12分钟详解全球肥胖等级：从2.4%到74%
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | I want to tell you a story with this line. | 我想跟你讲一个故事 |
| 0:02 | It shows the obesity rate in Spain since 1990. | 它显示了西班牙自1990年以来的肥胖率. |
| 0:06 | Back then, 14.6% of its population was obese, and in 2024, this number was 15.3%. | 当时,14.6%的人口肥胖,2024年,这一数字为15.3%。 |
| 0:13 | During this time period, Spain was unable to reduce their obesity rate. | 在此期间,西班牙无法降低他们的肥胖率. |
| 0:17 | Its neighbor France has a lower obesity rate, but if we focus only on the change since 1990, | 其邻国法国的肥胖率较低,但如果我们只关注1990年以来的变化, |
| 0:23 | we see that Spain actually had a better trend. | 我们看到,西班牙实际上有一个更好的趋势。 |
| 0:25 | The obesity rate in Spain only rose 0.7% points. | 西班牙肥胖率仅上升0.7%. |
| 0:30 | Now, I want you to take a moment to guess how many countries had a better trend in Spain. | 现在,我要你花点时间 猜猜有多少国家在西班牙有更好的趋势。 |
| 0:35 | How many countries do you think were able to reduce their obesity rate? | 你认为有多少国家能够降低肥胖率? |
| 0:45 | The answer is zero. | 答为零. |
展开字幕全文（195 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I want to tell you a story with this line. | 我想跟你讲一个故事 |
| 2 | It shows the obesity rate in Spain since 1990. | 它显示了西班牙自1990年以来的肥胖率. |
| 3 | Back then, 14.6% of its population was obese, and in 2024, this number was 15.3%. | 当时,14.6%的人口肥胖,2024年,这一数字为15.3%。 |
| 4 | During this time period, Spain was unable to reduce their obesity rate. | 在此期间,西班牙无法降低他们的肥胖率. |
| 5 | Its neighbor France has a lower obesity rate, but if we focus only on the change since 1990, | 其邻国法国的肥胖率较低,但如果我们只关注1990年以来的变化, |
| 6 | we see that Spain actually had a better trend. | 我们看到,西班牙实际上有一个更好的趋势。 |
| 7 | The obesity rate in Spain only rose 0.7% points. | 西班牙肥胖率仅上升0.7%. |
| 8 | Now, I want you to take a moment to guess how many countries had a better trend in Spain. | 现在,我要你花点时间 猜猜有多少国家在西班牙有更好的趋势。 |
| 9 | How many countries do you think were able to reduce their obesity rate? | 你认为有多少国家能够降低肥胖率? |
| 10 | The answer is zero. | 答为零. |
| 11 | Not a single country managed to lower their obesity rates during this time period. | 在此期间,没有一个国家能够降低肥胖率。 |
| 12 | Spain was actually the country where they increased the least. | 事实上,西班牙是增长最少的国家。 |
| 13 | But why? | 为什么? |
| 14 | I'm going to rank every country by obesity rate and show you why obesity keeps rising around the world. | 我要按肥胖率排列每个国家的排名, 告诉你为什么肥胖在世界各地不断上升。 |
| 15 | We'll start with the countries with the lowest obesity rates in the world, | 我们从肥胖率最低的国家开始 |
| 16 | and go up all the way to a country where 74% of the population is obese. | 并且一直走到一个74%的人口肥胖的国家。 |
| 17 | We'll see why some people can't seem to lose weight no matter how much they try, | 我们看看为什么有些人 似乎不会减肥 不管他们怎么努力 |
| 18 | and we'll see if drugs like Ozempic could change this. | 我们看看Ozempic这样的毒品是否能改变这一点。 |
| 19 | I don't think we're overestimating them. | 我觉得我们没有高估他们 |
| 20 | It's pretty impressive the results they generate. | 结果是相当令人印象深刻的。 |
| 21 | Let's start with the countries with obesity rates below 5%. | 我们从肥胖率低于5%的国家开始。 |
| 22 | The World Health Organization considers a person obese if they have a body mass index above 30. | 世界卫生组织认为,一个人如果身体质量指数高于30,就会肥胖。 |
