为什么我们不快乐——期望落差【TED演讲】

共 3 集

剧集目录

P1 · 为什么我们不快乐——期望落差【TED演讲】 p01 中英双语 (P1)

为什么我们不快乐——期望落差【TED演讲】 p01 中英双语 (P1)

发布于 2026-10-24 · 时长 19:30

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:02	I remember being shocked the first few times I went to Africa.	我还记得我第一次去非洲时 被吓了一跳
0:06	I was shocked when I met a one-legged taxi driver in Kenya.	我在肯尼亚遇到一个单脚出租车司机时感到震惊。
0:10	I was shocked when I met Sonia, an orphan schoolgirl in Rwanda.	在卢旺达遇到孤儿女学生索尼娅时,我感到震惊.
0:15	And I was shocked when I met a disabled subsistence farmer in Mozambique.	当我在莫桑比克遇到一个残疾的自给农时,我感到震惊。
0:20	What shocked me wasn't their poverty, but their happiness.	我震惊的不是他们的贫穷 而是他们的幸福
0:26	I found their happiness confronting, far more confronting than poverty.	我发现,他们的幸福面临挑战, 远比贫穷要艰难。
0:31	Of course, not everyone was happy.	当然,不是每个人都快乐。
0:33	But of those above a basic subsistence threshold level,	但是,在超过基本生活门槛水平的人中,
0:37	I was surprised at how genuinely content many of them were.	我感到惊讶的是,其中很多都真正满足。
0:42	And I became fascinated in this notion, this idea of happiness.	我开始对这个概念着迷, 这种幸福的想法。

