没空调的埃及人如何活三千年
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | It's noon in Thebes. | 时彼斯午. |
| 0:01 | 这是1350BCE。 | |
| 0:04 | And it is, conservatively, 43 degrees Celsius. | 保守地说是43摄氏度。 |
| 0:08 | That's 110 Fahrenheit for the Americans in the audience. | 这是110华氏 美国人在观众。 |
| 0:11 | There is no air conditioning. | 没有空调。 |
| 0:13 | There is no ice. | 没有冰 |
| 0:15 | There is no cold drink of any kind anywhere on the planet, | 地球上任何地方都没有冷饮 |
| 0:18 | because refrigeration will not be invented for another 3,000 years. | 因为再过3000年就不会再发明冷藏了 |
| 0:22 | You are standing on sand that is hot enough to cook an egg on, in a country that is 95 percent | 你站在沙子上,足够热 做鸡蛋,在一个95%的国家 |
| 0:27 | desert, wearing a linen kilt, and you are about to go do manual labor. | 沙漠,穿着亚麻裙, 你要去做体力劳动。 |
展开字幕全文（428 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | It's noon in Thebes. | 时彼斯午. |
| 2 | 这是1350BCE。 | |
| 3 | And it is, conservatively, 43 degrees Celsius. | 保守地说是43摄氏度。 |
| 4 | That's 110 Fahrenheit for the Americans in the audience. | 这是110华氏 美国人在观众。 |
| 5 | There is no air conditioning. | 没有空调。 |
| 6 | There is no ice. | 没有冰 |
| 7 | There is no cold drink of any kind anywhere on the planet, | 地球上任何地方都没有冷饮 |
| 8 | because refrigeration will not be invented for another 3,000 years. | 因为再过3000年就不会再发明冷藏了 |
| 9 | You are standing on sand that is hot enough to cook an egg on, in a country that is 95 percent | 你站在沙子上,足够热 做鸡蛋,在一个95%的国家 |
| 10 | desert, wearing a linen kilt, and you are about to go do manual labor. | 沙漠,穿着亚麻裙, 你要去做体力劳动。 |
| 11 | And you're fine. | 你没事 |
| 12 | Not fine as in miserable and coping. | 不如在痛苦和应对。 |
| 13 | Fine as in this is a normal Tuesday. | 好吧,这是正常的星期二。 |
| 14 | Fine as in you will do this again tomorrow and the day after and you will live to be 60, | 好吧,你明天和第二天再做这个 你活到60岁, |
| 15 | which for the ancient world is the oldest anyone lives. | 古代最古老的人 |
| 16 | Now here's what I want you to sit with. | 现在我要你坐在这里 |
| 17 | We look at ancient Egypt and we see the pyramids. | 我们看着古埃及,看到金字塔。 |
| 18 | We see gold masks and mummies and Tutankhamun's face on a museum poster. | 我们在博物馆海报上看到金面具和木乃伊以及图坦卡蒙的脸. |
| 19 | What we never see is the boring, relentless daily engineering problem sitting underneath all of it. | 我们从未见过的 是无聊,无情的日常工程问题 坐在它的所有下面。 |
| 20 | How do you keep several million people alive, working, and not dying of heat stroke in one of | 如何让数百万人活着,工作, 和不死热中风之一 |
| 21 | the hottest inhabited places on Earth for 3,000 years with no electricity? | 地球上3000年来最热的居住地点 没有电? |
| 22 | Because that's the | 因为那是 |
| 23 | actual achievement. | 实际成就。 |
| 24 | Anybody can build a big triangle if they've got enough rocks and enough | 任何人都可以建造一个大三角形 如果他们有足够的岩石和足够的 |
| 25 | time. | 时间。 |
| 26 | But keeping the workforce alive long enough to finish it? | 但保持劳动力的生命力 足以完成它? |
| 27 | That's the hard part. | 这是困难的部分。 |
| 28 | So today we're going through all of it. | 所以今天我们要经历这一切。 |
| 29 | The architecture, the clothing, the beer, | 建筑,衣服,啤酒, |
| 30 | the salt, the wind catchers, the doctors, the beard situation. | 盐 捕风者 医生 胡子的情况 |
| 31 | And by the end you're going to | 到最后你会 |
| 32 | realize something slightly uncomfortable. | 有点不舒服 |
| 33 | The Egyptians solved this problem so well that we've | 埃及人解决了这个问题 以至于我们 |
| 34 | spent the last century solving it worse. | 花了上个世纪 解决它更糟。 |
| 35 | Just with more electricity. | 只是用更多的电。 |
| 36 | Let's go. | 我们走吧。 |
| 37 | The thing nobody tells you about Egypt. | 没有人告诉你埃及的事 |
| 38 | Here's the misconception baked into the question itself. | 问题本身就产生了误解。 |
| 39 | We picture ancient Egyptians enduring the heat, suffering through it, | 我们描绘的是古埃及人忍受着热量 经历着热量 |
| 40 | grimly surviving. | 残酷的存活。 |
| 41 | Like the desert was an enemy they held off by sheer willpower and stubbornness. | 就像沙漠是敌人 他们被意志力和顽固所束缚 |
| 42 | That's wrong. | 这是错误的。 |
| 43 | And it's wrong in an interesting way. | 这在有趣的方面是错误的。 |
| 44 | The Egyptians weren't surviving the desert. | 埃及人无法幸存沙漠 |