| 23 | Not a perfect metric, but easy to measure. | 不是一个完美的衡量标准,但易于衡量。 |
| 24 | And there are 6 countries with an obesity rate below 5%. | 有6个国家肥胖率低于5%。 |
| 25 | The more to the left the bubbles, the lower the obesity rate. | 左气泡越多,肥胖率就越低. |
| 26 | And Vietnam has the lowest obesity rate in the world at 2.4% according to the World Health Organization. | 而根据世界卫生组织的数据,越南的肥胖率是世界上最低的,为2.4%。 |
| 27 | And then we see mostly African countries. | 然后,我们主要看到非洲国家。 |
| 28 | The size of the bubbles indicates the population of the country. | 气泡的大小表示全国人口. |
| 29 | Let's look at the biggest bubble so far, Ethiopia. | 让我们看看迄今为止最大的泡沫,埃塞俄比亚。 |
| 30 | Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world and has an obesity rate of less than 3%. | 埃塞俄比亚是世界上最贫穷的国家之一,肥胖率不到3%。 |
| 31 | 20% of the population is undernourished, | 20%的人口营养不良, |
| 32 | meaning they don't get enough calories to maintain a normal, active and healthy life. | 意思是他们得不到足够的卡路里来维持正常,活跃和健康的生活. |
| 33 | Because the country hasn't industrialized yet, | 因为这个国家还没有工业化, |
| 34 | most of its population live in rural areas and work in agriculture. | 大部分人口生活在农村地区,务农。 |
| 35 | At this stage of a country's development, people don't have many calories to eat | 在国家发展的这个阶段 人们没有多少卡路里可以吃 |
| 36 | and they have a physically active lifestyle. | 他们的生活方式很活跃 |
| 37 | It's easy to understand why obesity rates are low here. | 这里的肥胖率低是很容易理解的. |
| 38 | Let's raise the obesity rate to 10%. | 把肥胖率提高到10% |
| 39 | Several Asian countries now join the chart and we've now got 25 countries so far. | 几个亚洲国家现在加入了这个图表,到目前为止,我们已经有了25个国家。 |
| 40 | India already has an obesity rate of 8%, which is 10 times higher than in 1990, | 印度的肥胖率已经达到8%,是1990年的10倍。 |
| 41 | reflecting their recent economic development. | 反映其最近的经济发展。 |
| 42 | But Japan is the country that stands out. | 但日本是突出的国家. |
| 43 | With an obesity rate of 6%, they're the only high-income country with an obesity rate this low, | 肥胖率为6% 是唯一一个肥胖率这么低的高收入国家 |
| 44 | and for some particular reasons. | 并且出于某些特殊原因。 |
| 45 | If we look at the causes of obesity, we see there's a lot of factors in the picture, | 如果我们看肥胖症的病因,我们看到画面中有很多因素, |
| 46 | from stress to lack of sleep and medical conditions. | 从紧张到缺乏睡眠和医疗条件。 |
| 47 | But the most obvious cause most people identify is the calories you eat. | 但最明显的原因是大多数人都认同你所吃的卡路里。 |
| 48 | And we see Japan has a diet rich in fish, soy products, vegetables and rice. | 我们看到日本的饮食丰富 鱼,豆类产品,蔬菜和水稻。 |
| 49 | They have a strong culture of portion control, | 他们有很强的控股文化, |
| 50 | which encourages them to eat only until they're 80% full. | 它鼓励他们只吃 直到他们80%的饱。 |
| 51 | And they have strict health policies, including a law that requires employers | 他们有严格的卫生政策,包括要求雇主的法律 |
| 52 | and local governments to measure the waistline of everyone between 40 and 74 years old. | 和地方政府衡量40至74岁每个人的腰线。 |
| 53 | Japan is a famous exception, but even in Japan, obesity rates have gone up in recent years. | 日本是一个著名的例外,但即使是在日本,肥胖率近年来也有所上升. |
| 54 | So, if even Japan isn't immune, what is going wrong around the world? | 那么,如果连日本也没有免疫能力,那么世界上到底有什么问题呢? |
| 55 | When we increase the limit to 20%, we get mostly countries from Africa and from Europe, | 当我们把上限提高到20%时, 我们得到了大多数来自非洲和欧洲的国家, |