展开字幕全文（394 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	I remember being shocked the first few times I went to Africa.	我还记得我第一次去非洲时 被吓了一跳
2	I was shocked when I met a one-legged taxi driver in Kenya.	我在肯尼亚遇到一个单脚出租车司机时感到震惊。
3	I was shocked when I met Sonia, an orphan schoolgirl in Rwanda.	在卢旺达遇到孤儿女学生索尼娅时,我感到震惊.
4	And I was shocked when I met a disabled subsistence farmer in Mozambique.	当我在莫桑比克遇到一个残疾的自给农时,我感到震惊。
5	What shocked me wasn't their poverty, but their happiness.	我震惊的不是他们的贫穷 而是他们的幸福
6	I found their happiness confronting, far more confronting than poverty.	我发现,他们的幸福面临挑战, 远比贫穷要艰难。
7	Of course, not everyone was happy.	当然,不是每个人都快乐。
8	But of those above a basic subsistence threshold level,	但是,在超过基本生活门槛水平的人中,
9	I was surprised at how genuinely content many of them were.	我感到惊讶的是,其中很多都真正满足。
10	And I became fascinated in this notion, this idea of happiness.	我开始对这个概念着迷, 这种幸福的想法。
11	And since then, I've researched it, I've worked on it, I've thought about it.	从此,我研究过,我研究过,我思考过。
12	I'm interested in it from an economics perspective.	我从经济学的角度对它感兴趣.
13	It's one of the things that I researched at Oxford.	这是我在牛津研究过的东西之一。
14	And I'm interested in it from a social enterprise perspective,	我从社会企业的角度对它感兴趣
15	because happiness is, after all, the ultimate social outcome.	因为幸福毕竟是社会的最终结果
16	And I think it's particularly appropriate that we talk about happiness today,	我认为我们今天谈论幸福是特别恰当的,
17	because we have with us the Prime Minister of Bhutan,	因为我们有不丹总理,
18	the very man who pioneered, who introduced,	他确是开明的,确是介绍的,
19	and who championed the idea of gross domestic happiness,	并拥护家庭幸福的思想,
20	rather than GDP as a way of tracking countries' progress,	而不是国内总产值作为跟踪各国进展情况的一种方式,
21	as a way of monitoring how governments are doing.	作为监测政府状况的一种方式。
22	But before we go into that, I want to begin with a little quiz, a little game.	但是在我们开始之前,我想先做一个小测验,一个小游戏。
23	It's just a simple multiple-choice quiz,	这只是一个简单的多选择测试,
24	and I've invited some other participants to join us on stage.	我邀请了其他的参与者一起上台
25	So I want you to just raise your hand.	所以我要你举起手来
26	I want you to answer honestly when I give the questions.	我要你诚实地回答我的问题
27	So the first question.	故第一问.
28	Imagine that you're competing in the Olympic Games.	想象一下你们在奥运会比赛
29	Imagine that you're representing your country.	想象一下,你代表你的国家。
30	What would you prefer out of the following?	你想从下面得到什么?
31	Would you prefer to come second, to come third, or to come second last?	你想第二,第三还是第二?
32	Answer honestly.	老实回答
33	Who would prefer to come second?	谁会想来第二?
34	Raise your hand.	举手曰.
35	Excellent.	不错
36	Who would prefer to come third?	谁更愿意成为第三呢?
37	And who would prefer to come second last?	谁会愿意排第二呢?
38	Excellent.	不错
39	Well, it seems like a large chunk of the audience wants to come second last.	看来一大群观众想排第二
40	I'm not sure that I'd be selecting you for my Olympic team.	我不确定我会选你为我的奥运队
41	But the monkeys, they select a third, a third, a third.	但是猴子,他们选择了第三,第三,第三。
42	They don't quite understand the question,	他们不太明白这个问题
43	but they knew that there were three options.	但他们知道有三个选择
44	It's probably no surprise that amongst the general population,	在普通民众中,
45	most prefer second.	更喜欢第二。
46	So that's question one.	所以,这是问题一。
47	Question number two.	第二问.
48	Imagine that you're given one of two options.	想象一下,你得到了两个选择之一。
49	Either you win the lottery and you get $10 million tomorrow.	要么你赢了彩票 要么你明天就得到1000万美元
50	You can spend it however you want.	你可以随便花
51	Or option B.	或选B.
52	Alternatively, you get a very small payment tomorrow,	或者,你得到 一个非常小的付款明天,
53	but you get gradual payments throughout your lifetime,	但是,你得到 逐步支付在整个一生,
54	increasing payments.	增加付款。
55	And in total, you get $8 million over the course of your lifetime.	你一生总共得到八百万
56	If I gave you that option right now, what would you pick?	如果我现在给你这个选择 你会选什么?
57	Who would pick option A?	谁会选A?
58	A lot of people.	众多众生.
59	Who would pick option B?	谁选B选项?
60	Excellent.	不错
61	Amongst the general population, most people seem to be quite short-sighted.	在一般人群中,大多数人看来是相当短视的.
62	Most people like the $10 million tomorrow.	大多数人都喜欢明天的1000万
63	Again, the monkeys are 50-50.	复次猕猴五五.
64	They did recognize there were two options, not three.	他们确实认识到有两个选择,而不是三个。
65	The third and final question.	第三也是最后的问题。
66	You get to choose your salary.	你可以选择你的薪水。
67	What do you pick?	你选什么?
68	You get $50,000 and everyone else you know gets $50,000.	你得到5万美元,其他人 你认识得到5万美元。
69	You get $50,000 and everyone else gets $60,000.	你得到5万美元,其他人得到6万美元。
70	Or you get $40,000 and everyone else you know gets $30,000.	或者你得到40,000美元,其他人 你认识得到30,000美元。
71	Who would pick option A?	谁会选A?
72	Who would pick option B?	谁选B选项?
73	Virtually no one.	几乎无人.
74	Who would pick option C?	谁会选C?
75	I think there's one person in an audience of about 200.	我想观众约有200人
76	You're pretty consistent with the general population.	你和一般人相当一致
77	Most go for option A.	大部分选A
78	The monkeys, no surprises there.	猴子们,没有惊喜
79	But let's now think about what the actual answers are.	但是,现在让我们想想实际答案是什么.
80	Let's look at what the research says about what actually makes us content,	让我们看看研究对什么 真正让我们满足,
81	what actually makes us satisfied, what actually makes us happy.	是什么让我们满足 是什么让我们快乐
82	For question one, the answer is actually to come third,	第一问题,答案是第三
83	which I think was the lowest of the three options that you all gave.	我认为这是你们三个选择中最低的。
84	There's no shortage of silver medalists who appear unhappy.	不乏看起来不高兴的银牌得主.
85	So that was question one.	所以这是第一个问题。
86	Question two, I think you did better on.	第二题,我觉得你做得更好
87	You picked option B.	你选了B
88	You went against the general population	你和普通百姓对抗
89	and I think you beat the monkeys on this occasion.	我想你这次打败了猴子
90	They beat you on question one.	他们在第一题上打败了你
91	You won question two.	你赢了第二题
92	And for question three, the correct answer was actually C,	第三个问题 正确的答案是C
93	which I think only one person got correct.	我认为只有一个人是对的
94	And so the monkeys beat you on two out of three on those	猴子在三分之二上打败你
95	in terms of what actually makes us content,	就真正让我们满足的东西而言
96	satisfied and happy as the research has shown.	正如研究所显示的那样,满意和快乐。
97	So I think it's fair to say that in general,	所以,我认为公平地说,总的来说,
98	you're slightly better predictors of happiness than the general population,	你比一般人更能预测幸福
99	but you're still pretty pathetic, I'm sorry to say.	但你还是很可怜,我很抱歉。
100	I think the monkeys beat you.	我认为猴子打败了你。
101	Maybe that's why they're smiling, but if they won two out of three.	也许这就是他们微笑的原因 但如果他们赢得了2胜3负
102	And what's interesting is that it's not only us	有趣的是 不只是我们
103	that's bad predictors of happiness.	那是对幸福的坏预测
104	The macro data actually supports this as well.	宏观数据实际上也支持这一点。
105	We're wealthier than ever, but unhappier than ever.	我们比以往更富有,但更不高兴
106	We're more prosperous, but more depressed.	我们更繁荣,但更沮丧。
107	We're less satisfied.	我们不太满意。
108	I mean, we have faster and faster transport,	我的意思是,我们有 更快和更快的运输,
109	but we're faster and faster to complain about it.	但我们越来越快地抱怨
110	In many countries, there are now more suicides than homicides.	在许多国家,自杀事件现在多于杀人事件。
111	We now have more goods and services than ever before.	我们现在拥有的货物和服务比以往任何时候都多。
112	We have technology improving exponentially,	我们的技术正在迅速改进
113	but we don't see a corresponding increase	但我们没有看到相应的增加
114	in our life satisfaction and our happiness.	在我们的生活满足和幸福中。
115	That's perhaps one of the great paradoxes of our time.	这也许是我们时代最大的矛盾之一.
116	And I think the obvious question is,	我认为很明显的问题是,
117	why is it that governments and individuals	为什么政府和个人
118	are such bad predictors of happiness?	这么糟糕的幸福预测?
119	Why is it that we get it wrong so often?	为什么我们经常搞错了?
120	And I think it's because we don't really understand	我觉得是因为我们不理解
121	why it is that we're often unhappy.	为什么我们常常不高兴?
122	And so the obvious question is,	所以,很明显的问题是,
123	why is it that we're unhappy?	为什么我们不高兴?
124	What's the explanation?	什么解释?
125	Now, it's not an easy question to answer,	现在,这不是一个容易回答的问题,
126	but it's one that I've thought about,	但它是一个我已经想过,
127	that I've researched, that I've dealt into.	我研究过,我研究过
128	And through my research over the years, through thinking about it,	通过我多年来的研究, 通过思考,
129	I think there's one explanation that I find far more compelling,	我认为有一个解释,我发现 更有说服力,
130	far more plausible, far more persuasive than any other.	比其他更可信 更有说服力
131	And that explanation isn't that we have so much choice	这个解释不是说我们有很多选择
132	that we get stressed.	压力很大
133	That's not that we're economically worse off.	这不是说我们的经济情况更糟。
134	In many cases, we're economically better off.	在许多情况下,我们的经济情况较好。
135	That's not that we just have greater reporting	这并不是说我们只有更多的报告
136	of depression and suicide.	抑郁和自杀。
137	That's true, but it only explains a small portion of the data.	没错,但这只解释了一小部分数据。
138	That's not due to family breakdowns or reduced freedoms.	这不是因为家庭破裂或自由减少。
139	No, the reason why we're unhappy,	不,我们不开心的原因
140	the most compelling reason,	最令人信服的理由,
141	as shown by the data, as shown by research,	如研究所示,
142	relates to expectations.	与预期有关。
143	At a very basic, simple level,	在一个非常基本,简单的层面,
144	we're unhappy when our expectations of reality	当我们对现实的期望不尽如人意
145	exceed our experiences of reality,	超越我们的现实经历
146	when our expectations exceed reality.	当我们的期望超过现实。
147	And I like to call this an expectation gap,	我想把这叫做期望差距,
148	when our expectations are greater than reality.	当我们的期望大于现实时。
149	It's a very simple concept,	这是一个非常简单的概念,
150	but it's a hugely important concept	但它是一个非常重要的概念
151	to fully understand, to fully get our head around.	完全理解, 完全得到我们的头环。
152	And to help us get our head around it,	为了帮助我们摆脱困境
153	I like to think in terms of three different types of expectation gaps.	我想从三种不同类型的期望差距来考虑。
154	Three different types of gaps	三类差距
155	based on the different ways in which we form expectations.	基于我们形成期望的不同方式。
156	I think we form expectations based on our imagination,	我认为我们基于我们的想象 形成期望,
157	based on those around us,	基于我们周围的人,
158	and based on our past experiences.	根据我们过去的经验。
159	So to this first type of expectation gap,	所以对于第一种期望差距,
160	the imagination gap,	想象力差距,
161	which occurs when our imagination exceeds reality.	当我们的想象力超越现实时 就会发生
162	You see, when we choose to buy goods,	你看,当我们选择购买商品时,
163	we choose from a range of options.	我们从一系列选项中选择。
164	When we choose where to travel to,	当我们选择去哪里旅行,
165	we often choose from a range of options.	我们经常从一系列选项中选择。
166	When we choose which leader to elect,	当我们选择选举哪个领袖时,
167	we often choose from a range of options.	我们经常从一系列选项中选择。
168	And how do we make that decision?	我们怎样做决定?
169	What we do is that we choose the one that we think will be the best.	我们要做的是,我们选择我们认为最好的一个。
170	We choose the one that we imagine will be the best of all the options.	我们选择一个我们想象中最好的选择。
171	And so what we do is that we try to maximize our utility at a given price.	因此,我们要做的就是 以一定的价格 尽量提高我们的效用。
172	That's how most people make decisions.	大多数人都是这样做决定的.
173	To do otherwise would be to choose an option	否则就是选择一个选项
174	that we didn't think would be as good,	我们没想到会这样好,
175	which seems a bit counterintuitive.	这似乎有点反感。
176	Now, the problem here is that the very act of choosing the thing	现在,这里的问题是 选择事物的行为
177	that we think will give us the greatest happiness,	我们以为会给我们最大的幸福,
178	that very decision-making process	决策程序
179	is the thing that actually undermines our happiness.	是真正破坏我们幸福的东西
180	Because what it means is that when we then see reality,	因为这意味着 当我们看到现实
181	when we then experience it,	当我们体验它的时候,
182	whether it's the good or the place we travel to	不管是好地方还是好地方
183	or the leader that we elect,	或我们选举的领导人,
184	it's highly likely that that reality won't live up to our expectation.	这很有可能是现实不能满足我们的期望
185	And that leads to disappointment.	这会导致失望。
186	And technology makes this so much worse.	科技使事情变得更糟。
187	What technology allows is things that are actually unrealistic to appear real.	技术允许的是 实际不现实的东西 以真实的形式出现。
188	Things that aren't even on the happiness scale	连幸福都算不上的事
189	are made to seem as though they are actually possible.	似乎它们实际上有可能。
190	We Photoshop things in, we airbrush things out,	我们把东西处理好,把东西刷掉,
191	we digitally enhance photos.	我们数字化增强的照片。
192	And what this does is it makes us romanticize travel	这会让我们把旅行浪漫化
193	and makes us come up with fantastical ideas about places	并让我们想出 神奇的想法的地方
194	that reality simply can't live up to.	现实是无法实现的
195	So we think Sagrada Familia looks like this	所以,我们认为萨格拉达家庭 看起来像这样
196	when it actually looks like this.	当它实际上是这样的。
197	We think the Taj Mahal always looks like this	我们认为泰姬陵总是这样
198	when actually often it looks like this.	经常这样
199	We think that the Mona Lisa looks like this	我们认为蒙娜丽莎是这样的
200	when actually if we go and visit it, it's more likely to look like this.	如果我们去拜访它, 更可能是这样。
201	What technology does is that it skews our vision	技术的作用是它扭曲了我们的愿景
202	and distorts reality and makes the unreal seem real.	并扭曲现实 使不真实看起来真实。
203	Indeed, many of the times that when we're happiest when we go traveling,	确实,很多时候,当我们最快乐的时候,我们去旅行,
204	there are actually the times when we stumble across things we didn't expect,	事实上,有的时候,我们偶然 遇到我们没有预料到的事情,
205	when we discover things for ourselves	当我们为自己发现事物
206	where we don't have preconceived notions of different places.	在那里,我们没有预先构思 不同的地方。
207	And what also makes this worse is selection bias.	更糟糕的是选择偏差。
208	Many content-based algorithms,	许多基于内容的算法,
209	无论是Google搜索还是Facebook新闻种子,
210	the way that it presents information	信息提供方式
211	is that it prioritizes those things that are the best images,	它把那些最好的图像放在优先位置
212	the most shared images, the most liked images.	最共享的图像, 最喜欢的图像。
213	You're more likely to be shown a photo on Facebook	你更可能在脸书上看到照片
214	if it has 200 likes than if it has two.	如果它有200个喜欢 比它有两个喜欢。
215	And so we come to think of the best images as being normal, as being average.	所以我们开始认为最好的图像是正常的,是普通的。
216	And this also plays with our imagination.	这也是我们想象力的发挥。
217	That's selection bias.	那是选择的偏见。
218	Then there's persuasion.	后有劝导.
219	Because politicians often get elected on the basis of promising things	因为政治人物经常根据有希望的东西当选
220	that they can't deliver by raising our expectations.	他们不能通过提高我们的期望来实现。
221	I mean, who would you be more likely to vote for?	我是说,你更可能投给谁?
222	A politician that says,	一个政客说,
223	I'll fix your problems if you vote for me,	如果你投我一票 我就解决你的问题
224	or someone who says, perhaps more honestly,	或者有人说,也许更诚实,
225	things will probably be the same whether you vote for me or not.	无论你投不投我 事情都一样
226	You're probably going to vote for the former,	你可能会投给前者
227	but you're probably going to be disappointed as well.	但你可能也会失望
228	And so we're in this constant cycle of expectations being raised	所以,我们在这个不断循环 期望被提高
229	and hopes being dashed.	而希望被破灭。
230	That's the same with companies.	公司也一样
231	I mean, companies are more likely to tell us	我的意思是,公司 更有可能告诉我们
232	that watches have never performed tasks so quickly.	手表从来没有这么快完成过任务
233	They're probably not going to tell us batteries have never run out so quickly,	他们可能不会告诉我们电池从未这么快用完
234	both of which are true.	两者都是真的
235	And so when you have technology, when you have persuasion,	所以,当你有技术, 当你有说服力,
236	and when you have selection bias,	当你们有选择的时候,
237	what that means is that we imagine and demand and expect more	这意味着我们想象 要求和期望更多
238	than reality can provide.	比现实所能提供。
239	And when the limitless potential of our minds	而当我们的无限潜力
240	is met by the confined nature of Earth,	被地球的封闭性所满足,
241	we're disappointed, we're unhappy.	我们失望,我们不高兴。
242	Expectations and disappointments irrevocably intertwine.	期望和失望是不可挽回的。
243	In terms of beauty, it's no wonder that self-esteem levels are so low.	在美貌方面,无怪于自尊水平如此低下.
244	I mean, advertisers learned long ago	我是说,广告商早就知道了
245	that if you can make people hate themselves, you can sell them things.	如果你能让人恨自己 你可以卖掉他们的东西
246	Now they're applying it time and time again.	现在他们一遍又一遍地应用它.
247	And we see this.	我们看到了这一点。
248	What we see is advertisers showing only the best before and after photos.	我们所看到的是广告商只展示照片前后最好的.
249	What we see is pictures of models	我们看到的是模型的照片
250	who are made to seem perfect even though they're not.	他们看起来很完美 即使他们不是。
251	We've become a society of complainers, of perfectionists,	我们成为一个充满抱怨者 完美主义者的社会
252	of counterfactual historians,	反事实史学家,
253	people who always imagine different and better outcomes for ourselves,	人们总是想象 不同的和更好的结果为自己,
254	but people whose imagination can't be satisfied.	但那些想象力无法满足的人
255	So that's the imagination gap.	这就是想象力的差距。
256	That's why our imagination exceeds reality,	这就是为什么我们的想象力超越现实,
257	and that's the first main reason why we're unhappy.	这也是我们不开心的第一个原因
258	The second main type of expectation that we have,	我们的第二种主要期望
259	I like to call the interpersonal gap.	我喜欢称之为人际差距。
260	That's where we compare our reality to the reality of others.	这就是我们比较现实与他人现实的地方.
261	Put simply, we judge ourselves based on what we experience around us.	简单地说,我们是根据我们周围的经历来评判自己的。
262	If you earn $50,000 and you're in a poor neighborhood, you'll feel rich.	如果你赚了五万元,又在贫穷的街区里,你会觉得很有钱.
263	If you earn $50,000 and you're in a wealthy neighborhood, you'll feel poor.	如果你赚到五万元,又在一个富裕的街区里,你会感到贫穷.
264	If you get a small pay rise but everyone around you gets a large pay rise,	如果你得到一个小工资上涨 但你周围的每个人都得到一个大工资上涨,
265	you'll be disappointed.	你会失望的。
266	Your gain is someone's pain, someone's pain is your gain.	你的收获是某人的痛苦,某人的痛苦是你的收益.
267	Unfortunately, it's a bit of a zero-sum game, or so it seems.	不幸的是,这是有点零和的游戏,或者看起来是这样.
268	And it's not only relative income that matters,	不仅相对的收入很重要
269	it's also relative appearance that matters.	相对的外观也很重要
270	One person's plastic surgery is another's psychic loss.	一个人的整形手术是另一个人的心理损失.
271	Indeed, research has shown that we're actually happier	事实上,研究表明,我们实际上更快乐
272	when we're with worse-looking people,	当我们与更糟糕的人,
273	because we're perceived by others to be objectively better-looking.	因为我们被别人视为客观上更帅.
274	So now when your friend asks you to come to a bar or to a club with them,	所以当你朋友叫你去酒吧或俱乐部的时候
275	you know why.	你知道为什么。
276	And what's particularly interesting about this	这特别有意思的是
277	is that we have an asymmetry of emphasis.	也就是说,我们的重点不对称。
278	We prioritize, we focus on one end of the spectrum.	我们优先,我们注重一个方面。
279	We focus on the rich, the famous, the beautiful,	我们专注于富人 名人 美人
280	and pay less attention to the other end.	并少注意另一端。
281	And so we're made to seem poorer, we're made to feel poorer,	所以我们变得更穷,我们感到更穷,
282	made to feel less successful than we actually are.	感觉不如我们那么成功
283	It's almost as though we're running on a hedonic treadmill,	这几乎就像我们运行 在一个狂妄的跑步机,
284	constantly striving to be happy, but getting no closer.	不断的追求快乐,但是没有接近。
285	Because when our standard of living improves,	因为当我们的生活水平提高,
286	if everyone else's standard of living improves as well,	如果其他人的生活水平也提高了
287	we don't always feel happier.	我们并不总是觉得快乐。
288	So that's the second way in which we form expectations,	所以,这是第二种方式 我们形成期望,
289	based on others around us.	基于我们周围的其他人
290	The third and final way is based on our past,	第三条也是最后一条路 以我们的过去为基础
291	based on our past experiences.	根据我们过去的经验。
292	I call this the intertemporal gap.	我称之为时空差距。
293	And we're unhappy when our past reality is better than our present reality.	而当我们过去的现实比现在的现实更好时,我们感到不快.
294	Take two people who have the same average lifetime income,	带两个人 平均一生收入相同
295	but person A whose income decreases over their lifetime,	但A人的收入在一生中下降,
296	person B whose income increases.	收入增加的B类人。
297	Now research shows that you're always happier if you're person B,	现在的研究表明,如果你是B, 你总是更快乐,
298	if you have that increasing income, even though the average might be the same.	如果收入增加,即使平均收入可能相同。
299	Why is this?	为什么?
300	It's because of something that psychologists refer to as anchoring.	这是因为心理学家称之为锚定的东西.
301	We compare to our past.	我们和过去相比
302	And if you're constantly improving, constantly exceeding expectations,	如果你在不断改进 不断超出预期
303	constantly moving forward, you're generally happy.	不断前进,你一般都很开心。
304	The reverse is true if you're person A.	反之,如果你是人A,这是事实。
305	And so what this means in terms of raising children,	这对抚养孩子意味着什么?
306	I think often we tend to spoil children.	我想我们经常会宠坏孩子
307	We tend to give them everything to want to give them the best start in life.	我们倾向于给他们一切 想要给他们最好的人生开端。
308	But often the best intentions don't always lead to the best outcomes.	但往往最好的意向并不总能导致最佳结果.
309	Yes, we should support children, but if we give them everything,	是的,我们应该支持儿童, 但是如果我们给他们一切,
310	then it's much harder for them to have what I call a positive intertemporal gradient.	那么,对于他们来说,有一个我所说的正时际梯度就更难了。
311	It's harder for them to improve over time throughout their life,	他们一生都很难改善
312	and that actually potentially undermines their happiness.	这实际上有可能损害他们的幸福。
313	And while I'm talking about parenting, I think another problem in our society	当我说到养育子女的时候 我觉得我们社会上还有另一个问题
314	is that we tend to tell children that they're special,	我们倾向于告诉孩子们 他们是特殊的,
315	that they're unique, that they're one of a kind, that they're amazing.	他们是独一无二的, 他们是一类的, 他们是惊人的。
316	We tell them that they can be prime minister or president,	我们告诉他们,他们可以是总理或总统,
317	that they can be the next Mark Zuckerberg.	他们可以成为下一个马克・扎克伯格。
318	We tell them that they'll be Beyonce one day.	我们告诉他们,他们有一天会成为碧昂丝。
319	What this means is that we raise their expectations.	这意味着我们提高他们的期望。
320	And so when that child gets a normal job,	所以,当那个孩子得到一个正常的工作,
321	when they start a business and it fails like most do,	当他们创办一个企业, 它失败了像大多数人一样,
322	when they're seeing career peaks with a rendition of single ladies in the shower,	当他们看到职业生涯的高峰 与引渡单身女子在淋浴,
323	they're disappointed.	他们很失望
324	They're unhappy.	他们不高兴。
325	Their expectations haven't been satisfied.	他们的期望没有得到满足.
326	Yes, we want to give children self-belief,	是的,我们想让孩子们相信自己
327	but we don't want to delude them and we don't want to delude ourselves.	但我们不想欺骗他们 我们也不想欺骗自己
328	So what we see is that our happiness is largely determined by expectations.	因此,我们看到的是,我们的幸福在很大程度上是由期望决定的.
329	Our expectations are largely determined by what we consider to be normal.	我们的期望在很大程度上取决于我们认为是正常的。
330	And what we consider to be normal is largely based on our imagination,	而我们认为是正常的 基本上基于我们的想象,
331	based on others around us, and based on our past.	以我们周围的其他人为基础,以我们的过去为基础。
332	And so we have these constant battles,	因此,我们有 这些不断的战斗,
333	the battle between our imagination and our reality,	我们想象力与现实之间的战斗,
334	the battle between the reality that we experience	我们经历的现实之间的战斗
335	and what we think or perceive that others experience,	以及我们所认为的或认为的其他人所经历的,
336	the battle between our reality and our past reality.	我们的现实与过去的现实之间的战斗。
337	How can we win these battles?	我们怎么能赢得这些战役?
338	Well, I think the first challenge,	我觉得第一个挑战
339	the challenge for entrepreneurs and businessmen,	对企业家和商人的挑战,
340	for parents, for legislators, for magazine editors,	父母、立法者、杂志编辑
341	is to take happiness seriously, to take expectations seriously.	是认真对待幸福 认真对待期望
342	I think often we relegate happiness to the world of art, not science.	我认为我们常常把幸福归结于艺术世界,而不是科学.
343	We dismiss it.	我们驳回它。
344	We think of it in terms of hippies rather than businessmen.	我们考虑的是嬉皮士而不是商人
345	What we want is for entrepreneurs	我们想要的是企业家
346	to focus on actually improving contentment, not just increasing consumption.	专注于实际改善满足,而不仅仅是增加消费。
347	In terms of winning the imagination battle,	就赢得想象力战而言
348	I think it's important that we make it known to content providers	我觉得我们一定要让内容提供者知道
349	the importance of actually having realistic representations	实际作出现实陈述的重要性
350	of images, people, and places and events.	影像、人、地点和事件
351	And we might even go so far as to ban things like digital enhancement in ads.	我们甚至可以禁止广告中的数字增强。
352	In terms of winning the interpersonal battle,	就赢得人际斗争而言
353	I think it's important that governments prioritize income equality	我认为,政府必须优先考虑收入平等
354	and that we learn to compete against ourselves rather than against others.	我们学会与自己竞争 而不是与他人竞争
355	And in terms of that intertemporal battle,	在那个时空的战斗中
356	I think it's important that we support kids, encourage kids,	我认为重要的是,我们支持孩子,鼓励孩子,
357	but also make them realize when it's impossible	也让他们意识到 当这是不可能的
358	and not to give them completely unrealistic expectations.	而不是给他们 完全不现实的期望。
359	Let me conclude.	请允许我结束发言。
360	We seem to have been seduced into a way of life	我们好像被诱入了一种生活方式
361	that almost conspires in every way against the most basic level of contentment.	几乎密谋 以各种方式 与最基本的满足程度。
362	We're terrible predictors of what will make us happy.	我们是可怕的预测者 是什么会让我们快乐。
363	I mean, any time monkeys beat you, you know there's a problem.	我的意思是,每当猴子打你, 你知道有一个问题。
364	We're terrible predictors of happiness	我们是幸福的可怕预测者
365	because the way in which we rationalize,	因为我们理顺的方式,
366	the way in which we make decisions is often on the basis of actual levels,	我们作出决定的方式往往取决于实际水平,
367	absolute levels,	绝对水平,
368	but the way in which we feel is based on relative outcomes,	但我们的感受是基于相对结果,
369	based on expectations.	基于预期。
370	It's expectations that explains why a bronze medalist	这是人们的期望 解释了为什么一个铜牌手
371	can be happier than a silver medalist	比银牌得主更快乐
372	because the silver medalist imagines coming first,	因为银牌手想象着先来
373	the bronze medalist imagines coming forth.	青铜奖得主想出来的。
374	It's expectations that explains why often lottery winners aren't that happy.	正是期望才解释了为什么彩票赢家往往不这么高兴.
375	Their happiness doesn't last	他们的幸福不能持久
376	because they don't have that increasing level of satisfaction	因为他们的满意程度没有提高
377	throughout their life.	他们的一生
378	It's expectations that explains why you can be happier	是期望才让你更快乐
379	with an income of 40,000 to an income of 50,000.	收入4万元至5万元.
380	We often think of happiness in isolation in a vacuum	我们常常在真空中孤立地思考幸福
381	when in reality our happiness is far more complicated.	当现实中,我们的幸福要复杂得多。
382	It's far more intertwined with our community, our imagination, and our past.	它与我们的社区,我们的想象力,以及我们的过去更紧密地交织在一起.
383	And it's important that we think carefully about how our minds work,	重要的是我们要仔细思考我们的思想如何运作,
384	how our feelings work, how our expectations work.	我们的感情如何运作,我们的期望如何运作.
385	And it's important that we change the way in which we make decisions	重要的是我们改变决策方式
386	so that our thinking process matches our feeling process.	这样我们的思维过程就能与我们的感受过程相匹配.
387	Ladies and gentlemen, for entrepreneurs	女士们,先生们,为企业家
388	that want to improve the lives of others,	他们想改善别人的生活,
389	as well as for people that want to be happy,	以及希望快乐的人,
390	I think the first step is understanding why we're unhappy.	我认为第一步是理解我们为什么不开心.
391	And I hope that the next time, if ever it happens,	我希望下一次,如果它发生,
392	that your decision-making prowess is compared to that of monkeys,	你的决策能力 与猴子相比,
393	I hope you come out on top.	我希望你能从上面出来
394	Thank you.	谢谢