| 45 | They were living in a very narrow green ribbon next to the desert. | 他们住在沙漠旁边一个非常狭小的绿色丝带里。 |
| 46 | And they had spent thousands | 他们花费了几千美元 |
| 47 | of years engineering that ribbon so thoroughly that the heat became a design parameter rather | 多年来的工程 如此彻底的丝带 热成为设计参数 |
| 48 | than a threat. | 而不是威胁 |
| 49 | Every single thing about Egyptian daily life, the shape of the houses, the fabric | 关于埃及日常生活的每一件事, 房屋的形状,布料 |
| 50 | of the clothes, the timing of the workday, what you drank, when you ate, which direction your bed | 衣服,工作日的时间, 你喝什么, 当你吃, 方向你的床 |
| 51 | All of it had been quietly optimized over dozens of generations to deal with one specific problem. | 所有这一切都被悄悄地优化了数十代,以处理一个具体问题。 |
| 52 | They weren't fighting the sun. | 他们不是在对抗太阳 |
| 53 | They'd made peace with it and then read the fine print very carefully. | 他们用它平和了 然后仔细阅读了精细的指纹 |
| 54 | And to understand how, we need to talk about the least glamorous topic in Egyptology. | 为了了解如何,我们需要谈谈埃及学中最没有魅力的话题。 |
| 55 | 汗at. | |
| 56 | You are a walking evaporation machine. | 你是一个步行蒸发机。 |
| 57 | Your body has exactly one serious cooling strategy. | 你的身体有一个非常严重的冷却策略。 |
| 58 | And it's water. | 而为水. |
| 59 | When you get hot, you push water through your skin, | 当你发热,你推水穿你的皮肤, |
| 60 | and when that water evaporates, it carries heat away with it. | 当水蒸发,它随热而消失。 |
| 61 | That's it. | 就这样 |
| 62 | That's the whole system. | 这就是整个系统。 |
| 63 | Dogs pant. | 狗裤。 |
| 64 | Elephants use their ears as radiators. | 大象用耳朵作为散热器. |
| 65 | Pigs roll in mud because they can barely sweat | 猪在泥中滚,因为它们几乎不能汗出 |
| 66 | at all. | 一点也不 |
| 67 | Humans have somewhere between 2 and 4 million sweat glands, and we are, genuinely, | 人类有200万到400万个汗腺 我们真的 |
| 68 | the best sweaters in the animal kingdom. | 动物王国最好的毛衣 |
| 69 | The catch is that this system runs on a consumable. | 捕捉到的是,这个系统运行在一个消耗。 |
| 70 | You are cooling yourself by spending water, and in the Egyptian summer, you spend it fast. | 你用水冷却自己, 在埃及夏天,你花得很快。 |
| 71 | A laborer working outdoors in that climate can lose several liters a day, lose 2% of your body | 在室外工作的人 一天会损失几升 身体会损失2% |
| 72 | weight in fluid, and your cognitive performance drops measurably. | 体重在流体中, 你的认知性能可观地下降。 |
| 73 | Lose 5, and you're in real | 输了5,你是真的 |
| 74 | trouble. | 麻烦 |
| 75 | Lose 10, and you're dying, and you're dying confused, because one of the first things | 输了10,你快死了,你快死了,你很困惑 因为头一件事 |
| 76 | heat takes from you is your ability to notice that anything's wrong. | 从你身上得到的热量 就是你发现出问题的能力 |
| 77 | There's a second consumable, | 有第二个消费, |
| 78 | too, and this one gets forgotten. | 这个也忘不了了 |
| 79 | Sweat isn't distilled water. | 汗水不是蒸馏水 |
| 80 | It's salty. | 咸谓曰. |
| 81 | Sweat hard for long | 久拖不动 |
| 82 | enough, and you can drink all the water in the world and still crash because you've flushed out | 足够了,你可以喝 世界上所有的水 和仍然坠毁 因为你已经冲出 |
| 83 | the sodium your nervous system needs to function. | 钠,你的神经系统需要运行。 |
| 84 | That's hyponatremia, and it will kill you just as | 这是低血压, 它会杀了你一样 |
| 85 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}因为你手里会装满一个水罐 | |
| 86 | when it happens. | 当它发生。 |
| 87 | So the survival equation in ancient Egypt comes down to three things. | 所以古埃及的生存方程 降为三件事。 |
| 88 | Reduce heat load, replace water, replace salt. | 减少热负荷,更换水,更换盐. |
| 89 | Everything that follows is just increasingly | 接下来的一切都越来越 |
| 90 | clever versions of those three moves. | 这三个动作的聪明版本。 |
| 91 | Move one, the building is the air conditioner. | 移动一号,大楼是空调. |
| 92 | Start with the house, because this is where the Egyptians were quietly brilliant. | 从房子开始 因为这里是埃及人悄悄的辉煌之处 |
| 93 | Egyptian domestic | 埃及国内 |
| 94 | architecture was mud brick, Nile silt, mixed with chopped straw, packed into molds, baked hard in | 建筑是泥砖 尼罗河淤泥 与碎稻草混合 包装成模具 硬烤在 |
| 95 | the very sun it was designed to defeat. | 就是它用来打败的太阳 |
| 96 | There's a nice irony in that, and mud brick has a property | 有点讽刺 泥砖有地产 |