| 56 | including Spain, the country we started the video with. | 包括西班牙 我们开始录影的国家 |
| 57 | And next to it, we see Thailand. | 旁边是泰国 |
| 58 | These countries tell two different stories. | 这些国家讲述了两个不同的故事. |
| 59 | We've already seen Spain's trend. | 我们已经看到了西班牙的趋势。 |
| 60 | If we add Thailand next to it, we see that, despite having a similar obesity rate in 2024, | 如果我们在旁边加上泰国,我们看到,尽管2024年的肥胖率类似, |
| 61 | it increased a lot since 1990. | 自1990年以来增长很多。 |
| 62 | Countries like Thailand are going through a nutrition transition. | 泰国等国家正在经历营养转型。 |
| 63 | To see what's going on, let's look at the countries suffering the impacts of this transition. | 来看看发生了什么, 让我们看看那些 受到这一转型影响的国家。 |
| 64 | When we increase the obesity rate to 30%, we get mostly middle-income countries. | 当我们把肥胖率提高到30%时, 我们得到的主要是中等收入国家。 |
| 65 | And at the top, we get Bolivia. | 而在顶部,我们得到了玻利维亚。 |
| 66 | In Bolivia, 30% of the population are obese and 66% are overweight. | 在玻利维亚,30%的人口肥胖,66%的人口超重。 |
| 67 | And here, we see a paradox. | 在这里,我们看到一个悖论。 |
| 68 | Around 11% of children are too short for their age due to undernutrition, | 由于营养不良,大约11%的儿童年龄过短, |
| 69 | also known as child stunting. | 也被称为儿童发育障碍. |
| 70 | And yet, in the same household, we often see mothers who are overweight | 然而,在同一个家庭中, 我们经常看到那些超重的母亲 |
| 71 | These families face both undernutrition and overnutrition at the same time, | 这些家庭同时面临营养不足和营养过剩, |
| 72 | a double burden of malnutrition. | 营养不良的双重负担。 |
| 73 | And a critical factor is the environment. | 一个关键因素是环境。 |
| 74 | I've interviewed Marie Yang, a researcher on global health. | 我采访了全球卫生研究员Marie Yang。 |
| 75 | Because the whole society has a lot of systemic factors that's also changing | 因为整个社会有很多系统因素 也在变化 |
| 76 | and it's producing what we call an obesogenic environment. | 它正在产生一种我们称之为肥胖的环境。 |
| 77 | As countries industrialize, they tend to develop an obesogenic environment, | 随着国家工业化,它们往往发展一种肥胖的环境, |
| 78 | an environment that promotes weight gain. | 一种促进体重增加的环境。 |
| 79 | Access to whole food is becoming harder and harder. | 获得全部食物越来越困难。 |
| 80 | It's expensive. | 贵矣. |
| 81 | It's more costly than ultra-processed food. | 比超加工食品成本更高. |
| 82 | In 1990, if we looked at the average diet in Latin America and the Caribbean, | 1990年,如果我们看看拉丁美洲和加勒比的平均饮食, |
| 83 | only 10% was packaged processed food. | 只有10%是包装加工食品。 |
| 84 | In 2000, that number was 60%. | 2000年,这一数字为60%。 |
| 85 | There are a lot of food companies that are targeting middle-income countries now | 现在有很多食品公司 以中等收入国家为目标 |
| 86 | as their target markets. | 作为目标市场。 |
| 87 | So we are anticipating that if the food environment or food landscape is not protected, | 因此,我们预计,如果食物环境或食物景观得不到保护, |
| 88 | they are going to be very susceptible to this obesity pandemic. | 他们将非常容易受到肥胖的感染。 |
| 89 | There's another critical change in the environment and you can see it in the streets. | 环境又发生了关键性的变化,你可以在街上看到. |
| 90 | Let's go back to Ethiopia and look at the street there. | 我们回埃塞俄比亚看看那里的街道 |
| 91 | Now, compare that with the street from Bolivia. | 和玻利维亚的街道比较一下 |
| 92 | In low-middle-income country and upper-middle-income country, | 在中低收入国家和中上收入国家, |