该视频共有字幕 394 条。解锁更多字幕为会员功能，请移动到 价格

P2 · 为什么我们不快乐——期望落差【TED演讲】 p02 英文字幕(注释+中文外挂) (P2)

为什么我们不快乐——期望落差【TED演讲】 p02 英文字幕(注释+中文外挂) (P2)

发布于 2026-10-24 · 时长 19:30

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:02	I remember being shocked the first few times I went to Africa.	我还记得我第一次去非洲时 被吓了一跳
0:06	I was shocked when I met a one-legged taxi driver in Kenya.	我在肯尼亚遇到一个单脚出租车司机时感到震惊。
0:10	I was shocked when I met Sonia, an orphan schoolgirl in Rwanda.	在卢旺达遇到孤儿女学生索尼娅时,我感到震惊.
0:15	And I was shocked when I met a disabled subsistence farmer in Mozambique.	当我在莫桑比克遇到一个残疾的自给农时,我感到震惊。
0:20	What shocked me wasn't their poverty, but their happiness.	我震惊的不是他们的贫穷 而是他们的幸福
0:26	I found their happiness confronting, far more confronting than poverty.	我发现,他们的幸福面临挑战, 远比贫穷要艰难。
0:31	Of course, not everyone was happy,	当然,不是每个人都快乐
0:33	but of those above a basic subsistence threshold level,	但他们中,有超过基本生活标准的人,
0:37	I was surprised at how genuinely content many of them were.	我感到惊讶的是,其中很多都真正满足。
0:42	And I became fascinated in this notion, this idea of happiness.	我开始对这个概念着迷, 这种幸福的想法。