| 97 | that modern building materials have spent decades trying to get back, enormous thermal mass. | 现代建筑材料花了数十年 试图返回,巨大的热量。 |
| 98 | Here's | 给你 |
| 99 | what that means in practice. | 这在实际上意味着什么。 |
| 100 | A thick mud brick wall doesn't block heat, it delays it. | 厚厚的泥砖墙不会阻塞热量,会延缓热量. |
| 101 | Sun hits | 太阳命中 |
| 102 | the wall all day, and the heat crawls through the material slowly, taking hours to make the journey. | 热量慢慢地从材料中爬过 需要几个小时才能到达目的地 |
| 103 | So the peak heat of the afternoon arrives inside your house around midnight, by which time the | 所以下午的热量 会在午夜左右到达你家 |
| 104 | desert night has gone cold, and you actually want it. | 沙漠之夜已经凉了 你其实想要它 |
| 105 | Then the cold of the night crawls through and | 然后,夜晚的寒冷 爬过, |
| 106 | arrives inside at midday when you're desperate for it. | 甲午时到内,欲求之. |
| 107 | The wall isn't insulation, it's a time | 墙不是绝缘的 是时间 |
| 108 | machine for temperature. | 温度的机器。 |
| 109 | It takes the daily swing, which in the Egyptian desert can be 20 degrees | 它需要每天的秋千, 在埃及沙漠中可以20度 |
| 110 | Celsius between noon and dawn, and flips it exactly out of phase with your needs. | 中午到黎明之间摄氏度 随你需要而翻转 |
| 111 | 1350 BCE里没人 | |
| 112 | was writing equations about thermal lag. | 写有关热滞后的方程式 |
| 113 | They just noticed that thick walls made the house better, | 他们只是注意到厚厚的墙壁 使房子变得更好, |
| 114 | and thin walls made it worse, and they built accordingly for 3,000 years. | 而薄壁又使情况更加糟糕,他们据此建造了3000年. |
| 115 | Then they stacked | 然后堆起来 |
| 116 | more tricks on top. | 上面有更多把戏 |
| 117 | Windows were small and set high near the ceiling, because hot air rises and | 视窗很小,在天花板附近设置高,因为热空气上升, |
| 118 | you want the exit near the top. | 你想让出口靠近顶部 |
| 119 | Walls were whitewashed, which reflects a substantial portion | 墙被洗白了,这反映出很大一部分 |
| 120 | of incoming solar radiation rather than absorbing it. | 而不是吸收太阳辐射 |
| 121 | Streets in worker settlements like Der El Medina, | 像Der El Medina这样的工人定居点的街道, |
| 122 | the village that housed the craftsmen who cut the royal tombs, were narrow, which meant the buildings | 那个村里住着切割皇家墓穴的工匠 村里很狭窄 也就是说这些建筑 |
| 123 | shaded each other for most of the day. | 日多时互相荫蔽. |
| 124 | Rooms were arranged so the ones you used in the afternoon sat | 房间是安排的,所以你下午用过的 |
| 125 | on the shaded side. | 在阴暗的一侧。 |
| 126 | And then there's the roof. | 后有天台. |
| 127 | Egyptian roofs were flat, and the flat roof was | 埃及屋顶平坦,屋顶平坦 |
| 128 | living space. | 生活空间。 |
| 129 | You slept up there. | 你睡在那边。 |
| 130 | In the hot months, a huge portion of the population simply | 在炎热的几个月里, 人口的很大一部分只是 |
| 131 | moved their bed to the roof at night, where the air moved and heat radiated away into a cloudless | 晚上把床移到屋顶上, 那里的空气移动 和热辐射离开 一个无云的 |
| 132 | {\fn华文楷体\fs16\1cHE0E0E0}天空 | |
| 133 | Sleeping on the roof in an Egyptian summer isn't poverty. | 在埃及夏天在屋顶上睡觉不是贫穷。 |
| 134 | It's the premium suite. | 这是高额套房。 |
| 135 | Move two, | 移动两个, |
| 136 | the windcatcher. | 捕风者。 |
| 137 | Now here's where it gets interesting. | 现在这里变得很有趣。 |
| 138 | Egyptian houses had a feature | 埃及的房屋有一个特色 |
| 139 | called a malkaf. | 叫做麦卡夫 |
| 140 | You'll see them depicted in tomb paintings, most famously in the tomb of | 你会看到他们被描绘在墓葬画里 最著名的是墓葬 |
| 141 | Neb Amunet Thebes, 约1300 BCE, 显示一个建筑在屋顶上, | |
| 142 | unmistakably a wind scoop. | 毫无疑义的风声 |
| 143 | The malkaf is a hooded vent built on the roof, angled to face the | 马勒卡夫是一个盖着的通风口 建在屋顶上,角度对面 |
| 144 | prevailing wind. | 风大风大 |
| 145 | In Egypt, reliably out of the north, wind hits the scoop, gets funneled down | 在埃及,可靠地从北面出来,风吹到勺子上,被漏掉 |
| 146 | a shaft, and is delivered directly into the living space below. | a 轴,直接送到下面的居住空间。 |
| 147 | Meanwhile, hot air, being hot, is | 同时,热空气,热气,是 |
| 148 | rising and escaping through those high windows on the other side. | 从另一边高高的窗户升起逃跑 |
| 149 | You've created a pressure | 你造成了压力 |
| 150 | difference. | 差别。 |
| 151 | You've built a chimney that runs sideways. | 你造了个烟囱 跑在一边 |
| 152 | That's passive ventilation. | 这是被动通风。 |
| 153 | No moving | 不移动 |