| 93 | with economic development, you always see motor vehicle coming in. | 随着经济发展,你总是看到 机动车进来。 |
| 94 | So people are adopting more sedentary lifestyle. | 所以人们采取 更多的定居生活方式。 |
| 95 | The lack of physical activity is another big cause of obesity. | 缺乏体育活动是肥胖的另一个大原因. |
| 96 | If we rank all countries by the percentage of the population that is physically inactive, | 如果我们按实际不活跃人口的百分比对所有国家进行排名, |
| 97 | we see that Ethiopia actually does quite well with only 14.5% of its population | 我们看到,埃塞俄比亚的人口只有14.5%,实际上情况相当好。 |
| 98 | not meeting the physical activity recommendations by the World Health Organization. | 不符合世界卫生组织的体育活动建议。 |
| 99 | And when you split the chart by income level, | 当你按收入水平划分图表时 |
| 100 | you see that as countries develop, people tend to become more physically inactive. | 你可以看到,随着国家的发展,人们往往会更加不活跃。 |
| 101 | But the obesogenic environment isn't the whole story. | 但肥胖的环境并不是整个故事. |
| 102 | Genetics play a much bigger role than most people think. | 遗传学的作用比大多数人想象的要大得多. |
| 103 | To see the weight of genetics, we'll look at the country you've probably been waiting for. | 看遗传的重量,我们会看看 你可能一直在等待的国家。 |
| 104 | We now get a lot of Caribbean and Latin American countries, | 我们现在得到了许多加勒比和拉丁美洲国家, |
| 105 | including Brazil and Mexico. | 包括巴西和墨西哥。 |
| 106 | And if we increase the limit just a little bit, we finally get the US. | 如果我们稍微提高一下极限, 我们终于得到了美国。 |
| 107 | The US has one of the highest obesity rates in the world, | 美国是世界上肥胖率最高的国家之一, |
| 108 | with 41% of the population being obese and 71% being overweight. | 41%的人口肥胖,71%的人口超重。 |
| 109 | 55% of the calories consumed by Americans are from ultra-processed foods. | 美国人消费的55%的卡路里来自超加工食品. |
| 110 | So I cross-referenced this data with the numbers from another study in Europe. | 因此,我把这些数据与欧洲另一项研究中的数据相参照。 |
| 111 | And if we compare the countries in terms of percentage of calories that | 如果我们以卡路里的百分比来比较各国 |
| 112 | adults ingest from ultra-processed food and drinks, you see the problem. | 成人从超加工食品和饮料中摄取,你可以看到问题所在。 |
| 113 | Americans consume more ultra-processed food than any European country in this study. | 美国人在本研究中消耗的超加工食品比任何欧洲国家都要多. |
| 114 | And they also have an urbanism that discourages physical activity. | 而且他们也有一个城市主义 阻止身体活动。 |
| 115 | Obesity is linked to a higher risk of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, | 肥胖与糖尿病、癌症、心血管疾病、 |
| 116 | other health problems, and it has an economic impact. | 并具有经济影响。 |
| 117 | For the US in 2018, the cost of obesity was estimated 1.4 trillion dollars. | 2018年美国肥胖症的成本估计为1.4万亿美元. |
| 118 | Almost 7% of the GDP lost with medical bills and indirect loss of productivity. | 近7%的国内生产总值因医疗费和间接生产力损失而损失。 |
| 119 | In one generation, the US obesity and overweight rates have increased sharply. | 在一代人的时间里,美国的肥胖症和超重率急剧上升. |
| 120 | And for every American below the overweight threshold, | 对于每个低于超重门槛的美国人来说 |
| 121 | there's about two who are overweight or obese. | 有两个人超重或肥胖 |
| 122 | Now, a question that almost everyone gets wrong. | 现在,一个几乎每个人都错了的问题。 |
| 123 | How much of these differences in weight between different people are explained by genetics? | 这些不同人之间的体重差异中,有多少是由遗传学解释的? |
| 124 | Is it A. | 是A吗? |
| 125 | Around 10% B. | 大约10%的B. |