展开字幕全文（442 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	I remember being shocked the first few times I went to Africa.	我还记得我第一次去非洲时 被吓了一跳
2	I was shocked when I met a one-legged taxi driver in Kenya.	我在肯尼亚遇到一个单脚出租车司机时感到震惊。
3	I was shocked when I met Sonia, an orphan schoolgirl in Rwanda.	在卢旺达遇到孤儿女学生索尼娅时,我感到震惊.
4	And I was shocked when I met a disabled subsistence farmer in Mozambique.	当我在莫桑比克遇到一个残疾的自给农时,我感到震惊。
5	What shocked me wasn't their poverty, but their happiness.	我震惊的不是他们的贫穷 而是他们的幸福
6	I found their happiness confronting, far more confronting than poverty.	我发现,他们的幸福面临挑战, 远比贫穷要艰难。
7	Of course, not everyone was happy,	当然,不是每个人都快乐
8	but of those above a basic subsistence threshold level,	但他们中,有超过基本生活标准的人,
9	I was surprised at how genuinely content many of them were.	我感到惊讶的是,其中很多都真正满足。
10	And I became fascinated in this notion, this idea of happiness.	我开始对这个概念着迷, 这种幸福的想法。
11	And since then, I've researched it, I've worked on it, I've thought about it.	从此,我研究过,我研究过,我思考过。
12	I'm interested in it from an economics perspective.	我从经济学的角度对它感兴趣.
13	It's one of the things that I researched at Oxford.	这是我在牛津研究过的东西之一。
14	And I'm interested in it from a social enterprise perspective,	我从社会企业的角度对它感兴趣
15	because happiness is, after all, the ultimate social outcome.	因为幸福毕竟是社会的最终结果
16	And I think it's particularly appropriate that we talk about happiness today,	我认为我们今天谈论幸福是特别恰当的,
17	because we have with us the Prime Minister of Bhutan,	因为我们有不丹总理,
18	the very man who pioneered, who introduced,	他确是开明的,确是介绍的,
19	and who championed the idea of gross domestic happiness,	并拥护家庭幸福的思想,
20	rather than GDP as a way of tracking countries' progress,	而不是国内总产值作为跟踪各国进展情况的一种方式,
21	as a way of monitoring how governments are doing.	作为监测政府状况的一种方式。
22	But before we go into that, I want to begin with a little quiz, a little game.	但是在我们开始之前,我想先做一个小测验,一个小游戏。
23	It's just a simple multiple-choice quiz,	这只是一个简单的多选择测试,
24	and I've invited some other participants to join us on stage.	我邀请了其他的参与者一起上台
25	So I want you to just raise your hand.	所以我要你举起手来
26	I want you to answer honestly when I give the questions.	我要你诚实地回答我的问题
27	So the first question.	故第一问.
28	Imagine that you're competing in the Olympic Games.	想象一下你们在奥运会比赛
29	Imagine that you're representing your country.	想象一下,你代表你的国家。
30	What would you prefer out of the following?	你想从下面得到什么?
31	Would you prefer to come second, to come third, or to come second last?	你想第二,第三还是第二?
32	Answer honestly.	老实回答
33	Who would prefer to come second?	谁会想来第二?
34	Raise your hand.	举手曰.
35	Excellent.	不错
36	Who would prefer to come third?	谁更愿意成为第三呢?
37	And who would prefer to come second last?	谁会愿意排第二呢?
38	Excellent.	不错
39	Well, it seems like a large chunk of the audience wants to come second last.	看来一大群观众想排第二
40	I'm not sure that I'd be selecting you for my Olympic team,	我不确定我会选你参加我的奥运队
41	but the monkeys, they select a third, a third, a third.	但是猴子,他们选择了第三,第三,第三。
42	They don't quite understand the question,	他们不太明白这个问题
43	but they knew that there were three options.	但他们知道有三个选择
44	It's probably no surprise that amongst the general population,	在普通民众中,
45	most prefer second.	更喜欢第二。
46	So that's question one.	所以,这是问题一。
47	Question number two.	第二问.
48	Imagine that you're given one of two options.	想象一下,你得到了两个选择之一。
49	Either you win the lottery and you get $10 million tomorrow.	要么你赢了彩票 要么你明天就得到1000万美元
50	You can spend it however you want.	你可以随便花
51	Or option B.	或选B.
52	Alternatively, you get a very small payment tomorrow,	或者,你得到 一个非常小的付款明天,
53	but you get gradual payments throughout your lifetime, increasing payments.	但是,你得到 逐步支付在整个一生, 增加支付。
54	And in total, you get $8 million over the course of your lifetime.	你一生总共得到八百万
55	If I gave you that option right now, what would you pick?	如果我现在给你这个选择 你会选什么?
56	Who would pick option A?	谁会选A?
57	A lot of people.	众多众生.
58	Who would pick option B?	谁选B选项?
59	Excellent.	不错
60	Amongst the general population, most people seem to be quite short-sighted.	在一般人群中,大多数人看来是相当短视的.
61	Most people like the $10 million tomorrow.	大多数人都喜欢明天的1000万
62	Again, the monkeys were 50-50.	复次猕猴五五十.
63	They did recognize there were two options, not three.	他们确实认识到有两个选择,而不是三个。
64	Third and final question.	第三个也是最后一个问题。
65	You get to choose your salary.	你可以选择你的薪水。
66	What do you pick?	你选什么?
67	You get $50,000 and everyone else you know gets $50,000.	你得到5万美元,其他人 你认识得到5万美元。
68	You get $50,000 and everyone else gets $60,000.	你得到5万美元,其他人得到6万美元。
69	Or you get $40,000 and everyone else you know gets $30,000.	或者你得到40,000美元,其他人 你认识得到30,000美元。
70	Who would pick option A?	谁会选A?
71	Who would pick option B?	谁选B选项?
72	Virtually no one.	几乎无人.
73	Who would pick option C?	谁会选C?
74	I think there's one person in an audience of about 200.	我想观众约有200人
75	You're pretty consistent with the general population.	你和一般人相当一致
76	Most go for option A.	大部分选A
77	The monkeys, no surprises there.	猴子们,没有惊喜
78	But let's now think about what the actual answers are.	但是,现在让我们想想实际答案是什么.
79	Let's look at what the research says about what actually makes us content,	让我们看看研究对什么 真正让我们满足,
80	what actually makes us satisfied, what actually makes us happy.	是什么让我们满足 是什么让我们快乐
81	For question one, the answer is actually to come a third,	第一问题,答案是第三
82	which I think was the lowest of the three options that you all gave.	我认为这是你们三个选择中最低的。
83	There's no shortage of silver medalists who appear unhappy.	不乏看起来不高兴的银牌得主.
84	So that was question one.	所以这是第一个问题。
85	Question two I think you did better on.	第二题,我想你做得更好
86	You picked option B.	你选了B
87	You went against the general population.	你和普通人对抗了
88	And I think you beat the monkeys on this occasion.	我想你这次打败了猴子
89	They beat you on question one.	他们在第一题上打败了你
90	You won question two.	你赢了第二题
91	And for question three, the correct answer was actually C,	第三个问题 正确的答案是C
92	which I think only one person got correct.	我认为只有一个人是对的
93	And so the monkeys beat you on two out of three on those	猴子在三分之二上打败你
94	in terms of what actually makes us content, satisfied and happy	就真正让我们满足 满意和快乐而言
95	as the research has shown.	研究显示
96	So I think it's fair to say that in general,	所以,我认为公平地说,总的来说,
97	you're slightly better predictors of happiness	你更能预测幸福
98	than the general population, but you're still pretty pathetic.	不过你还是很可怜
99	I'm sorry to say.	对不起
100	I think the monkeys beat you.	我认为猴子打败了你。
101	Maybe that's why they're smiling, but if they won two out of three.	也许这就是他们微笑的原因 但如果他们赢得了2胜3负
102	And what's interesting is that it's not only us	有趣的是 不只是我们
103	that's bad predictors of happiness.	那是对幸福的坏预测
104	The macro data actually supports this as well.	宏观数据实际上也支持这一点。
105	We're wealthier than ever, but unhappier than ever.	我们比以往更富有,但更不高兴
106	We're more prosperous, but more depressed.	我们更繁荣,但更沮丧。
107	We're less satisfied.	我们不太满意。
108	I mean, we have faster and faster transport.	我的意思是,我们有更快和更快的运输。
109	We're faster and faster to complain about it.	我们越来越快地抱怨了
110	In many countries, there are now more suicides than homicides.	在许多国家,自杀事件现在多于杀人事件。
111	We now have more goods and services than ever before.	我们现在拥有的货物和服务比以往任何时候都多。
112	We have technology improving exponentially,	我们的技术正在迅速改进
113	but we don't see a corresponding increase	但我们没有看到相应的增加
114	in our life satisfaction, in our happiness.	在我们的生活满足, 在我们的幸福。
115	That's perhaps one of the great paradoxes of our time.	这也许是我们时代最大的矛盾之一.
116	And I think the obvious question is,	我认为很明显的问题是,
117	why is it that governments and individuals	为什么政府和个人
118	are such bad predictors of happiness?	这么糟糕的幸福预测?
119	Why is it that we get it wrong so often?	为什么我们经常搞错了?
120	And I think it's because we don't really understand	我觉得是因为我们不理解
121	why it is that we're often unhappy.	为什么我们常常不高兴?
122	And so the obvious question is, why is it that we're unhappy?	很明显的问题是 为什么我们不开心?
123	What's the explanation?	什么解释?
124	Now, it's not an easy question to answer,	现在,这不是一个容易回答的问题,
125	but it's one that I've thought about,	但它是一个我已经想过,
126	that I've researched, that I've dealt into.	我研究过,我研究过
127	And through my research over the years, through thinking about it,	通过我多年来的研究, 通过思考,
128	I think there's one explanation that I find far more compelling,	我认为有一个解释,我发现 更有说服力,
129	far more plausible, far more persuasive than any other.	比其他更可信 更有说服力
130	And that explanation isn't that we have so much choice	这个解释不是说我们有很多选择
131	that we get stressed.	压力很大
132	That's not that we're economically worse off.	这不是说我们的经济情况更糟。
133	In many cases, we're economically better off.	在许多情况下,我们的经济情况较好。
134	That's not that we just have greater reporting	这并不是说我们只有更多的报告
135	of depression and suicide.	抑郁和自杀。
136	That's true, but it only explains a small portion of the data.	没错,但这只解释了一小部分数据。
137	That's not due to family breakdowns or reduced freedoms.	这不是因为家庭破裂或自由减少。
138	No, the reason why we're unhappy, the most compelling reason,	不,我们不开心的原因, 最令人信服的原因,
139	as shown by the data, as shown by research,	如研究所示,
140	relates to expectations.	与预期有关。
141	At a very basic, simple level,	在一个非常基本,简单的层面,
142	we're unhappy when our expectations of reality	当我们对现实的期望不尽如人意
143	exceed our experiences of reality,	超越我们的现实经历
144	when our expectations exceed reality.	当我们的期望超过现实。
145	And I like to call this an expectation gap,	我想把这叫做期望差距,
146	when our expectations are greater than reality.	当我们的期望大于现实时。
147	It's a very simple concept,	这是一个非常简单的概念,
148	but it's a hugely important concept to fully understand,	但它是一个非常重要的概念 要充分理解,
149	to fully get our head around.	把我们的头绕过来
150	And to help us get our head around it,	为了帮助我们摆脱困境
151	I like to think in terms of three different types of expectation gaps,	我想从三种不同的期望差距来看,
152	three different types of gaps	三种不同类型的差距
153	based on the different ways in which we form expectations.	基于我们形成期望的不同方式。
154	I think we form expectations based on our imagination,	我认为我们基于我们的想象 形成期望,
155	based on those around us,	基于我们周围的人,
156	and based on our past experiences.	根据我们过去的经验。
157	So to this first type of expectation gap,	所以对于第一种期望差距,
158	the imagination gap,	想象力差距,
159	which occurs when our imagination exceeds reality.	当我们的想象力超越现实时 就会发生
160	You see, when we choose to buy goods,	你看,当我们选择购买商品时,
161	we choose from a range of options.	我们从一系列选项中选择。
162	When we choose where to travel to,	当我们选择去哪里旅行,
163	we often choose from a range of options.	我们经常从一系列选项中选择。
164	When we choose which leader to elect,	当我们选择选举哪个领袖时,
165	we often choose from a range of options.	我们经常从一系列选项中选择。
166	And how do we make that decision?	我们怎样做决定?
167	What we do is that we choose the one that we think will be the best.	我们要做的是,我们选择我们认为最好的一个。
168	We choose the one that we imagine will be the best of all the options.	我们选择一个我们想象中最好的选择。
169	And so what we do is that we try to maximize our utility at a given price.	因此,我们要做的就是 以一定的价格 尽量提高我们的效用。
170	That's how most people make decisions.	大多数人都是这样做决定的.
171	To do otherwise would be to choose an option	否则就是选择一个选项
172	that we didn't think would be as good,	我们没想到会这样好,
173	which seems a bit counterintuitive.	这似乎有点反感。
174	Now, the problem here is that the very act of choosing the thing	现在,这里的问题是 选择事物的行为
175	that we think will give us the greatest happiness,	我们以为会给我们最大的幸福,
176	that very decision-making process	决策程序
177	is the thing that actually undermines our happiness.	是真正破坏我们幸福的东西
178	Because what it means is that when we then see reality,	因为这意味着 当我们看到现实
179	when we then experience it,	当我们体验它的时候,
180	whether it's the good or the place we travel to	不管是好地方还是好地方
181	or the leader that we elect,	或我们选举的领导人,
182	it's highly likely that that reality won't live up to our expectation.	这很有可能是现实不能满足我们的期望
183	And that leads to disappointment.	这会导致失望。
184	And technology makes this so much worse.	科技使事情变得更糟。
185	What technology allows	技术允许什么
186	is things that are actually unrealistic to appear real.	事情其实是不现实的
187	Things that aren't even on the happiness scale	连幸福都算不上的事
188	are made to seem as though they are actually possible.	似乎它们实际上有可能。
189	We Photoshop things in, we airbrush things out,	我们把东西处理好,把东西刷掉,
190	we digitally enhance photos.	我们数字化增强的照片。
191	And what this does is it makes us romanticize travel	这会让我们把旅行浪漫化
192	and makes us come up with fantastical ideas about places	并让我们想出 神奇的想法的地方
193	that reality simply can't live up to.	现实是无法实现的
194	So we think Sagrada Familia looks like this.	所以,我们认为萨格拉达家庭 看起来像这样。
195	When it actually looks like this.	当它实际上看起来像这样。
196	Audience laughs	观众笑
197	We think the Taj Mahal always looks like this,	我们认为泰姬陵总是这样
198	when actually often it looks like this.	经常这样
199	We think that the Mona Lisa looks like this,	我们认为蒙娜丽莎是这样
200	when actually if we go and visit it,	如果我们去参观一下
201	it's more likely to look like this.	更像是这样
202	Audience laughs	观众笑
203	What technology does is that it skews our vision	技术的作用是它扭曲了我们的愿景
204	and distorts reality and makes the unreal seem real.	并扭曲现实 使不真实看起来真实。
205	Indeed, many of the times that when we're happiest	的确,很多时候,当我们最快乐的时候
206	when we go traveling,	当我们去旅行,
207	there are actually the times when we stumble across things	其实有的时候,我们 偶然遇到的事情
208	we didn't expect,	我们没想到
209	when we discover things for ourselves,	当我们为自己发现一些东西时,
210	where we don't have preconceived notions of different places.	在那里,我们没有预先构思 不同的地方。
211	And what also makes this worse is selection bias.	更糟糕的是选择偏差。
212	Many content-based algorithms,	许多基于内容的算法,
213	无论是Google搜索还是Facebook新闻种子,
214	the way that it presents information	信息提供方式