| 154 | parts, and no power source. | 部件,没有电源。 |
| 155 | It works because wind exists and heat rises, and both of those things | 因为风存在 热量上升 这两种东西都起作用 |
| 156 | are going to keep being true forever. | 永远保持真实 |
| 157 | And the Egyptians took it one step further, which is the | 埃及人更进一步, |
| 158 | part that makes me slightly emotional. | 这让我有点情绪化 |
| 159 | Some households would place porous clay water jars | 有些家庭会放置多孔粘土水罐 |
| 160 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}在即将到来的空中 | |
| 161 | Water seeps through the clay, evaporates off the outer surface, | 水渗出泥土 蒸发出外表 |
| 162 | and evaporation takes heat with it. | 蒸发会带热 |
| 163 | The air arriving in your room has now been | 飞到你房间的空气已经 |
| 164 | cooled by passing over an evaporating surface. | 冷却通过一个蒸发表面。 |
| 165 | That's an evaporative cooler. | 那是个蒸发冷却器 |
| 166 | That's a swamp | 那是沼泽 |
| 167 | cooler. | 凉爽点 |
| 168 | That is, in principle, the exact same machine you can buy today at a hardware store | 原则上,就是今天在五金店买的机器 |
| 169 | for $200, running on electricity, and they built it out of a pot and a hole in the roof. | 两百元,靠电力运转, 他们用锅和屋顶的洞建起来的。 |
| 170 | This design didn't die with Egypt, by the way. | 顺便说一句,这个设计并没有随着埃及而死. |
| 171 | Wind catchers spread and evolved across the Middle | 风力捕捉器横跨中区 |
| 172 | East and Persia into the towering bad gears of Yazd in Iran, some of which still stand | 东方和波斯进入了伊朗雅兹德的致命齿轮, 其中一些仍然站着 |
| 173 | and still work. | 还能继续工作 |
| 174 | The technology never actually stopped being good. | 技术从未停止过。 |
| 175 | We just got access to cheap | 我们刚刚得到便宜 |
| 176 | electricity and decided we'd rather solve the problem by burning things. | 并且决定我们宁可通过烧东西来解决这个问题。 |
| 177 | Move 3. | 移动3。 |
| 178 | Linen and why covering up beats stripping off. | 亚麻和为什么遮住 拍子脱落。 |
| 179 | Let's talk about clothes. | 谈衣钵. |
| 180 | Your instinct in extreme heat is to wear as little as possible. | 你的直觉是尽量少穿 |
| 181 | The Egyptian answer was more nuanced than that, and the nuance is the interesting part. | 埃及的回答比这更细微,细微是有趣的部分. |
| 182 | Egyptian clothing was almost universally linen, made from flax, and the reason is a stack of | 埃及服装几乎是普世亚麻布,用麻布制成,原因是一叠 |
| 183 | material properties that happen to line up perfectly with the problem. | 与问题完全一致的物质属性。 |
| 184 | Linen is highly | 亚麻是很高的 |
| 185 | breathable. | 喘不过气来 |
| 186 | The fibers are hollow, so air moves through the weave. | 纤维是空的,所以空气通过织物移动. |
| 187 | It's exceptionally good at | 特别擅长 |
| 188 | wicking, meaning it pulls sweat off your skin and spreads it across a wide surface where it can | 摇晃,意思是它会把汗汗从你的皮肤中抽出来 并把它分散到一个宽阔的表面 |
| 189 | evaporate efficiently. | 有效蒸发. |
| 190 | And it's a poor insulator, so it doesn't trap the heat you're trying to lose. | 并且是贫寒的绝缘器,所以不会陷阱你试图失去的热量. |
| 191 | Cotton, for comparison, holds moisture against the skin. | 相比之下,棉花对皮肤具有水分。 |
| 192 | Wool insulates. | 伍尔绝缘. |
| 193 | Linen does neither. | 亚麻也不会 |
| 194 | In that specific climate, it is close to the ideal fabric, | 在这种特殊的气候下,它接近理想的结构, |
| 195 | and the Egyptians figured that out early enough that flax cultivation became one of the foundational | 埃及人很早就知道 麻树的种植是根基之一 |
| 196 | industries of the entire civilization. | 整个文明的工业。 |
| 197 | There's also a quality gradient here that tells you | 这里还有一个质量梯度告诉你 |
| 198 | everything about Egyptian society. | 关于埃及社会的一切 |
| 199 | The finest linen, sometimes called royal linen, was woven | 最好的亚麻,有时叫做皇家亚麻,被编织 |
| 200 | so finely that surviving fragments are nearly transparent. | 如此精细,幸存的碎片几乎是透明的。 |
| 201 | And producing it took skilled weavers | 生产它需要熟练的织物 |
| 202 | enormous amounts of time. | 相当长的时间 |
| 203 | Elites wore that. | 爱丽丝穿的 |
| 204 | Field laborers wore coarse, thick linen, or a simple | 田间工人穿粗麻布或简单的 |
| 205 | kil. | |
| 206 | Or, in a lot of cases, very little at all. | 或者,在很多情况下,很少。 |
| 207 | Same climate, same material, radically different | 同样的气候,同样的物质,完全不同 |
| 208 | experience of it. | 经验。 |
| 209 | That gap runs through this entire story. | 这个缺口贯穿整个故事 |