| 126 | Around 20% C. Around 50% | 约20% C. 约50% |
| 127 | We've seen the US has an environment that promotes weight gain. | 我们看到美国的环境有利于增加体重。 |
| 128 | We've seen the obesity rate doubled in a generation and genetics don't change this fast. | 我们看到肥胖率在一代人中翻了一番 遗传学不会很快改变 |
| 129 | So surely the answer has to be a small number, right? | 所以答案肯定是小数的 对吧? |
| 130 | But the answer, surprisingly, is around 50%. | 但令人惊讶的是,答案在50%左右。 |
| 131 | I interviewed Ruth Lowes, a researcher in the genetic causes of obesity. | 我采访了Ruth Lowes 一个研究肥胖基因原因的研究员 |
| 132 | In the population, some people are heavier, some people are leaner. | 在人口中,有些人比较重,有些人比较瘦. |
| 133 | The causes of that variation is in 50% of the time due to the fact that we differ genetically. | 造成这种变化的原因在50%的时间里, 因为我们基因不同。 |
| 134 | And then the other 50% is due to the fact that we live different lifestyles, | 另外50%是因为我们生活方式不同 |
| 135 | have a different environment. | 有着不同的环境。 |
| 136 | So it's 50-50. | 故为五五. |
| 137 | But if genetics matters so much, | 但如果遗传学这么重要 |
| 138 | why did changes in the environment make obesity rates rise so fast? | 为什么环境的变化 使得肥胖率上升这么快? |
| 139 | Among these populations, even though they're all exposed to this | 在这些人中,尽管他们都接触了这个 |
| 140 | obesogenic environment, it's still the individuals who are genetically prone to obesity who will be | 肥胖症的发作环境 遗传上容易肥胖的个体 |
| 141 | at the highest level of obesity. | 在最高水平的肥胖。 |
| 142 | Genetics interact with the obesogenic environment. | 遗传学与肥胖环境相互作用. |
| 143 | And for some people, losing weight is incredibly difficult, | 对有些人来说,减肥是很难的, |
| 144 | which is why researchers are so positive about the results of | 这就是为什么研究者们对研究的结果如此积极 |
| 145 | semaglutide),通常作为Ozempic销售. | |
| 146 | I think for a person of normal weight, it's sometimes hard to imagine | 我觉得对于一个正常体重的人来说 有时很难想象 |
| 147 | that somebody has a different feeling of hunger than you. | 有人有 不同的饥饿感 比你。 |
| 148 | These drugs, they tweak your biology in a way and they make you feel less hungry. | 这些药物会用某种方式调整你的生物学 让你觉得不饿 |
| 149 | So you're going to eat less. | 所以你得少吃点 |
| 150 | And that's pretty amazing. | 这是相当惊人的。 |
| 151 | The new drugs, actually, they target the brain, but they first target, in a way, the gut. | 新的药物,实际上,它们针对的是大脑, 但它们首先针对的是肠道。 |
| 152 | And the gut basically hugs in a more biological way to the brain | 肠道基本上以生物的方式拥抱大脑 |
| 153 | and then basically makes you eat less. | 然后基本上让你少吃一点 |
| 154 | Of course, it's a drug, just like if you have high blood pressure, | 当然,这是一种药物, 就像如果你有高血压, |
| 155 | if you take blood pressure-lowering drugs, you'll have to keep taking them for life. | 如果你服用血压低的药物, 你必须继续服用他们的生命。 |
| 156 | If you stop, your blood pressure goes back up. | 如果你停下来,你的血压会回升。 |
| 157 | And that's the same with weight loss drugs. | 减重药也一样 |
| 158 | You'll have to keep taking them for life. | 你不得不继续服用他们终身。 |
| 159 | But there's still a few countries with much higher obesity rates than the US. | 但仍有少数国家的肥胖率远高于美国. |
| 160 | We now see Egypt and we get a lot of small islands. | 我们现在看到埃及,我们得到了许多小岛。 |
| 161 | And the country with the highest obesity rate in the world is Tonga, | 而世界上肥胖率最高的国家是汤加, |
| 162 | the island country in the Pacific. | 太平洋岛国。 |