215	is that it prioritizes those things that are the best images,	它把那些最好的图像放在优先位置
216	the most shared images, the most liked images.	最共享的图像, 最喜欢的图像。
217	You're more likely to be shown a photo on Facebook	你更可能在脸书上看到照片
218	if it has 200 likes than if it has two.	如果它有200个喜欢 比它有两个喜欢。
219	And so we come to think of the best images	所以,我们来思考 最好的图像
220	as being normal, as being average.	和一般的一样
221	And this also plays with our imagination.	这也是我们想象力的发挥。
222	That's selection bias.	那是选择的偏见。
223	Then there's persuasion,	还有说服
224	because politicians often get elected	因为政客经常当选
225	on the basis of promising things that they can't deliver	根据他们无法实现的有希望的东西
226	by raising our expectations.	通过提高我们的期望。
227	I mean, who would you be more likely to vote for?	我是说,你更可能投给谁?
228	A politician that says,	一个政客说,
229	I'll fix your problems if you vote for me,	如果你投我一票 我就解决你的问题
230	or someone who says, perhaps more honestly,	或者有人说,也许更诚实,
231	things will probably be the same	事情可能是一样的
232	whether you vote for me or not.	无论你投不投我
233	You're probably going to vote for the former,	你可能会投给前者
234	but you're probably going to be disappointed as well.	但你可能也会失望
235	And so we're in this constant cycle	因此,我们在这个恒定循环
236	of expectations being raised and hopes being dashed.	期望和希望正在破灭。
237	That's the same with companies.	公司也一样
238	I mean, companies are more likely to tell us	我的意思是,公司 更有可能告诉我们
239	that watches have never performed tasks so quickly.	手表从来没有这么快完成过任务
240	They're probably not going to tell us	他们可能不会告诉我们
241	batteries have never run out so quickly,	电池从未这么快用完
242	both of which are true.	两者都是真的
243	And so when you have technology,	所以,当你有技术,
244	when you have persuasion,	当你们劝导的时候,
245	and when you have selection bias,	当你们有选择的时候,
246	what that means is that we imagine and demand	这意味着我们想象和要求
247	and expect more than reality can provide.	并期望比现实所能提供的更多。
248	And when the limitless potential of our minds	而当我们的无限潜力
249	is met by the confined nature of earth,	以坚固的地性满足,
250	we're disappointed, we're unhappy.	我们失望,我们不高兴。
251	Expectations and disappointments irrevocably intertwine.	期望和失望是不可挽回的。
252	In terms of beauty,	从美的角度看
253	it's no wonder that self-esteem levels are so low.	难怪自尊心这么低
254	I mean, advertisers learned long ago	我是说,广告商早就知道了
255	that if you can make people hate themselves,	如果你能让别人恨自己
256	you can sell them things.	你可以卖掉他们的东西。
257	Now they're applying it time and time again.	现在他们一遍又一遍地应用它.
258	And we see this.	我们看到了这一点。
259	What we see is advertisers showing only the best	我们看到的是广告商只展示最好的
260	before and after photos.	图片前后。
261	What we see is pictures of models	我们看到的是模型的照片
262	who are made to seem perfect even though they're not.	他们看起来很完美 即使他们不是。
263	We've become a society of complainers,	我们变成了一个投诉人的社会,
264	of perfectionists, of counterfactual historians,	完美主义者,反事实历史学家,
265	people who always imagine different	总是想象不同的人
266	and better outcomes for ourselves,	和更好的结果,
267	but people whose imagination can't be satisfied.	但那些想象力无法满足的人
268	So that's the imagination gap.	这就是想象力的差距。
269	That's why our imagination exceeds reality.	这就是为什么我们的想象力 超越现实。
270	And that's the first main reason why we're unhappy.	这也是我们不开心的第一个主要原因.
271	The second main type of expectation that we have,	我们的第二种主要期望
272	I like to call the interpersonal gap.	我喜欢称之为人际差距。
273	That's where we compare our reality to the reality of others.	这就是我们比较现实与他人现实的地方.
274	Put simply, we judge ourselves	简单地说,我们自己判断
275	based on what we experience around us.	根据我们周围的经历
276	If you own $50,000 and you're in a poor neighborhood,	如果你拥有5万元,你在一个贫穷的邻里,
277	you'll feel rich.	你会觉得很有钱
278	If you own $50,000 and you're in a wealthy neighborhood,	如果你拥有5万元,你在一个富裕的街区,
279	you'll feel poor.	你会觉得很可怜
280	If you get a small pay rise,	如果你得到一个小工资上涨,
281	but everyone around you gets a large pay rise,	但你们周围的每个人都会涨薪
282	you'll be disappointed.	你会失望的。
283	Your gain is someone's pain,	你的收获是某人的痛苦
284	someone's pain is your gain.	一个人的痛苦是你的收益。
285	Unfortunately, it's a bit of a zero sum game,	不幸的是,这有点零和游戏,
286	or so it seems.	看来是这样
287	And it's not only relative income that matters,	不仅相对的收入很重要
288	it's also relative appearance that matters.	相对的外观也很重要
289	One person's plastic surgery is another's psychic loss.	一个人的整形手术是另一个人的心理损失.
290	Indeed, research has shown that we're actually happier	事实上,研究表明,我们实际上更快乐
291	when we're with worse looking people,	当我们与更糟糕的人,
292	because we're perceived by others	因为我们被别人看穿了
293	to be objectively better looking.	客观上更好看
294	So now when your friend asks you to come to a bar	所以现在当你朋友叫你来酒吧的时候
295	or to a club with them,	或和他们一起的俱乐部,
296	you know why.	你知道为什么。
297	And what's particularly interesting about this	这特别有意思的是
298	is that we have an asymmetry of emphasis.	也就是说,我们的重点不对称。
299	We prioritize, we focus on one end of the spectrum.	我们优先,我们注重一个方面。
300	We focus on the rich, the famous, the beautiful,	我们专注于富人 名人 美人
301	and pay less attention to the other end.	并少注意另一端。
302	And so we're made to seem poorer,	所以我们变得更穷
303	we're made to feel poorer,	我们觉得很穷
304	made to feel less successful than we actually are.	感觉不如我们那么成功
305	It's almost as though we're running on a hedonic treadmill,	这几乎就像我们运行 在一个狂妄的跑步机,
306	constantly striving to be happy,	不停地为幸福而努力
307	but getting no closer.	但没有接近。
308	Because when our standard of living improves,	因为当我们的生活水平提高,
309	if everyone else's standard of living improves as well,	如果其他人的生活水平也提高了
310	we don't always feel happier.	我们并不总是觉得快乐。
311	So that's the second way in which we form expectations	所以,这是第二种方式 我们形成期望
312	based on others around us.	基于我们周围的其他人
313	The third and final way is based on our past,	第三条也是最后一条路 以我们的过去为基础
314	based on our past experiences.	根据我们过去的经验。
315	I call this the intertemporal gap.	我称之为时空差距。
316	And we're unhappy when our past reality	而我们不开心 当我们过去的现实
317	is better than our present reality.	比我们现在的现实要好
318	Take two people who have the same average lifetime income,	带两个人 平均一生收入相同
319	but person A whose income decreases over their lifetime,	但A人的收入在一生中下降,
320	person B whose income increases.	收入增加的B类人。
321	Now, research shows that you're always happier if you're person B,	现在,研究表明,如果你是B, 你总是更快乐,
322	if you have that increasing income,	如果你的收入增加,
323	even though the average might be the same.	即使平均是相同的。
324	Why is this?	为什么?
325	It's because of something that psychologists refer to as anchoring.	这是因为心理学家称之为锚定的东西.
326	We compare to our past,	我们和过去相比
327	and if you're constantly improving,	如果你不断改进
328	constantly exceeding expectations,	不断超出预期,
329	constantly moving forward,	不断前进,
330	you're generally happy.	你一般都很开心
331	The reverse is true if you're person A.	反之,如果你是人A,这是事实。
332	And so what this means in terms of raising children	这对抚养孩子意味着什么
333	I think often we tend to spoil children.	我想我们经常会宠坏孩子
334	We tend to give them everything	我们倾向于给他们一切
335	to want to give them the best start in life,	想给他们生命中最好的开端,
336	but often the best intentions don't always lead to the best outcomes.	但往往最好的意图 并不总是导致最佳结果。
337	Yes, we should support children,	是的,我们应该支持儿童,
338	but if we give them everything,	但是如果我们给他们一切,
339	then it's much harder for them to have what I call	那他们更难得到我所说的
340	a positive intertemporal gradient.	阳性时际梯度。
341	It's harder for them to improve over time throughout their life,	他们一生都很难改善
342	and that actually potentially undermines their happiness.	这实际上有可能损害他们的幸福。
343	And while I'm talking about parenting,	当我在谈论养育子女时
344	I think another problem in our society	我觉得我们社会的另一个问题
345	is that we tend to tell children that they're special,	我们倾向于告诉孩子们 他们是特殊的,
346	that they're unique, that they're one of a kind,	他们是独一无二的, 他们是一类,
347	that they're amazing.	他们是惊人的。
348	We tell them that they can be Prime Minister or President,	我们告诉他们,他们可以是总理或总统,
349	that they can be the next Mark Zuckerberg.	他们可以成为下一个马克・扎克伯格。
350	We tell them that they'll be Beyonce one day.	我们告诉他们,他们有一天会成为碧昂丝。
351	What this means is that we raise their expectations,	这意味着我们提高他们的期望,
352	and so when that child gets a normal job,	所以当孩子得到一个正常的工作,
353	when they start a business and it fails like most do,	当他们创办一个企业, 它失败了像大多数人一样,
354	when they're seeing career peaks	当他们看到职业高峰
355	with a rendition of single ladies in the shower,	与在洗澡的单身女子的引渡,
356	they're disappointed.	他们很失望
357	They're unhappy.	他们不高兴。
358	Their expectations haven't been satisfied.	他们的期望没有得到满足.
359	Yes, we want to give children self-belief,	是的,我们想让孩子们相信自己
360	but we don't want to delude them,	但我们不想欺骗他们
361	and we don't want to delude ourselves.	我们不想欺骗自己
362	So what we see is that our happiness	所以,我们看到的是,我们的幸福
363	is largely determined by expectations.	在很大程度上是由期望决定的。
364	Our expectations are largely determined	我们的期望很大程度上决定了
365	by what we consider to be normal,	以我们的常态发誓,
366	and what we consider to be normal	和我们认为是正常的
367	is largely based on our imagination,	基本上基于我们的想象,
368	based on others around us,	基于我们周围的其他人,
369	and based on our past.	以我们的过去为基础
370	And so we have these constant battles,	因此,我们有 这些不断的战斗,
371	the battle between our imagination and our reality,	我们想象力与现实之间的战斗,
372	the battle between the reality that we experience	我们经历的现实之间的战斗
373	and what we think or perceive that others experience,	以及我们所认为的或认为的其他人所经历的,
374	the battle between our reality and our past reality.	我们的现实与过去的现实之间的战斗。
375	How can we win these battles?	我们怎么能赢得这些战役?
376	Well, I think the first challenge,	我觉得第一个挑战
377	the challenge for entrepreneurs and businessmen,	对企业家和商人的挑战,
378	for parents, for legislators, for magazine editors,	父母、立法者、杂志编辑
379	is to take happiness seriously,	要认真对待幸福
380	to take expectations seriously.	认真对待期望。
381	I think often we relegate happiness	我觉得我们常常把幸福降下来
382	to the world of art, not science,	艺术世界,不是科学,
383	we dismiss it,	我们放弃它,
384	we think of it in terms of hippies rather than businessmen.	我们考虑的是嬉皮士而不是商人
385	What we want is for entrepreneurs	我们想要的是企业家
386	to focus on actually improving contentment,	注重实际改善满足,
387	not just increasing consumption.	不仅仅是增加消费。
388	In terms of winning the imagination battle,	就赢得想象力战而言
389	I think it's important that we make it known to content providers	我觉得我们一定要让内容提供者知道
390	the importance of actually having realistic representations	实际作出现实陈述的重要性
391	of images, people, and places, and events.	图片,人,地点,事件。
392	And we might even go so far	我们甚至可以走这么远
393	as to ban things like digital enhancement in ads.	在广告中禁止像数字增强的东西。
394	In terms of winning the interpersonal battle,	就赢得人际斗争而言
395	I think it's important that governments prioritize income equality	我认为,政府必须优先考虑收入平等
396	and that we learn to compete against ourselves	我们学会与自己竞争
397	rather than against others.	而不是反对他人。
398	And in terms of that intertemporal battle,	在那个时空的战斗中
399	I think it's important that we support kids, encourage kids,	我认为重要的是,我们支持孩子,鼓励孩子,
400	but also make them realize when it's impossible,	也让他们在不可能的时候意识到
401	and not to give them completely unrealistic expectations.	而不是给他们 完全不现实的期望。
402	Let me conclude.	请允许我结束发言。
403	We seem to have been seduced into a way of life	我们好像被诱入了一种生活方式
404	that almost conspires in every way	几乎密谋在各方面
405	against the most basic level of contentment.	与最基本的满足程度相对应。
406	We're terrible predictors of what will make us happy.	我们是可怕的预测者 是什么会让我们快乐。
407	I mean, any time monkeys beat you, you know there's a problem.	我的意思是,每当猴子打你, 你知道有一个问题。
408	We're terrible predictors of happiness	我们是幸福的可怕预测者
409	because the way in which we rationalize,	因为我们理顺的方式,
410	the way in which we make decisions	我们作出决定的方式
411	is often on the basis of actual levels, absolute levels,	通常基于实际水平,绝对水平,
412	but the way in which we feel is based on relative outcomes,	但我们的感受是基于相对结果,
413	based on expectations.	基于预期。
414	It's expectations that explains why a bronze medalist	这是人们的期望 解释了为什么一个铜牌手
415	can be happier than a silver medalist	比银牌得主更快乐
416	because the silver medalist imagines coming first,	因为银牌手想象着先来
417	the bronze medalist imagines coming forth.	青铜奖得主想出来的。
418	It's expectations that explains why often lottery winners	这也是为什么 彩票赢家经常这样的原因
419	aren't that happy.	没那么开心
420	Their happiness doesn't last	他们的幸福不能持久
421	because they don't have that increasing level of satisfaction	因为他们的满意程度没有提高
422	throughout their life.	他们的一生
423	It's expectations that explains why you can be happier	是期望才让你更快乐
424	with an income of 40,000 to an income of 50,000.	收入4万元至5万元.
425	We often think of happiness in isolation in a vacuum	我们常常在真空中孤立地思考幸福
426	when in reality our happiness is far more complicated.	当现实中,我们的幸福要复杂得多。
427	It's far more intertwined with our community,	它和我们的社区更紧密相连
428	our imagination and our past.	我们的想象力和我们的过去。
429	And it's important that we think carefully	重要的是我们要仔细考虑
430	about how our minds work, how our feelings work,	关于我们的心灵如何工作, 我们的感情如何工作,
431	how our expectations work.	我们的期望如何运作。
432	And it's important that we change the way	重要的是我们要改变方式
433	in which we make decisions	我们在其中作出决定
434	so that our thinking process matches our feeling process.	这样我们的思维过程就能与我们的感受过程相匹配.
435	Ladies and gentlemen, for entrepreneurs	女士们,先生们,为企业家
436	that want to improve the lives of others,	他们想改善别人的生活,
437	as well as for people that want to be happy,	以及希望快乐的人,
438	I think the first step is understanding why we're unhappy.	我认为第一步是理解我们为什么不开心.
439	And I hope that the next time, if ever it happens,	我希望下一次,如果它发生,
440	that your decision-making prowess is compared to that of monkeys,	你的决策能力 与猴子相比,
441	I hope you come out on top.	我希望你能从上面出来
442	Thank you.	谢谢