| 210 | And we'll come back to it. | 则复入涅盘. |
| 211 | And then the counterintuitive bit, loose, light-colored cloth over your skin, can keep | 然后反直觉的一点,松散的, 浅色的布在你的皮肤上,可以保持 |
| 212 | you cooler than bare skin. | 比赤裸的皮肤还凉爽 |
| 213 | Because it blocks direct solar radiation while still letting sweat | 因为它阻断了太阳的直射 同时又让汗流出来 |
| 214 | evaporate. | 蒸发. |
| 215 | You lose a little airflow. | 你失去了一点气流。 |
| 216 | You gain a lot of shade. | 你得到了很多阴影。 |
| 217 | It's the same reason desert peoples | 这是同样的原因 沙漠民族 |
| 218 | across North Africa and Arabia converged on flowing robes rather than shorts. | 整个北非和阿拉伯都聚集在流动的长袍上,而不是短裤上。 |
| 219 | Being naked | 裸着 |
| 220 | in the desert sun isn't freedom. | 在沙漠中的太阳不是自由 |
| 221 | It's just faster sunburn. | 太阳烧得更快 |
| 222 | Which brings us to hair. | 这给我们带来了头发。 |
| 223 | Egyptians, | 埃及人, |
| 224 | particularly the wealthy, are frequently shaved their heads and wore wigs. | 特别是富人,经常剃头戴假发。 |
| 225 | This looks purely | 这看起来纯粹 |
| 226 | like fashion, and partly it was, and partly it was about lice which nobody enjoys. | 像时尚,部分是, 部分是关于虱子 没有人喜欢。 |
| 227 | But a wig | 但是假发 |
| 228 | sits slightly off the scalp, creating a ventilated air gap, and it can be removed. | 稍稍从头皮上脱落,形成通风空隙,可以去除. |
| 229 | Your actual hair | 你真正的头发 |
| 230 | cannot. | 无法。 |
| 231 | Shave the head, and you've got a surface you can wash, cool, and cover on demand. | 剃头,你有一个表面 你可以洗,凉爽, 和覆盖在需求。 |
| 232 | The | 那个 |
| 233 | Egyptians were also, famously, obsessive about cleanliness and oils. | 埃及人对清洁和油类也十分执着,有名无实. |
| 234 | Priests bathed multiple | 牧师洗了多杯澡 |
| 235 | times daily. | 每日时间。 |
| 236 | Ordinary people used scented fats and oils on the skin, which protected against sun | 普通人在皮肤上使用有香味的脂肪和油,防止晒太阳 |
| 237 | damage and cracking in extremely dry air. | 在极其干燥的空气中造成破坏和裂缝。 |
| 238 | Herodotus, visiting centuries later, noted the | 几个世纪后,赫罗多图斯访问,注意到 |
| 239 | Egyptian preoccupation with washing with a slight tone of bewilderment, which is very funny coming | 埃及热衷于用轻微的迷惑语调洗衣服, |
| 240 | from a Greek. | 从希腊。 |
| 241 | Move four, drink beer seriously. | 四点,喝啤酒 |
| 242 | Here's the fluid problem. | 这就是流体问题。 |
| 243 | You need several liters | 需要几升吗? |
| 244 | of water a day. | 一天一滴水 来一杯 |
| 245 | The Nile is right there. | 尼罗河就在那边 |
| 246 | The Nile is also full of parasites, silt, animal waste, | 尼罗河上还有寄生虫 淤泥 动物废物 |
| 247 | human waste, and, depending on the season, and how far upstream the last village was, | 人类的废物, 根据季节, 以及上游多远的最后一个村庄, |
| 248 | things you do not want to think about while drinking. | 喝酒时你不想想到的事 |
| 249 | Shistosomiasis, a parasitic disease | 寄生虫病 |
| 250 | spread through freshwater snails, has been detected in Egyptian mummies. | 在埃及木乃伊中被检测到, |
| 251 | Drinking straight from the | 从直饮 |
| 252 | river was not free. | 河流不是免费的。 |
| 253 | So Egyptians drank beer. | 因此,埃及人喝啤酒。 |
| 254 | Vast, structural, civilization-scale amounts of beer. | 巨大的,结构的,文明的啤酒数量。 |
| 255 | And I need to be clear about what this beer was because it wasn't a pint. | 我需要弄清楚这啤酒是什么 因为它不是一品脱。 |
| 256 | Egyptian beer was thick, | 埃及啤酒很浓, |
| 257 | low in alcohol, made from barley or emmer wheat, often strained but still substantial enough that | 酒精含量低,由大麦或麦芽制成,往往很紧张,但仍然足够大。 |
| 258 | descriptions put it closer to a gruel than a drink. | 描述它比饮料更接近苦味 |
| 259 | It was food. | 这是食物。 |
| 260 | It was hydration. | 这是水合。 |
| 261 | It was | 这是 |
| 262 | calories. | 热量。 |
| 263 | It carried B vitamins from the yeast. | 它从酵母中携带了B维生素. |
| 264 | Crucially, the brewing process involved heating | 关键是,酿造过程需要加热 |
| 265 | the mash, and the fermentation itself produces an environment that's hostile to a lot of pathogens. | 泥浆,发酵本身 会产生一种与许多病原体敌对的环境。 |
| 266 | Beer was, for practical purposes, safer than the river it came from. | 啤酒实际上比它从河里来的要安全 |
| 267 | How structural was this? | 这是怎样的结构? |
| 268 | Workers were paid in it. | 工人在其中得到报酬。 |
| 269 | Dyer el Medina的记录 最好的记录之一 | |
