you did.	然后突然间,你做到了。
186	That's what's happening right now in global environmental microbiology.	这就是目前全球环境微生物学中发生的情况.
187	And so we should expect this revolution in our understanding	所以我们应该期待这场革命
188	of these microscopic organisms, and particularly fungi,	这些微生物,特别是真菌,
189	to transform how we understand and how we manage our ecosystems	改变我们对生态系统的理解和管理方式
190	in a foundational way.	以基础的方式。
191	Thank you.	谢谢

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