该视频共有字幕 442 条。解锁更多字幕为会员功能，请移动到 价格

P3 · 为什么我们不快乐——期望落差【TED演讲】 p03 无字幕(中英外挂) (P3)

为什么我们不快乐——期望落差【TED演讲】 p03 无字幕(中英外挂) (P3)

发布于 2026-10-24 · 时长 19:30

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:02	I remember being shocked the first few times I went to Africa.	我还记得我第一次去非洲时 被吓了一跳
0:06	I was shocked when I met a one-legged taxi driver in Kenya.	我在肯尼亚遇到一个单脚出租车司机时感到震惊。
0:10	I was shocked when I met Sonia, an orphan schoolgirl in Rwanda.	在卢旺达遇到孤儿女学生索尼娅时,我感到震惊.
0:15	And I was shocked when I met a disabled subsistence farmer in Mozambique.	当我在莫桑比克遇到一个残疾的自给农时,我感到震惊。
0:20	What shocked me wasn't their poverty, but their happiness.	我震惊的不是他们的贫穷 而是他们的幸福
0:26	I found their happiness confronting, far more confronting than poverty.	我发现,他们的幸福面临挑战, 远比贫穷要艰难。
0:31	Of course, not everyone was happy.	当然,不是每个人都快乐。
0:33	But of those above a basic subsistence threshold level,	但是,在超过基本生活门槛水平的人中,
0:37	I was surprised at how genuinely content many of them were.	我感到惊讶的是,其中很多都真正满足。
0:42	And I became fascinated in this notion, this idea of happiness.	我开始对这个概念着迷, 这种幸福的想法。