| 270 | workforces in the entire ancient world, because these people wrote down everything on limestone | 整个古代世界的劳动力 因为他们把石灰岩上的一切都写下来了 |
| 271 | flakes, including their absences and their complaints, show rations of bread and beer as | 面包和啤酒的配给是: |
| 272 | standard compensation. | 标准补偿。 |
| 273 | Daily allowances of multiple jars per worker appear in the record, | 记录显示,每个工人每天领取多罐的补贴, |
| 274 | and in one of the great moments in labor history, when those workers' rations were delivered late | 在劳动史上一个伟大的时刻 那些工人的口粮是迟到的 |
| 275 | during the reign of Rameses III, around 1155 BCE, they downed tools and staged what is generally | 在拉姆塞斯三世统治时期,大约1155年的BCE时期,他们放下了工具,制造了一般的 |
| 276 | the first recorded strike in human history. | 这是人类历史上第一次有记录的罢工。 |
| 277 | They walked off the royal necropolis, over food and | 他们走出了皇家城市, 过食物和 |
| 278 | beer. | 来杯啤酒 |
| 279 | Sitting behind that strike is the thing we established earlier. | 坐在那次罢工的后面是我们早些时候确定的事情。 |
| 280 | In that climate, the ration | 在这种气候下,口粮 |
| 281 | wasn't a perk. | 并不是一个错误。 |
| 282 | It was the cooling system. | 这是冷却系统。 |
| 283 | Cut the beer, and you're not being stingy. | 少喝啤酒,你不会吝啬的 |
| 284 | You're | 琌 |
| 285 | switching off the water supply for men doing heavy labor in a desert. | 关闭供水 男人在沙漠中做重工。 |
| 286 | Move five. | 移动5。 |
| 287 | Salt, bread, | 盐,面包, |
| 288 | and the invisible chemistry. | 和无形的化学。 |
| 289 | Now the part nobody thinks about. | 现在没人会想到的 |
| 290 | You've replaced the water. | 你换了水 |
| 291 | You have | 你有过 |
| 292 | replaced the salt, and the salt is what stops your muscles cramping and your brain from going | 换了盐,盐是阻止肌肉抽筋和大脑走的 |
| 293 | soft in the afternoon. | 午后柔软. |
| 294 | The Egyptian diet handled this almost by accident. | 埃及的饮食几乎是偶然处理的。 |
| 295 | Bread was the staple, | 面包是主食, |
| 296 | coarse, dense, and gritty enough that it visibly wore down the teeth of the population, | 粗糙,稠密, 和粗糙 足以明显地磨损 人口的牙齿, |
| 297 | which we can see in surviving mummies as heavily abraded molars. | 在幸存的木乃伊中,我们可以看到这些木乃伊是严重磨损的蛾子。 |
| 298 | Salted and dried fish was a common preserved food. | 盐和干鱼是一种常见的保存食物。 |
| 299 | Natron, the naturally occurring sodium compound | 纳特龙,天然产生的钠化合物 |
| 300 | harvested from dried lake beds and famous for its role in mummification, also had domestic uses. | 从干涸的湖床中收获的木乃伊化作用出名,也有家庭用途。 |
| 301 | Onions. | 葱. |
| 302 | Garlic. | 蒜头. |
| 303 | Dates. | 约会 |
| 304 | Figs. | 数数. |
| 305 | Dates in particular being an efficient package of sugar and potassium. | 特别是作为高效包装的糖和钾。 |
| 306 | None of this was designed as an electrolyte strategy. | 这些都不是作为电解质策略设计的. |
| 307 | Nobody was thinking about sodium ions. | 没人想到钠离子 |
| 308 | But a diet built on salted preserved fish, salted bread, and potassium-rich fruit, | 但是在咸鱼、咸面包和富含钾的水果上 积累的饮食 |
| 309 | consumed alongside enormous volumes of low alcohol beer, produces almost exactly the fluid and mineral | 和大量低酒精啤酒一起消耗 几乎完全产生液体和矿物质 |
| 310 | balance that a person doing heavy outdoor labor in extreme heat requires. | 一个在极端高温条件下做繁重户外劳动的人需要的平衡。 |
| 311 | That's the pattern that | 这就是模式, |
| 312 | keeps repeating in this story. | 继续重复这个故事 |
| 313 | Not knowledge. | 不为知识. |
| 314 | Iteration. | 迭经. |
| 315 | A few thousand years of doing the | 几千年来 |
| 316 | thing that worked and quietly dropping the thing that didn't, until the accumulated result looks | 在累积结果看出来前 悄悄地放下那没有的东西 |
| 317 | like it was designed by someone with a physiology textbook. | 就像是某个有生理学教科书的人设计的 |
| 318 | Move six. | 动六根. |
| 319 | Don't be outside. | 别在外面 |
| 320 | The simplest | 最简单的 |
| 321 | The Egyptian day was structured around the sun rather than against it. | 埃及日是围绕太阳而不是与之相对的. |
| 322 | Work started before dawn. | 工作在黎明前开始. |
| 323 | Heavy labor happened in the cool of early morning. | 清晨的清凉中发生了重工. |
| 324 | The middle of the day, the genuinely dangerous | 白天,真正的危险 |
| 325 | window, was for rest, shade, food, and sleep. | 窗户,是休息,遮荫,食物,和睡眠。 |
| 326 | Then work resumed as the sun dropped. | 之后工作随着太阳的落下而恢复. |