| 163 | 74% of the population in Tonga are obese and 90% are overweight. | 汤加74%的人口肥胖,90%的人口超重。 |
| 164 | When we look at these countries, they have some things in common. | 当我们看这些国家时,它们有一些共同点。 |
| 165 | They are small islands with limited land available for growing food. | 它们是小岛屿,可用于种植粮食的土地有限。 |
| 166 | They were either colonized or strongly influenced by Western powers. | 他们要么被殖民,要么受到西方列强的强烈影响。 |
| 167 | And they became dependent on Western food imports. | 他们开始依赖西方的粮食进口。 |
| 168 | 50% of the money Tongans spend on food goes to imported, usually unhealthy food items. | 汤加人花在食品上的50%的钱用于进口食品,通常是不健康的食品。 |
| 169 | And in 2012, 19% of Tongans had type 2 diabetes. | 2012年,19%的汤加人患有2型糖尿病。 |
| 170 | Looking at the causes of obesity, it seems many pieces in this puzzle go wrong for Tonga. | 观察肥胖症的起因,这个谜题中似乎有许多片段对汤加来说是错误的. |
| 171 | They have poor diets, a culture that associates body weight to status, | 他们的饮食很差 一种把体重和地位联系起来的文化 |
| 172 | and there are theories about their genetic predisposition to obesity. | 也有关于他们遗传倾向肥胖的理论。 |
| 173 | With all these factors combined, we ended up with 16% of the world above the obesity threshold. | 所有这些因素加在一起, 我们最终有16%的世界 超过肥胖极限。 |
| 174 | If the trends continue, this number is expected to go up to around 30%. | 如果趋势继续下去,预计这一数字将上升到30%左右。 |
| 175 | But there are some good signs of change. | 但有一些良好的变化迹象。 |
| 176 | According to recent data that came out during the making of this video, | 根据最近制作这段视频的数据 |
| 177 | some countries such as Spain seem to be reversing their trend. | 西班牙等一些国家似乎正在扭转其趋势。 |
| 178 | We start to see changes in attitudes. | 我们开始看到态度的改变。 |
| 179 | Starting to see some differences in trends where high-income countries, | 在高收入国家的趋势方面开始出现一些差异, |
| 180 | more and more people are endorsing like public transportation and cycling and all that. | 越来越多的人支持公共交通和骑自行车等等。 |
| 181 | And the new drugs are very promising if they can reach the people who need it. | 而新药如果能接触到需要的人,就很有希望. |
| 182 | We are talking about worldwide, like billions of people are needing this. | 我们谈论的是全世界,有几十亿人需要这个。 |
| 183 | Are we able to ensure equitable access that it's not just people in the high-income country | 我们能否确保公平获得 不仅仅是高收入国家的人 |
| 184 | who get access to it? | 谁能接触到它? |
| 185 | For me personally, the main takeaway of this video is that | 对于我个人来说,这段视频的主要取材是 |
| 186 | obesity is not just about individual choices. | 肥胖不只是个人的选择。 |
| 187 | Many people have their environment and their own genetics working against them. | 许多人有他们的环境和自己的基因来对付他们。 |
| 188 | If you want to see the data of your country in more detail, | 如果你想更详细地看到贵国的数据, |
| 189 | I made a spreadsheet where you can compare your country with the rest of the world | 我做了一个电子表格,你可以 比较你的国家与世界其他地方 |
| 190 | and I put a link in the description. | 我把一个链接 在描述。 |
| 191 | That's the video for today. | 这是今天的录像。 |
| 192 | Thank you for watching. | 谢谢你的观看。 |
| 193 | If you like stories told with data, consider subscribing to the channel. | 如果你喜欢用数据讲的故事,请考虑订阅频道。 |
| 194 | And if you want to support my work, | 如果你想支持我的工作的话 |
| 195 | you can also consider checking out the sponsor of this video. | 您也可考虑查看此视频的赞助商。 |
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