展开字幕全文（394 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	I remember being shocked the first few times I went to Africa.	我还记得我第一次去非洲时 被吓了一跳
2	I was shocked when I met a one-legged taxi driver in Kenya.	我在肯尼亚遇到一个单脚出租车司机时感到震惊。
3	I was shocked when I met Sonia, an orphan schoolgirl in Rwanda.	在卢旺达遇到孤儿女学生索尼娅时,我感到震惊.
4	And I was shocked when I met a disabled subsistence farmer in Mozambique.	当我在莫桑比克遇到一个残疾的自给农时,我感到震惊。
5	What shocked me wasn't their poverty, but their happiness.	我震惊的不是他们的贫穷 而是他们的幸福
6	I found their happiness confronting, far more confronting than poverty.	我发现,他们的幸福面临挑战, 远比贫穷要艰难。
7	Of course, not everyone was happy.	当然,不是每个人都快乐。
8	But of those above a basic subsistence threshold level,	但是,在超过基本生活门槛水平的人中,
9	I was surprised at how genuinely content many of them were.	我感到惊讶的是,其中很多都真正满足。
10	And I became fascinated in this notion, this idea of happiness.	我开始对这个概念着迷, 这种幸福的想法。
11	And since then, I've researched it, I've worked on it, I've thought about it.	从此,我研究过,我研究过,我思考过。
12	I'm interested in it from an economics perspective.	我从经济学的角度对它感兴趣.
13	It's one of the things that I researched at Oxford.	这是我在牛津研究过的东西之一。
14	And I'm interested in it from a social enterprise perspective,	我从社会企业的角度对它感兴趣
15	because happiness is, after all, the ultimate social outcome.	因为幸福毕竟是社会的最终结果
16	And I think it's particularly appropriate that we talk about happiness today,	我认为我们今天谈论幸福是特别恰当的,
17	because we have with us the Prime Minister of Bhutan,	因为我们有不丹总理,
18	the very man who pioneered, who introduced,	他确是开明的,确是介绍的,
19	and who championed the idea of gross domestic happiness,	并拥护家庭幸福的思想,
20	rather than GDP as a way of tracking countries' progress,	而不是国内总产值作为跟踪各国进展情况的一种方式,
21	as a way of monitoring how governments are doing.	作为监测政府状况的一种方式。
22	But before we go into that, I want to begin with a little quiz, a little game.	但是在我们开始之前,我想先做一个小测验,一个小游戏。
23	It's just a simple multiple-choice quiz,	这只是一个简单的多选择测试,
24	and I've invited some other participants to join us on stage.	我邀请了其他的参与者一起上台
25	So I want you to just raise your hand.	所以我要你举起手来
26	I want you to answer honestly when I give the questions.	我要你诚实地回答我的问题
27	So the first question.	故第一问.
28	Imagine that you're competing in the Olympic Games.	想象一下你们在奥运会比赛
29	Imagine that you're representing your country.	想象一下,你代表你的国家。
30	What would you prefer out of the following?	你想从下面得到什么?
31	Would you prefer to come second, to come third, or to come second last?	你想第二,第三还是第二?
32	Answer honestly.	老实回答
33	Who would prefer to come second?	谁会想来第二?
34	Raise your hand.	举手曰.
35	Excellent.	不错
36	Who would prefer to come third?	谁更愿意成为第三呢?
37	And who would prefer to come second last?	谁会愿意排第二呢?
38	Excellent.	不错
39	Well, it seems like a large chunk of the audience wants to come second last.	看来一大群观众想排第二
40	I'm not sure that I'd be selecting you for my Olympic team.	我不确定我会选你为我的奥运队
41	But the monkeys, they select a third, a third, a third.	但是猴子,他们选择了第三,第三,第三。
42	They don't quite understand the question,	他们不太明白这个问题
43	but they knew that there were three options.	但他们知道有三个选择
44	It's probably no surprise that amongst the general population,	在普通民众中,
45	most prefer second.	更喜欢第二。
46	So that's question one.	所以,这是问题一。
47	Question number two.	第二问.
48	Imagine that you're given one of two options.	想象一下,你得到了两个选择之一。
49	Either you win the lottery and you get $10 million tomorrow.	要么你赢了彩票 要么你明天就得到1000万美元
50	You can spend it however you want.	你可以随便花
51	Or option B.	或选B.
52	Alternatively, you get a very small payment tomorrow,	或者,你得到 一个非常小的付款明天,
53	but you get gradual payments throughout your lifetime,	但是,你得到 逐步支付在整个一生,
54	increasing payments.	增加付款。
55	And in total, you get $8 million over the course of your lifetime.	你一生总共得到八百万
56	If I gave you that option right now, what would you pick?	如果我现在给你这个选择 你会选什么?
57	Who would pick option A?	谁会选A?
58	A lot of people.	众多众生.
59	Who would pick option B?	谁选B选项?
60	Excellent.	不错
61	Amongst the general population, most people seem to be quite short-sighted.	在一般人群中,大多数人看来是相当短视的.
62	Most people like the $10 million tomorrow.	大多数人都喜欢明天的1000万
63	Again, the monkeys are 50-50.	复次猕猴五五.
64	They did recognize there were two options, not three.	他们确实认识到有两个选择,而不是三个。
65	The third and final question.	第三也是最后的问题。
66	You get to choose your salary.	你可以选择你的薪水。
67	What do you pick?	你选什么?
68	You get $50,000 and everyone else you know gets $50,000.	你得到5万美元,其他人 你认识得到5万美元。
69	You get $50,000 and everyone else gets $60,000.	你得到5万美元,其他人得到6万美元。
70	Or you get $40,000 and everyone else you know gets $30,000.	或者你得到40,000美元,其他人 你认识得到30,000美元。
71	Who would pick option A?	谁会选A?
72	Who would pick option B?	谁选B选项?
73	Virtually no one.	几乎无人.
74	Who would pick option C?	谁会选C?
75	I think there's one person in an audience of about 200.	我想观众约有200人
76	You're pretty consistent with the general population.	你和一般人相当一致
77	Most go for option A.	大部分选A
78	The monkeys, no surprises there.	猴子们,没有惊喜
79	But let's now think about what the actual answers are.	但是,现在让我们想想实际答案是什么.
80	Let's look at what the research says about what actually makes us content,	让我们看看研究对什么 真正让我们满足,
81	what actually makes us satisfied, what actually makes us happy.	是什么让我们满足 是什么让我们快乐
82	For question one, the answer is actually to come third,	第一问题,答案是第三
83	which I think was the lowest of the three options that you all gave.	我认为这是你们三个选择中最低的。
84	There's no shortage of silver medalists who appear unhappy.	不乏看起来不高兴的银牌得主.
85	So that was question one.	所以这是第一个问题。
86	Question two, I think you did better on.	第二题,我觉得你做得更好
87	You picked option B.	你选了B
88	You went against the general population	你和普通百姓对抗
89	and I think you beat the monkeys on this occasion.	我想你这次打败了猴子
90	They beat you on question one.	他们在第一题上打败了你
91	You won question two.	你赢了第二题
92	And for question three, the correct answer was actually C,	第三个问题 正确的答案是C
93	which I think only one person got correct.	我认为只有一个人是对的
94	And so the monkeys beat you on two out of three on those	猴子在三分之二上打败你
95	in terms of what actually makes us content,	就真正让我们满足的东西而言
96	satisfied and happy as the research has shown.	正如研究所显示的那样,满意和快乐。
97	So I think it's fair to say that in general,	所以,我认为公平地说,总的来说,
98	you're slightly better predictors of happiness than the general population,	你比一般人更能预测幸福
99	but you're still pretty pathetic, I'm sorry to say.	但你还是很可怜,我很抱歉。
100	I think the monkeys beat you.	我认为猴子打败了你。
101	Maybe that's why they're smiling, but if they won two out of three.	也许这就是他们微笑的原因 但如果他们赢得了2胜3负
102	And what's interesting is that it's not only us	有趣的是 不只是我们
103	that's bad predictors of happiness.	那是对幸福的坏预测
104	The macro data actually supports this as well.	宏观数据实际上也支持这一点。
105	We're wealthier than ever, but unhappier than ever.	我们比以往更富有,但更不高兴
106	We're more prosperous, but more depressed.	我们更繁荣,但更沮丧。
107	We're less satisfied.	我们不太满意。
108	I mean, we have faster and faster transport,	我的意思是,我们有 更快和更快的运输,
109	but we're faster and faster to complain about it.	但我们越来越快地抱怨
110	In many countries, there are now more suicides than homicides.	在许多国家,自杀事件现在多于杀人事件。
111	We now have more goods and services than ever before.	我们现在拥有的货物和服务比以往任何时候都多。
112	We have technology improving exponentially,	我们的技术正在迅速改进
113	but we don't see a corresponding increase	但我们没有看到相应的增加
114	in our life satisfaction and our happiness.	在我们的生活满足和幸福中。
115	That's perhaps one of the great paradoxes of our time.	这也许是我们时代最大的矛盾之一.
116	And I think the obvious question is,	我认为很明显的问题是,
117	why is it that governments and individuals	为什么政府和个人
118	are such bad predictors of happiness?	这么糟糕的幸福预测?
119	Why is it that we get it wrong so often?	为什么我们经常搞错了?
120	And I think it's because we don't really understand	我觉得是因为我们不理解
121	why it is that we're often unhappy.	为什么我们常常不高兴?
122	And so the obvious question is,	所以,很明显的问题是,
123	why is it that we're unhappy?	为什么我们不高兴?
124	What's the explanation?	什么解释?
125	Now, it's not an easy question to answer,	现在,这不是一个容易回答的问题,
126	but it's one that I've thought about,	但它是一个我已经想过,
127	that I've researched, that I've dealt into.	我研究过,我研究过
128	And through my research over the years, through thinking about it,	通过我多年来的研究, 通过思考,
129	I think there's one explanation that I find far more compelling,	我认为有一个解释,我发现 更有说服力,
130	far more plausible, far more persuasive than any other.	比其他更可信 更有说服力
131	And that explanation isn't that we have so much choice	这个解释不是说我们有很多选择
132	that we get stressed.	压力很大
133	That's not that we're economically worse off.	这不是说我们的经济情况更糟。
134	In many cases, we're economically better off.	在许多情况下,我们的经济情况较好。
135	That's not that we just have greater reporting	这并不是说我们只有更多的报告
136	of depression and suicide.	抑郁和自杀。
137	That's true, but it only explains a small portion of the data.	没错,但这只解释了一小部分数据。
138	That's not due to family breakdowns or reduced freedoms.	这不是因为家庭破裂或自由减少。
139	No, the reason why we're unhappy,	不,我们不开心的原因
140	the most compelling reason,	最令人信服的理由,
141	as shown by the data, as shown by research,	如研究所示,
142	relates to expectations.	与预期有关。
143	At a very basic, simple level,	在一个非常基本,简单的层面,
144	we're unhappy when our expectations of reality	当我们对现实的期望不尽如人意
145	exceed our experiences of reality,	超越我们的现实经历
146	when our expectations exceed reality.	当我们的期望超过现实。
147	And I like to call this an expectation gap,	我想把这叫做期望差距,
148	when our expectations are greater than reality.	当我们的期望大于现实时。
149	It's a very simple concept,	这是一个非常简单的概念,
150	but it's a hugely important concept	但它是一个非常重要的概念
151	to fully understand, to fully get our head around.	完全理解, 完全得到我们的头环。
152	And to help us get our head around it,	为了帮助我们摆脱困境
153	I like to think in terms of three different types of expectation gaps.	我想从三种不同类型的期望差距来考虑。
154	Three different types of gaps	三类差距
155	based on the different ways in which we form expectations.	基于我们形成期望的不同方式。
156	I think we form expectations based on our imagination,	我认为我们基于我们的想象 形成期望,
157	based on those around us,	基于我们周围的人,
158	and based on our past experiences.	根据我们过去的经验。
159	So to this first type of expectation gap,	所以对于第一种期望差距,
160	the imagination gap,	想象力差距,
161	which occurs when our imagination exceeds reality.	当我们的想象力超越现实时 就会发生
162	You see, when we choose to buy goods,	你看,当我们选择购买商品时,
163	we choose from a range of options.	我们从一系列选项中选择。
164	When we choose where to travel to,	当我们选择去哪里旅行,
165	we often choose from a range of options.	我们经常从一系列选项中选择。
166	When we choose which leader to elect,	当我们选择选举哪个领袖时,
167	we often choose from a range of options.	我们经常从一系列选项中选择。
168	And how do we make that decision?	我们怎样做决定?
169	What we do is that we choose the one that we think will be the best.	我们要做的是,我们选择我们认为最好的一个。
170	We choose the one that we imagine will be the best of all the options.	我们选择一个我们想象中最好的选择。
171	And so what we do is that we try to maximize our utility at a given price.	因此,我们要做的就是 以一定的价格 尽量提高我们的效用。
172	That's how most people make decisions.	大多数人都是这样做决定的.
173	To do otherwise would be to choose an option	否则就是选择一个选项
174	that we didn't think would be as good,	我们没想到会这样好,
175	which seems a bit counterintuitive.	这似乎有点反感。
176	Now, the problem here is that the very act of choosing the thing	现在,这里的问题是 选择事物的行为
177	that we think will give us the greatest happiness,	我们以为会给我们最大的幸福,
178	that very decision-making process	决策程序
179	is the thing that actually undermines our happiness.	是真正破坏我们幸福的东西
180	Because what it means is that when we then see reality,	因为这意味着 当我们看到现实
181	when we then experience it,	当我们体验它的时候,
182	whether it's the good or the place we travel to	不管是好地方还是好地方
183	or the leader that we elect,	或我们选举的领导人,
184	it's highly likely that that reality won't live up to our expectation.	这很有可能是现实不能满足我们的期望
185	And that leads to disappointment.	这会导致失望。
186	And technology makes this so much worse.	科技使事情变得更糟。
187	What technology allows is things that are actually unrealistic to appear real.	技术允许的是 实际不现实的东西 以真实的形式出现。
188	Things that aren't even on the happiness scale	连幸福都算不上的事
189	are made to seem as though they are actually possible.	似乎它们实际上有可能。
190	We Photoshop things in, we airbrush things out,	我们把东西处理好,把东西刷掉,
191	we digitally enhance photos.	我们数字化增强的照片。
192	And what this does is it makes us romanticize travel	这会让我们把旅行浪漫化
193	and makes us come up with fantastical ideas about places	并让我们想出 神奇的想法的地方
194	that reality simply can't live up to.	现实是无法实现的
195	So we think Sagrada Familia looks like this	所以,我们认为萨格拉达家庭 看起来像这样
196	when it actually looks like this.	当它实际上是这样的。
197	We think the Taj Mahal always looks like this	我们认为泰姬陵总是这样
198	when actually often it looks like this.	经常这样
199	We think that the Mona Lisa looks like this	我们认为蒙娜丽莎是这样的
200	when actually if we go and visit it, it's more likely to look like this.	如果我们去拜访它, 更可能是这样。
201	What technology does is that it skews our vision	技术的作用是它扭曲了我们的愿景
202	and distorts reality and makes the unreal seem real.	并扭曲现实 使不真实看起来真实。
203	Indeed, many of the times that when we're happiest when we go traveling,	确实,很多时候,当我们最快乐的时候,我们去旅行,
204	there are actually the times when we stumble across things we didn't expect,	事实上,有的时候,我们偶然 遇到我们没有预料到的事情,
205	when we discover things for ourselves	当我们为自己发现事物
206	where we don't have preconceived notions of different places.	在那里,我们没有预先构思 不同的地方。
207	And what also makes this worse is selection bias.	更糟糕的是选择偏差。
208	Many content-based algorithms,	许多基于内容的算法,