| 327 | Dare El Medina again gives us the detail because those workers recorded their schedule. | 大胆的El Medina再次向我们提供了细节,因为这些工人记录了他们的日程安排。 |
| 328 | They worked in shifts, they had rest days, and during the working period many of them | 他们轮班工作,有休息日,在工作期间,他们中许多人 |
| 329 | rather than walking home across open ground twice a day in the heat. | 而不是每天在炎热中穿过开阔的地面走回家两次。 |
| 330 | Even the great construction projects appear to have run on seasonal logic. | 甚至大型建筑项目似乎都按季节逻辑运行。 |
| 331 | A significant | 重大 |
| 332 | portion of pyramid building labor is thought to have been organized around the annual Nile | 据认为,部分金字塔建筑劳动力是围绕着一年一度的尼罗河而组织的。 |
| 333 | inundation, when the fields flooded, agricultural work paused, and a large labor force became | 淹没,当田地淹没, 农业工作停顿, |
| 334 | available. | 可用。 |
| 335 | And the flood also made it dramatically easier to move stone by boat. | 而洪水也大大方便了用船移动石头. |
| 336 | The work day, | 工作日时, |
| 337 | the work year, and the calendar itself all bent around the sun and the river. | 工作年,日历本身 弯曲在太阳和河。 |
| 338 | And they had medicine for when it went wrong anyway. | 他们有药物 当它出了问题。 |
| 339 | Ebers Papyrus, 约1550 BCE, 是现存最古老的医学文本之一 | |
| 340 | earth. | 尘土 |
| 341 | And it contains remedies for fever, for burns, for headache, for a whole catalog | 里面有治疗发烧、烧伤、头痛的药 |
| 342 | of conditions consistent with heat exposure. | 与热接触相符的条件。 |
| 343 | Some of it is magical incantation. | 有些是神奇的咒语 |
| 344 | Some of it, | 其中一些 |
| 345 | honey on wounds, which we now know has genuine antibacterial properties, turns out to work. | 伤口上的蜂蜜,我们现在知道 它具有真正的抗菌性能, 结果工作。 |
| 346 | That mixture of the empirical and the mystical, side by side, | 经验主义和神秘主义的混合体 并肩作战 |
| 347 | entirely unbothered by the contradiction, is very much the ancient world in general. | 完全没有受到矛盾的困扰, 在很大程度上是整个古老的世界。 |
| 348 | The twist? | 扭伤? |
| 349 | The desert was the point. | 沙漠才是重点 |
| 350 | Alright, here's where this whole story turns over. | 好吧,这里是整个故事翻过来的地方。 |
| 351 | We've been treating the desert as the problem. | 我们一直把沙漠当成问题 |
| 352 | Everything so far has been Egyptians defending against it. | 目前为止,一切都是埃及人为之辩护。 |
| 353 | But ancient Egypt existed because | 但古埃及的存在是因为 |
| 354 | of the desert. | 沙漠的风景 |
| 355 | The Egyptians called the fertile black soil of the floodplain Kemet, | 埃及人称洪水平原的肥沃的黑土为Kemet, |
| 356 | the black land. | 黑色的土地。 |
| 357 | They called the desert Deshret, the red land. | 他们称沙漠德什雷特为红色土地. |
| 358 | Two names, two worlds, | 两个名字,两个世界, |
| 359 | one border you could stand with a foot on each side of. | 一个边界,你可以站立 在每一边的脚。 |
| 360 | And the red land was, functionally, | 而红色的土地,在功能上, |
| 361 | a wall. | 墙 |
| 362 | It's the reason Egypt held a recognizable identity for 3,000 years while civilizations in | 这也是埃及拥有了3000年的可识别身份 而在埃及的文明 |
| 363 | Mesopotamia were being conquered and reconquered on what feels like a rotating schedule. | 美索不达米亚被征服 并被重新征服 就像一个旋转的时间表。 |
| 364 | Egypt was flanked east and west by hundreds of kilometers of lethal, | 埃及在东面和西面 被数百公里的杀伤力包围 |
| 365 | waterless sand. | 无水沙. |
| 366 | Armies can't cross that. | 军队不能越过那。 |
| 367 | Supply lines can't cross that. | 补给线不能越过那。 |
| 368 | The desert was a moat | 沙漠是护城河 |
| 369 | that no one had to build, maintain, or garrison. | 没有人必须建造、维持或驻防。 |
| 370 | And it went further than defense. | 它比防御还进一步。 |
| 371 | The desert's | 沙漠的风云 |
| 372 | aridity is the reason we know anything about Egypt at all. | 干旱是我们了解埃及的原因。 |
| 373 | Organic material, papyrus, linen, | 有机材料、 p、亚麻、 |
| 374 | wood, painted plaster, human tissue, rots in humidity, and survives in dryness. | 木材,涂抹的石膏,人体组织,腐烂在湿润中,在干燥中生存. |
| 375 | 每一个papyrus | |
| 376 | scroll in every museum, every preserved body, every scrap of painted cloth exists because the | 每一个博物馆的卷轴,每个保存的躯体,每一片漆布都存在,因为 |
| 377 | climate that made life difficult made decay nearly impossible. | 导致生活困难的气候 几乎不可能腐烂 |
| 378 | Mummification itself is a technology | 母亲化本身是一种技术 |
| 379 | built directly out of local geology. | 由当地地质学直接建造。 |
