为什么烧伤比割伤更痛
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | About a year ago, I was soldering components onto a circuit board. | 大约一年前 我在电路板上涂抹部件 |
| 0:04 | I set the soldering iron down flat on my workbench and looked at the solder joints. | 我把烧制的铁放在我的工作台上 看着烧制的关节 |
| 0:09 | Instead of placing it on the bench, I should have put the soldering iron back in its stand. | 与其放在凳子上,我还不如把烧焦的铁放回站台上。 |
| 0:13 | Not only would this prevent it from burning anything, but also when you grab it, you have to do so by the handle. | 这不仅会阻止它燃烧任何东西,而且当你抓住它时,你必须靠手柄来这样做. |
| 0:20 | Still looking at the circuit board, I went to grab the soldering iron like I would a screwdriver. | 还在看电路板,我去拿 焊接的铁像我愿意螺丝刀。 |
| 0:25 | Only I didn't grab the handle, I grabbed the protective pipe that covers the heater, which was probably around | 只是我没抓住手柄 我抓住盖着暖气管的防护管道 可能就在附近 |
| 0:30 | 500 degrees Fahrenheit. | 五百华氏. |
| 0:32 | I remember grabbing it, a split second delay, and then a sharp buzzing pain shot up through my fingers. | 我记得我抓住它,一个分秒秒的延迟, 然后一个尖锐的嗡嗡声 疼痛从我的手指。 |
| 0:38 | From what I can recall, it felt like red hot sandpaper was being pressed against my fingers with a belt sander. | 据我所知 红热沙纸被皮带塞在我的手指上 |
| 0:44 | I dropped the soldering iron, ran to the near sink, and put my fingers under cold water. | 我扔了铁,跑到水槽里,把我的手指放在冷水里。 |
展开字幕全文（103 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | About a year ago, I was soldering components onto a circuit board. | 大约一年前 我在电路板上涂抹部件 |
| 2 | I set the soldering iron down flat on my workbench and looked at the solder joints. | 我把烧制的铁放在我的工作台上 看着烧制的关节 |
| 3 | Instead of placing it on the bench, I should have put the soldering iron back in its stand. | 与其放在凳子上,我还不如把烧焦的铁放回站台上。 |
| 4 | Not only would this prevent it from burning anything, but also when you grab it, you have to do so by the handle. | 这不仅会阻止它燃烧任何东西,而且当你抓住它时,你必须靠手柄来这样做. |
| 5 | Still looking at the circuit board, I went to grab the soldering iron like I would a screwdriver. | 还在看电路板,我去拿 焊接的铁像我愿意螺丝刀。 |
| 6 | Only I didn't grab the handle, I grabbed the protective pipe that covers the heater, which was probably around | 只是我没抓住手柄 我抓住盖着暖气管的防护管道 可能就在附近 |
| 7 | 500 degrees Fahrenheit. | 五百华氏. |
| 8 | I remember grabbing it, a split second delay, and then a sharp buzzing pain shot up through my fingers. | 我记得我抓住它,一个分秒秒的延迟, 然后一个尖锐的嗡嗡声 疼痛从我的手指。 |
| 9 | From what I can recall, it felt like red hot sandpaper was being pressed against my fingers with a belt sander. | 据我所知 红热沙纸被皮带塞在我的手指上 |
| 10 | I dropped the soldering iron, ran to the near sink, and put my fingers under cold water. | 我扔了铁,跑到水槽里,把我的手指放在冷水里。 |
| 11 | I ended up having first and second degree burns on my right index, middle, and ring fingers. | 我最后在右侧的指数上 中度和指环上 被烧伤了 |
| 12 | Compared to previous cuts, punctures, and bruises, that burn was way more painful. | 和之前的伤口、刺伤和瘀伤相比,烧伤更痛苦。 |
| 13 | As always, | 一如既往 |
| 14 | there's a scientific reason as to why. | 科学上的原因 |
| 15 | Welcome to Dark Science. | 欢迎来到黑暗科学 |
| 16 | To understand burns, and pain in general, we first need to understand how pain is transmitted. | 要理解烧伤和一般疼痛,我们首先需要了解疼痛是如何传播的. |
| 17 | Your body contains specialized sensory nerve endings called nociceptors that detect potentially damaging mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. | 你的身体包含了被称为鼻孔的专用感官神经末端 能够探测到可能损坏的机械、热和化学刺激 |
| 18 | For example, mechanosensitive ion channels called piezochannels respond to excessive pressure. | 例如,称为pazzochannels的机械敏感离子通道对过度的压力作出反应. |
| 19 | When a mechanical force exceeds a pressure threshold, these ion channels become deformed and open. | 当机械力超过压力阈值时,这些离子通道就会变形并打开. |