209	无论是Google搜索还是Facebook新闻种子,
210	the way that it presents information	信息提供方式
211	is that it prioritizes those things that are the best images,	它把那些最好的图像放在优先位置
212	the most shared images, the most liked images.	最共享的图像, 最喜欢的图像。
213	You're more likely to be shown a photo on Facebook	你更可能在脸书上看到照片
214	if it has 200 likes than if it has two.	如果它有200个喜欢 比它有两个喜欢。
215	And so we come to think of the best images as being normal, as being average.	所以我们开始认为最好的图像是正常的,是普通的。
216	And this also plays with our imagination.	这也是我们想象力的发挥。
217	That's selection bias.	那是选择的偏见。
218	Then there's persuasion.	后有劝导.
219	Because politicians often get elected on the basis of promising things	因为政治人物经常根据有希望的东西当选
220	that they can't deliver by raising our expectations.	他们不能通过提高我们的期望来实现。
221	I mean, who would you be more likely to vote for?	我是说,你更可能投给谁?
222	A politician that says,	一个政客说,
223	I'll fix your problems if you vote for me,	如果你投我一票 我就解决你的问题
224	or someone who says, perhaps more honestly,	或者有人说,也许更诚实,
225	things will probably be the same whether you vote for me or not.	无论你投不投我 事情都一样
226	You're probably going to vote for the former,	你可能会投给前者
227	but you're probably going to be disappointed as well.	但你可能也会失望
228	And so we're in this constant cycle of expectations being raised	所以,我们在这个不断循环 期望被提高
229	and hopes being dashed.	而希望被破灭。
230	That's the same with companies.	公司也一样
231	I mean, companies are more likely to tell us	我的意思是,公司 更有可能告诉我们
232	that watches have never performed tasks so quickly.	手表从来没有这么快完成过任务
233	They're probably not going to tell us batteries have never run out so quickly,	他们可能不会告诉我们电池从未这么快用完
234	both of which are true.	两者都是真的
235	And so when you have technology, when you have persuasion,	所以,当你有技术, 当你有说服力,
236	and when you have selection bias,	当你们有选择的时候,
237	what that means is that we imagine and demand and expect more	这意味着我们想象 要求和期望更多
238	than reality can provide.	比现实所能提供。
239	And when the limitless potential of our minds	而当我们的无限潜力
240	is met by the confined nature of Earth,	被地球的封闭性所满足,
241	we're disappointed, we're unhappy.	我们失望,我们不高兴。
242	Expectations and disappointments irrevocably intertwine.	期望和失望是不可挽回的。
243	In terms of beauty, it's no wonder that self-esteem levels are so low.	在美貌方面,无怪于自尊水平如此低下.
244	I mean, advertisers learned long ago	我是说,广告商早就知道了
245	that if you can make people hate themselves, you can sell them things.	如果你能让人恨自己 你可以卖掉他们的东西
246	Now they're applying it time and time again.	现在他们一遍又一遍地应用它.
247	And we see this.	我们看到了这一点。
248	What we see is advertisers showing only the best before and after photos.	我们所看到的是广告商只展示照片前后最好的.
249	What we see is pictures of models	我们看到的是模型的照片
250	who are made to seem perfect even though they're not.	他们看起来很完美 即使他们不是。
251	We've become a society of complainers, of perfectionists,	我们成为一个充满抱怨者 完美主义者的社会
252	of counterfactual historians,	反事实史学家,
253	people who always imagine different and better outcomes for ourselves,	人们总是想象 不同的和更好的结果为自己,
254	but people whose imagination can't be satisfied.	但那些想象力无法满足的人
255	So that's the imagination gap.	这就是想象力的差距。
256	That's why our imagination exceeds reality,	这就是为什么我们的想象力超越现实,
257	and that's the first main reason why we're unhappy.	这也是我们不开心的第一个原因
258	The second main type of expectation that we have,	我们的第二种主要期望
259	I like to call the interpersonal gap.	我喜欢称之为人际差距。
260	That's where we compare our reality to the reality of others.	这就是我们比较现实与他人现实的地方.
261	Put simply, we judge ourselves based on what we experience around us.	简单地说,我们是根据我们周围的经历来评判自己的。
262	If you earn $50,000 and you're in a poor neighborhood, you'll feel rich.	如果你赚了五万元,又在贫穷的街区里,你会觉得很有钱.
263	If you earn $50,000 and you're in a wealthy neighborhood, you'll feel poor.	如果你赚到五万元,又在一个富裕的街区里,你会感到贫穷.
264	If you get a small pay rise but everyone around you gets a large pay rise,	如果你得到一个小工资上涨 但你周围的每个人都得到一个大工资上涨,
265	you'll be disappointed.	你会失望的。
266	Your gain is someone's pain, someone's pain is your gain.	你的收获是某人的痛苦,某人的痛苦是你的收益.
267	Unfortunately, it's a bit of a zero-sum game, or so it seems.	不幸的是,这是有点零和的游戏,或者看起来是这样.
268	And it's not only relative income that matters,	不仅相对的收入很重要
269	it's also relative appearance that matters.	相对的外观也很重要
270	One person's plastic surgery is another's psychic loss.	一个人的整形手术是另一个人的心理损失.
271	Indeed, research has shown that we're actually happier	事实上,研究表明,我们实际上更快乐
272	when we're with worse-looking people,	当我们与更糟糕的人,
273	because we're perceived by others to be objectively better-looking.	因为我们被别人视为客观上更帅.
274	So now when your friend asks you to come to a bar or to a club with them,	所以当你朋友叫你去酒吧或俱乐部的时候
275	you know why.	你知道为什么。
276	And what's particularly interesting about this	这特别有意思的是
277	is that we have an asymmetry of emphasis.	也就是说,我们的重点不对称。
278	We prioritize, we focus on one end of the spectrum.	我们优先,我们注重一个方面。
279	We focus on the rich, the famous, the beautiful,	我们专注于富人 名人 美人
280	and pay less attention to the other end.	并少注意另一端。
281	And so we're made to seem poorer, we're made to feel poorer,	所以我们变得更穷,我们感到更穷,
282	made to feel less successful than we actually are.	感觉不如我们那么成功
283	It's almost as though we're running on a hedonic treadmill,	这几乎就像我们运行 在一个狂妄的跑步机,
284	constantly striving to be happy, but getting no closer.	不断的追求快乐,但是没有接近。
285	Because when our standard of living improves,	因为当我们的生活水平提高,
286	if everyone else's standard of living improves as well,	如果其他人的生活水平也提高了
287	we don't always feel happier.	我们并不总是觉得快乐。
288	So that's the second way in which we form expectations,	所以,这是第二种方式 我们形成期望,
289	based on others around us.	基于我们周围的其他人
290	The third and final way is based on our past,	第三条也是最后一条路 以我们的过去为基础
291	based on our past experiences.	根据我们过去的经验。
292	I call this the intertemporal gap.	我称之为时空差距。
293	And we're unhappy when our past reality is better than our present reality.	而当我们过去的现实比现在的现实更好时,我们感到不快.
294	Take two people who have the same average lifetime income,	带两个人 平均一生收入相同
295	but person A whose income decreases over their lifetime,	但A人的收入在一生中下降,
296	person B whose income increases.	收入增加的B类人。
297	Now research shows that you're always happier if you're person B,	现在的研究表明,如果你是B, 你总是更快乐,
298	if you have that increasing income, even though the average might be the same.	如果收入增加,即使平均收入可能相同。
299	Why is this?	为什么?
300	It's because of something that psychologists refer to as anchoring.	这是因为心理学家称之为锚定的东西.
301	We compare to our past.	我们和过去相比
302	And if you're constantly improving, constantly exceeding expectations,	如果你在不断改进 不断超出预期
303	constantly moving forward, you're generally happy.	不断前进,你一般都很开心。
304	The reverse is true if you're person A.	反之,如果你是人A,这是事实。
305	And so what this means in terms of raising children,	这对抚养孩子意味着什么?
306	I think often we tend to spoil children.	我想我们经常会宠坏孩子
307	We tend to give them everything to want to give them the best start in life.	我们倾向于给他们一切 想要给他们最好的人生开端。
308	But often the best intentions don't always lead to the best outcomes.	但往往最好的意向并不总能导致最佳结果.
309	Yes, we should support children, but if we give them everything,	是的,我们应该支持儿童, 但是如果我们给他们一切,
310	then it's much harder for them to have what I call a positive intertemporal gradient.	那么,对于他们来说,有一个我所说的正时际梯度就更难了。
311	It's harder for them to improve over time throughout their life,	他们一生都很难改善
312	and that actually potentially undermines their happiness.	这实际上有可能损害他们的幸福。
313	And while I'm talking about parenting, I think another problem in our society	当我说到养育子女的时候 我觉得我们社会上还有另一个问题
314	is that we tend to tell children that they're special,	我们倾向于告诉孩子们 他们是特殊的,
315	that they're unique, that they're one of a kind, that they're amazing.	他们是独一无二的, 他们是一类的, 他们是惊人的。
316	We tell them that they can be prime minister or president,	我们告诉他们,他们可以是总理或总统,
317	that they can be the next Mark Zuckerberg.	他们可以成为下一个马克・扎克伯格。
318	We tell them that they'll be Beyonce one day.	我们告诉他们,他们有一天会成为碧昂丝。
319	What this means is that we raise their expectations.	这意味着我们提高他们的期望。
320	And so when that child gets a normal job,	所以,当那个孩子得到一个正常的工作,
321	when they start a business and it fails like most do,	当他们创办一个企业, 它失败了像大多数人一样,
322	when they're seeing career peaks with a rendition of single ladies in the shower,	当他们看到职业生涯的高峰 与引渡单身女子在淋浴,
323	they're disappointed.	他们很失望
324	They're unhappy.	他们不高兴。
325	Their expectations haven't been satisfied.	他们的期望没有得到满足.
326	Yes, we want to give children self-belief,	是的,我们想让孩子们相信自己
327	but we don't want to delude them and we don't want to delude ourselves.	但我们不想欺骗他们 我们也不想欺骗自己
328	So what we see is that our happiness is largely determined by expectations.	因此,我们看到的是,我们的幸福在很大程度上是由期望决定的.
329	Our expectations are largely determined by what we consider to be normal.	我们的期望在很大程度上取决于我们认为是正常的。
330	And what we consider to be normal is largely based on our imagination,	而我们认为是正常的 基本上基于我们的想象,
331	based on others around us, and based on our past.	以我们周围的其他人为基础,以我们的过去为基础。
332	And so we have these constant battles,	因此,我们有 这些不断的战斗,
333	the battle between our imagination and our reality,	我们想象力与现实之间的战斗,
334	the battle between the reality that we experience	我们经历的现实之间的战斗
335	and what we think or perceive that others experience,	以及我们所认为的或认为的其他人所经历的,
336	the battle between our reality and our past reality.	我们的现实与过去的现实之间的战斗。
337	How can we win these battles?	我们怎么能赢得这些战役?
338	Well, I think the first challenge,	我觉得第一个挑战
339	the challenge for entrepreneurs and businessmen,	对企业家和商人的挑战,
340	for parents, for legislators, for magazine editors,	父母、立法者、杂志编辑
341	is to take happiness seriously, to take expectations seriously.	是认真对待幸福 认真对待期望
342	I think often we relegate happiness to the world of art, not science.	我认为我们常常把幸福归结于艺术世界,而不是科学.
343	We dismiss it.	我们驳回它。
344	We think of it in terms of hippies rather than businessmen.	我们考虑的是嬉皮士而不是商人
345	What we want is for entrepreneurs	我们想要的是企业家
346	to focus on actually improving contentment, not just increasing consumption.	专注于实际改善满足,而不仅仅是增加消费。
347	In terms of winning the imagination battle,	就赢得想象力战而言
348	I think it's important that we make it known to content providers	我觉得我们一定要让内容提供者知道
349	the importance of actually having realistic representations	实际作出现实陈述的重要性
350	of images, people, and places and events.	影像、人、地点和事件
351	And we might even go so far as to ban things like digital enhancement in ads.	我们甚至可以禁止广告中的数字增强。
352	In terms of winning the interpersonal battle,	就赢得人际斗争而言
353	I think it's important that governments prioritize income equality	我认为,政府必须优先考虑收入平等
354	and that we learn to compete against ourselves rather than against others.	我们学会与自己竞争 而不是与他人竞争
355	And in terms of that intertemporal battle,	在那个时空的战斗中
356	I think it's important that we support kids, encourage kids,	我认为重要的是,我们支持孩子,鼓励孩子,
357	but also make them realize when it's impossible	也让他们意识到 当这是不可能的
358	and not to give them completely unrealistic expectations.	而不是给他们 完全不现实的期望。
359	Let me conclude.	请允许我结束发言。
360	We seem to have been seduced into a way of life	我们好像被诱入了一种生活方式
361	that almost conspires in every way against the most basic level of contentment.	几乎密谋 以各种方式 与最基本的满足程度。
362	We're terrible predictors of what will make us happy.	我们是可怕的预测者 是什么会让我们快乐。
363	I mean, any time monkeys beat you, you know there's a problem.	我的意思是,每当猴子打你, 你知道有一个问题。
364	We're terrible predictors of happiness	我们是幸福的可怕预测者
365	because the way in which we rationalize,	因为我们理顺的方式,
366	the way in which we make decisions is often on the basis of actual levels,	我们作出决定的方式往往取决于实际水平,
367	absolute levels,	绝对水平,
368	but the way in which we feel is based on relative outcomes,	但我们的感受是基于相对结果,
369	based on expectations.	基于预期。
370	It's expectations that explains why a bronze medalist	这是人们的期望 解释了为什么一个铜牌手
371	can be happier than a silver medalist	比银牌得主更快乐
372	because the silver medalist imagines coming first,	因为银牌手想象着先来
373	the bronze medalist imagines coming forth.	青铜奖得主想出来的。
374	It's expectations that explains why often lottery winners aren't that happy.	正是期望才解释了为什么彩票赢家往往不这么高兴.
375	Their happiness doesn't last	他们的幸福不能持久
376	because they don't have that increasing level of satisfaction	因为他们的满意程度没有提高
377	throughout their life.	他们的一生
378	It's expectations that explains why you can be happier	是期望才让你更快乐
379	with an income of 40,000 to an income of 50,000.	收入4万元至5万元.
380	We often think of happiness in isolation in a vacuum	我们常常在真空中孤立地思考幸福
381	when in reality our happiness is far more complicated.	当现实中,我们的幸福要复杂得多。
382	It's far more intertwined with our community, our imagination, and our past.	它与我们的社区,我们的想象力,以及我们的过去更紧密地交织在一起.
383	And it's important that we think carefully about how our minds work,	重要的是我们要仔细思考我们的思想如何运作,
384	how our feelings work, how our expectations work.	我们的感情如何运作,我们的期望如何运作.
385	And it's important that we change the way in which we make decisions	重要的是我们改变决策方式
386	so that our thinking process matches our feeling process.	这样我们的思维过程就能与我们的感受过程相匹配.
387	Ladies and gentlemen, for entrepreneurs	女士们,先生们,为企业家
388	that want to improve the lives of others,	他们想改善别人的生活,
389	as well as for people that want to be happy,	以及希望快乐的人,
390	I think the first step is understanding why we're unhappy.	我认为第一步是理解我们为什么不开心.
391	And I hope that the next time, if ever it happens,	我希望下一次,如果它发生,
392	that your decision-making prowess is compared to that of monkeys,	你的决策能力 与猴子相比,
393	I hope you come out on top.	我希望你能从上面出来
394	Thank you.	谢谢

该视频共有字幕 394 条。解锁更多字幕为会员功能，请移动到 价格