| 380 | The Egyptians noticed that bodies buried in hot, dry sand | 埃及人注意到尸体埋在炎热干燥的沙子里 |
| 381 | naturally desiccated and survived, and the entire elaborate apparatus of embalming was, at bottom, | 自然干燥,幸存下来 整个精密的防腐装置 底部, |
| 382 | an attempt to reproduce artificially what the desert did for free. | 试图人工复制 沙漠所做的免费。 |
| 383 | Natron, the salt they used | 纳特龙,他们用的盐 |
| 384 | to dry the body, came out of desert lake beds. | 从沙漠的湖床里出来 |
| 385 | So the heat didn't just get survived. | 因此,热量并不只是幸存. |
| 386 | It got | 它得到了 |
| 387 | recruited. | 征聘人员。 |
| 388 | It defended the borders. | 它保卫了边界。 |
| 389 | It dried the dead. | 它把死人给干了 |
| 390 | It preserved the archive. | 它保存了档案。 |
| 391 | And it is the | 这是 |
| 392 | single reason a civilization from 3000 BCE is better documented than most of medieval Europe. | 比起大多数中世纪欧洲来说,3000BCE文明的单一原因有更好的记载. |
| 393 | Here's what I keep coming back to. | 这就是我一直回来的原因 |
| 394 | There is a house in Egypt, three and a half thousand years | 在埃及有一栋房子 三千五百年 |
| 395 | ago, thick mud walls holding yesterday's cool, a scoop on the roof pulling the north wind down | 之前,厚厚的泥墙 握着昨天的凉爽, 屋顶上的一个勺子拉着北风下来 |
| 396 | into the rooms, a porous clay jar sitting in the airflow, sweating, taking the heat out of the | 进入房间,一个多孔的粘土罐子 坐在空气中,流汗,取出热量 |
| 397 | breeze, a family asleep on the roof under a sky with no clouds in it, a jar of thick beer for the | 微风,一个家庭睡在屋顶的天空下 没有云,一罐浓啤酒 |
| 398 | morning. | 晨报. |
| 399 | Not one part of that requires electricity. | 这其中的一部分并不需要电力。 |
| 400 | Not one part of it will ever break in a way that | 它的一部分永远不会打破的方式 |
| 401 | can't be fixed with mud and hands. | 无法用泥和手固定. |
| 402 | It has no off switch because it has no on switch, and it was | 它没有开关,因为它没有开关。 |
| 403 | derived at, not by genius, but by several thousand years of people paying close attention to what | 不是天才,而是几千年来人们 密切关注什么 |
| 404 | made the afternoon bearable and passing that on to their kids. | 使下午可以忍受 并传递给他们的孩子。 |
| 405 | We've spent the last hundred years | 我们过去一百年了 |
| 406 | solving the same problem by putting a machine in the window and cooling one room at a time, | 通过把一台机器放在窗户里 一次冷却一个房间来解决同样的问题 |
| 407 | while the machine dumps its waste heat into the street and makes the city hotter, so we buy a | 机器把废热倒在街上 让城市更热 所以我们买了一台 |
| 408 | bigger machine. | 更大的机器。 |
| 409 | Meanwhile, architects are now going back to the tomb paintings at Thebes and | 与此同时,建筑师们现在要回到 Thebes的墓葬画和 |
| 410 | studying the Malkaf, because it turns out a hole in the roof pointed at the wind was a genuinely | 研究马尔卡夫,因为它发现一个洞 在屋顶指向风 是真正的 |
| 411 | excellent idea and always has been. | 好主意,而且一直都是这样 |
| 412 | You will get warm today, and you'll do something about it. | 你今天会很暖和,你会做点什么 |
| 413 | Move to shade, drink something cold, sit near a fan, change what you're wearing, wait for the sun to | 移到阴凉处,喝冷的东西,坐在风扇附近, 改变你穿的,等待阳光 |
| 414 | drop. | 下来。 |
| 415 | Small automatic adjustments you won't even register making. | 小小的自动调整你甚至不会注册。 |
| 416 | That's the same equipment, same | 同样的设备,同样的 |
| 417 | species, same sweat glands, same 2% margin before the thinking starts going. | 同样的汗腺 同样的2%的边度 |
| 418 | The Egyptian in Thebes | 提布斯的埃及人 |
| 419 | at noon in 1350 BCE was running the same calculation you run, with better architecture | 在1350年的中午, BCE 运行同样的计算, 有更好的架构 |
| 420 | and worse beer. | 还有更糟糕的啤酒 |
| 421 | Three thousand years of the hottest place people chose to live, | 三千年最热的地方 人们选择生活, |
| 422 | and the answer was never toughness. | 答案绝不是强硬的。 |
| 423 | It was mud, linen, shade, salt, and paying attention. | 是泥,亚麻,遮荫,盐,还有注意。 |
| 424 | So, could you do it? | 所以,你能做到这一点吗? |
| 425 | A summer in ancient Thebes, no fridge, no fan, roof for a bedroom, | 一个夏天在古代的Thebes, 没有冰箱,没有风扇,屋顶为卧室, |
| 426 | and a jar of warm beer for breakfast. | 和一罐热啤酒 早餐。 |
| 427 | Let me know in the comments. | 在评论中告诉我。 |
| 428 | Until then, see you soon. | 在那之前,再见 |
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