| 20 | Upon opening, sodium and calcium ions are released, and bind to local nociceptors, | 打开时,钠和钙离子被释放,并结合到局部的节点受体上, |
| 21 | generating an electrical signal that's sent to your brain, which triggers a pain response. | 生成一个发送到大脑的电讯 引发疼痛反应 |
| 22 | If you gently pinch your skin, the pressure is below the threshold, and you're only activating touch receptors. | 如果你轻轻地捏住皮肤,压力就低于阈值,你只是激活触摸受体. |
| 23 | But, if you pinch very hard, you feel a sharp pain sensation. | 但是,如果你很用力地捏, 你会感到强烈的疼痛感。 |
| 24 | This is because the mechanosensitive ion channels are being opened, and release ions which activate local nociceptors. | 这是因为机械敏感离子通道被打开 释放离子激活了局部节点 |
| 25 | There's also ion channels that are sensitive to temperature, called TRPV1 heat receptors. | 也有对温度敏感的离子通道,称为TRPV1热受体. |
| 26 | When a temperature reaches 109 degrees Fahrenheit, or greater, | 当温度达到华氏109度或以上时, |
| 27 | proteins in the central pore of the channel change shape, and open. | 通道孔中央的蛋白质会改变形状,然后打开. |
| 28 | This allows sodium and calcium ions to flow through, and activate nociceptors. | 这使得钠和钙离子能够流过,并激活节点. |
| 29 | Lastly, some chemicals can activate temperature-sensitive TRPV1 heat receptors. | 最后,一些化学品可以激活对温度敏感的TRPV1热受体。 |
| 30 | The best example is capsaicin, the compound responsible for the spiciness in peppers. | 最好的例子是卡普赛因(capsaicin),该化合物负责辣椒中的辣味. |
| 31 | When capsaicin contacts the mouth, skin, eyes, or an open wound, it activates TRPV1 heat receptors, | 当卡普赛因接触口腔,皮肤,眼睛或开口的伤口时,会激活TRPV1热受体, |
| 32 | causing the brain to activate a burn sensation. | 导致大脑引发燃烧感 |
| 33 | But there is another kind of chemical signal that your own body produces, called cytokines. | 但是还有另一种化学信号, 就是你自己的身体产生的,叫做细胞基。 |
| 34 | Cytokines are messenger proteins released by immune cells and damaged tissue after an injury. | Cytokines是免疫细胞释放的寄信蛋白,受伤后组织受损. |
| 35 | They bind to nociceptors and other immune cells, triggering inflammation and increasing pain sensitivity in the injured area. | 它们与鼻炎和其他免疫细胞结合,引发炎症,在受伤地区增加疼痛敏感性. |
| 36 | When cells are damaged by a traumatic injury, such as a cut, or blunt force trauma, they release proteins called alarmans, that signal tissue damage. | 当细胞受到创伤性伤害,如割伤,或钝力创伤损伤时,它们释放出称为警示剂的蛋白质,即信号组织损伤. |
| 37 | These signals stimulate nearby immune cells in surviving tissue to produce and secrete cytokines. | 这些信号刺激存活组织中的附近免疫细胞产生和分泌细胞基. |
| 38 | These cytokines then bind to nociceptors, increasing their sensitivity, making the injury more painful. | 这些细胞基随后与鼻孔结合,提高了它们的灵敏度,使伤害更加痛苦. |
| 39 | This brings us to burns. | 这给我们带来了燃烧。 |
| 40 | A burn is the transfer of thermal energy from a hot surface to tissue. | 燃烧是指热能从热表面转移到组织上. |
| 41 | I'm not talking about you grabbed a hot plate out of the dishwasher. | 我不是说你从洗碗机里拿了个热碟 |
| 42 | I'm talking about full-on touching a hot surface, well over 400 degrees Fahrenheit, with the intention it won't be hot. | 我说的是完全触摸一个热水面, 远超过400华氏度, 意图是它不会热。 |
| 43 | Think of an exposed leg touching an exhaust pipe on a motorcycle, or grabbing a ceramic dish just pulled out of the oven. | 想想暴露的腿 碰着摩托车上的废气管 或是从烤箱里拉出来的陶瓷盘 |
| 44 | This transfer of thermal energy to tissue is not only instant, it's also three-dimensional. | 这种热能向组织中的转移不仅是即时的,也是三维的. |
| 45 | Heat spreads across the surface of the skin and down into deeper tissue layers. | 热分布于皮肤表面,下至更深的组织层. |
| 46 | The larger surface area activates millions of heat receptors and cells in an instant. | 更大的表面积会瞬间激活数百万的热受体和细胞. |
| 47 | By contrast, a cut, unless it's very deep, is mostly relegated to the surface of the skin and only cuts a narrow line of cells. | 与之相对的是,切除,除非非常深,大部分被降低到皮肤表面,只切入一条狭窄的细胞线. |
| 48 | Far less receptors and cells are injured as a result. | 受体和细胞因此受伤的要少得多。 |
| 49 | When cells are exposed to high temperatures, their lipid-based cell membrane becomes disrupted. | 当细胞暴露于高温时,其脂质基细胞膜就会受到干扰. |
| 50 | It loses its structural integrity as intracellular contents start to leak out, and it ruptures apart. | 它失去结构完整性 随着细胞内内容开始漏出,并破裂。 |
| 51 | Alarmans are released, cytokines are produced, and nasoceptors are signaled. | 亚耳曼被释放,细胞基产生,鼻受体也发出信号. |
| 52 | The three-dimensional injury translates to a significant amount of cytokines being produced, and a more intense pain sensation. | 三维损伤意味着产生了大量的细胞基,更强烈的疼痛感. |
| 53 | But what's deceiving is you don't feel the extent of this pain sensitivity all at once. | 但欺骗的是你无法同时感受到这种疼痛敏感的程度。 |
| 54 | In cuts, cell damage is instant, so all the pain signaling that will happen happens in the moment. | 在切片中,细胞损伤是即时的,所以所有将发生的疼痛信号都在瞬间发生. |
| 55 | With burns, however, there is a more gradual introduction to pain. | 然而,随着烧伤,疼痛的引入更加渐进. |
| 56 | Depending on the severity of the burn, there is a gradient of damage. | 根据烧伤的严重程度,损害有梯度。 |
| 57 | First-degree burns don't have a gradient of damage, but second- and third-degree burns do. | 一级烧伤没有损害梯度,但二级和三级烧伤有. |
| 58 | The further you are from the burn site, the less damage there is. | 你离焚毁地点越远 损坏就越小 |
| 59 | The area exposed to the hottest temperatures is called the zone of coagulation. | 暴露在最热温度下的区域称为凝固区. |
| 60 | This is total destruction of tissue, protein denaturation, and damaged blood vessels. | 这是组织的全面破坏,蛋白质饱和,以及血管受损。 |
| 61 | This is where the pain is the highest. | 此中最痛处. |
| 62 | 这里之外是Stasis区. | |
| 63 | Here, tissue is damaged but not as severely, and blood flow is moderately affected. | 在这里,组织受到破坏,但没有那么严重,血液流动受到中度影响. |
| 64 | Beyond this is the zone of hyperemia, which has the least damage and recovers with tissue intact. | 除此之外还有高血症区,其损伤最小,组织完整恢复. |
| 65 | In the zone of coagulation, cytokine production is very fast, because cells here are already ruptured and destroyed. | 在凝血区,细胞基质的生成非常快, 因为这里的细胞已经破裂和破坏。 |
| 66 | In the zone of stasis, there's damage, but it's less severe, so it takes longer for cells to break down from loss of membrane integrity. | 在Stasis的区间,有损伤,但较不严重,因此细胞需要较长的时间才能从失去膜完整性中分解出来. |
| 67 | The zone of hyperemia has some damaged tissue as well, but it's even less severe. | 高血症区也有一些组织受损,但更为严重. |
| 68 | It's as if cells in the burn zones are on a timer. | 就像燃烧区的细胞在计时器上 |
| 69 | The further you move away from ground zero, the longer the timer is for cells to break down and signal pain receptors. | 离地面零距离越远,定时器的时间就越长,用于细胞破裂和信号疼痛受体. |
| 70 | However, once cells have ruptured and kicked off cytokine production, you feel a wave of pain return. | 然而,一旦细胞破裂 和踢出细胞基 生产,你感觉一波 疼痛回。 |
| 71 | This pain is from cytokines increasing heat sensitivity of TRPV1 heat receptors in the area. | 这种疼痛来自细胞皮质增强该地区TRPV1热受体的热敏感度. |
| 72 | When cytokines bind to heat receptors, they cause a protein in the ion channel to change shape. | 当细胞基与热受体结合时,会导致离子通道中的蛋白质改变形状. |
| 73 | This causes the ion channel to open when exposed to temperatures lower than 109 degrees Fahrenheit, thus causing a pain response to any exposure to heat. | 这导致离子通道在暴露于低于华氏109度的温度时会打开,从而导致任何暴露于热量的疼痛反应. |
| 74 | A counter you can do to reduce this pain sensitivity is to run cool water over the burn. | 减低这种疼痛感的计数器 就是用冷水冲过燃烧 |
| 75 | Colder temperatures reduce kinetic energy, which slows the transmission of nerve signals. | 更冷的温度会降低动能,这减缓了神经信号的传播. |
| 76 | This is enough to dampen the intensity and keep the pain at bay. | 这足以抑制强度 避免疼痛 |
| 77 | The extent of the pain also depends on the degree of the burn. | 疼痛的程度也取决于烧伤的程度. |
| 78 | There are four degrees of damage a burn can have on tissue. | 烧伤对组织有四度损伤 |
| 79 | A first degree burn is the least destructive and least painful. | 一级烧伤是破坏力最小和痛苦最小的。 |
| 80 | These happen from being too close to a source of radiating heat or a light touch to a hot surface. | 这些现象发生于离辐射热源太近或轻触到热表面. |
| 81 | It only affects the top layer of the epidermis, so the pain is usually short lasting. | 它只影响表层的顶层,因此疼痛通常短长. |
| 82 | Visually, it's classified as red, swollen skin, such as a sunburn. | 在视觉上,它被归类为红色,肿胀的皮肤,如晒伤. |
| 83 | Second degree burns, like the kind I got from grabbing the soldering iron, are very painful. | 二度烧伤,就像我从抓铁时得到的一样,非常痛苦。 |
| 84 | The heat is much higher and the exposure is often longer. | 热量高得多,接触时间往往更长. |
| 85 | Burns reach from the epidermis down to the top layer of the dermis. | 燃烧从顶层到顶层 |
| 86 | The top layer of skin often has fluid filled blisters with a shiny red or white appearance. | 皮肤的顶层常有充满流体的水泡,外观呈闪亮的红色或白色. |
| 87 | Third degree burns spread through the epidermis and a large portion of the dermis. | 三度烧伤通过震动层和大部皮肤层蔓延. |
| 88 | The zone of coagulation, the area exposed to the highest temperatures, has little to no pain as the nerve endings have been destroyed. | 凝固区,暴露于最高温度的地区,随着神经末梢的破坏,几乎没有疼痛到没有疼痛. |
| 89 | The surrounding tissue consists of second and first degree burns and have intact nerve endings, causing extreme pain. | 周围的组织由二级和一级烧伤组成,神经末梢完好无损,引起极度疼痛. |
| 90 | Lastly, fourth degree burns burn through the entire top layer of skin, down to subcutaneous fat, muscle, and sometimes even bone. | 最后,四度烧伤贯穿整个上层皮肤,下至皮下脂肪,肌肉,有时甚至骨骼. |
| 91 | Fat beneath the skin will sometimes melt if not totally burned, and connective tissues and tendons can be so damaged that muscle cannot contract. | 皮肤下面的脂肪有时会融化,如果不是完全烧焦的话,连接的组织和阴茎会因此受损以致肌肉无法收缩. |
| 92 | Due to the depth and heat exposure, fourth degree burns are most commonly found in people trapped in house fires or exposed to high voltage electricity. | 由于深度和热暴露,四度烧伤最常见于被困在房屋火灾或暴露在高压电下的人. |
| 93 | To recap, burns generally hurt more than cuts because they have more surface area, both on top and beneath the skin. | 要复刻,烧伤一般比伤口更痛,因为它们的表面积更多,无论是在上下皮上. |
| 94 | Cuts, by contrast, are usually much smaller and more superficial. | 相形之下,切割通常要小得多,更肤浅。 |
| 95 | After the initial burn pain, there is a period where the wound hurts less and then begins to hurt more later on. | 最初的烧伤疼痛后,有一段时间伤口疼痛减少,然后在以后开始更痛. |
| 96 | This delay in pain is due to cells outside the zone of coagulation that aren't as badly damaged and take longer to break down. | 这种疼痛的延迟是由于凝血区外的细胞没有严重受损,需要更长的时间才能分解. |
| 97 | Once ruptured, they initiate a process that creates messenger proteins that heighten pain sensitivity in the area. | 一旦破裂,它们就会启动一个过程,生成信使蛋白质,提高该地区的疼痛敏感性. |
| 98 | This is why you should put cool water or an ice pack over the burn to slow nerve signaling and reduce the pain. | 这就是为什么你应该把凉水 或冰包在燃烧 以减缓神经信号 并减轻疼痛。 |
| 99 | Sometimes, science can be seen as difficult, foreign, and even boring. | 有时,科学可以被看作是困难的,外国的,甚至无聊的. |
| 100 | Yet, there are times when science grabs our attention and draws us in, yearning for more answers. | 然而,有时科学会吸引我们的注意力 吸引我们,渴望更多的答案。 |
| 101 | Often, what draws us in are topics that are dark, macabre, or terrifying. | 通常,吸引我们参与的话题是黑暗、阴暗或恐怖的。 |
| 102 | It's with the intention of this video that you, too, were drawn in and sought to have your questions answered. | 正是出于这段视频的本意,你也被吸引进来,并寻求得到你的问题的答案. |
| 103 | Thanks for watching Dark Science. | 谢谢你看《黑暗科学》 |
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