高效学习的关键方法【TED演讲】
共 3 集
剧集目录
| 集 | 标题 | 时长 |
|---|---|---|
| P1 | 高效学习的关键方法【TED演讲】 中英双语 | 17:40 |
| P2 | 高效学习的关键方法【TED演讲】 英文字幕(中文外挂) | 17:40 |
| P3 | 高效学习的关键方法【TED演讲】 无字幕(中英外挂) | 17:40 |
P1 · 高效学习的关键方法【TED演讲】 p01 中英双语 (P1)
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:02 | I grew up moving all over the place. | 我从小就到处搬家 |
| 0:06 | By the time I hit 10th grade, I'd lived in 10 different places. | 到10年级时,我住在10个不同的地方. |
| 0:11 | Math is extraordinarily sequential. | 数学是异常的顺序。 |
| 0:14 | And by the time I'd hit 3rd grade, I'd fallen off the math bandwagon. | 到了三年级的时候 我从数学界摔下来了 |
| 0:19 | Basically, I flunked my way through elementary, middle, and high school math and science. | 基本上,我从小学,初中,高中数学和科学的成绩都不及格. |
| 0:26 | So it's a little strange looking back now because today I'm a professor of engineering and I'm passionate about my job. | 所以现在回想起来有点奇怪,因为今天我是工程学教授,对工作充满热情. |
| 0:37 | One day one of my students found out about my past and he asked me, | 有一天我的一个学生发现了我的过去 他问我 |
| 0:42 | How did you do it? | 你怎么做到的? 怎样做到的? |
| 0:43 | How did you change your brain? | 你怎么改变大脑的? |
| 0:46 | And I thought, you know, how did I do it? | 我想,你知道,我是如何做到这一点的? |
展开字幕全文（208 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I grew up moving all over the place. | 我从小就到处搬家 |
| 2 | By the time I hit 10th grade, I'd lived in 10 different places. | 到10年级时,我住在10个不同的地方. |
| 3 | Math is extraordinarily sequential. | 数学是异常的顺序。 |
| 4 | And by the time I'd hit 3rd grade, I'd fallen off the math bandwagon. | 到了三年级的时候 我从数学界摔下来了 |
| 5 | Basically, I flunked my way through elementary, middle, and high school math and science. | 基本上,我从小学,初中,高中数学和科学的成绩都不及格. |
| 6 | So it's a little strange looking back now because today I'm a professor of engineering and I'm passionate about my job. | 所以现在回想起来有点奇怪,因为今天我是工程学教授,对工作充满热情. |
| 7 | One day one of my students found out about my past and he asked me, | 有一天我的一个学生发现了我的过去 他问我 |
| 8 | How did you do it? | 你怎么做到的? 怎样做到的? |
| 9 | How did you change your brain? | 你怎么改变大脑的? |
| 10 | And I thought, you know, how did I do it? | 我想,你知道,我是如何做到这一点的? |
| 11 | I mean, here I was, this little kid, and I just loved language and culture and that's all I wanted to learn when I grew up. | 我的意思是,我在这里,这个小孩, 我只是喜欢语言和文化, 这就是我长大以后想学的。 |
| 12 | But I didn't have the money to go to college, so I enlisted in the Army right out of high school to learn a language. | 但我没钱上大学 所以我从高中毕业就入伍学习语言 |
| 13 | And you can see me there looking very nervous about to throw a grenade. | 你可以看到我在那里看起来非常紧张 要扔手榴弹。 |
| 14 | And I did learn a language. | 我确实学会了一种语言。 |
| 15 | I learned Russian and I ended up working out on Soviet trawlers up on the Bering Sea as a Russian translator. | 我学了俄语,最后在白令海做苏联拖网渔船的翻译。 |
| 16 | So I just loved adventure and getting new perspectives. | 所以我喜欢冒险 和获得新的视角。 |
| 17 | So I also ended up in Antarctica at the South Pole Station and that's where I ended up meeting my husband. | 所以我最后也在南极洲的南极洲 在那里我终于见到了我丈夫 |
| 18 | So I always say, I had to go to the end of the earth to meet that man. | 所以我总是说,我必须去 地球的尽头去见那个男人。 |
| 19 | But I began to realize something though. | 但我开始意识到一些事情 |
| 20 | I was doing all these adventures and seeing these new perspectives, but somehow they were always external. | 我做了所有这些冒险 并看到了这些新的视角, 但不知何故,它们总是外部的。 |
| 21 | They weren't internal. | 他们不是内部的。 |
| 22 | I wasn't changing inside. | 我没有在内部改变。 |
| 23 | When I worked in the military, I worked with all these West Point engineers and they had these powerful techniques for problem solving. | 当我在军队工作时, 我和所有这些西点工程师一起工作, 他们有这些强大的解决问题的技术。 |
| 24 | And I thought, you know, I'd look sometimes at what they were doing and they had these calculus and physics books and it looked like hieroglyphics to me. | 我想,你知道,我有时会看看他们在做什么, 他们有这些微积分和物理书, 它看起来像象形文字。 |
| 25 | But I thought, what if I could get those ideas? | 但我想,如果我可以得到这些想法呢? |
| 26 | What if I could learn that language? | 如果我能学这种语言呢? |
| 27 | I mean, the world's evolving. | 这个世界正在演变 |
| 28 | Language and culture are important, but math and science and technology are important too. | 语言和文化很重要,但数学和科学技术也很重要。 |
| 29 | What if I could learn these new ideas and add them to the ideas I already knew and loved? | 如果我能学会这些新想法, 把它们加入我已经知道和热爱的想法中呢? |
| 30 | So when I got out of the military at age 26, I decided to try and change my brain. | 所以当我26岁离开军队时, 我决定试着改变我的大脑。 |
| 31 | It wasn't easy. | 这可不容易 |
| 32 | But if I knew then what I know now about how to learn, I could have learned much more easily and much more effectively. | 但是,如果我知道,然后我知道,我现在知道如何学习,我本可以更容易和更有效地学习。 |
| 33 | So several years ago, as I began trying to answer that student's question, how did I change my brain? | 所以几年前,当我开始试图回答那个学生的问题时, 我是如何改变我的大脑的? |
| 34 | I began reaching out to top professors from around the world. | 我开始联系来自世界各地的顶级教授 |
| 35 | People who not only had knowledge of their difficult areas of expertise, but also who could teach effectively. | 不仅了解自己困难的专业领域,而且能够有效教学的人。 |
| 36 | And I asked them, I said, how did you learn and how do you teach so others can learn? | 我问他们,我说,你是如何学习的,你是如何教别人的? |
| 37 | And what I found was the way they learned and the way they taught was often similar to the way I learned and I taught. | 我发现的是他们学习的方式, 他们的教学方式常常和我学习和教学的方式相似。 |
| 38 | It was almost like this kind of shared fraternal handshake. | 它几乎像这种 共同的兄弟握手。 |
| 39 | But we often didn't know why we did what we did. | 但我们常常不知道为什么我们这样做。 |
| 40 | So I began researching neuroscience and cognitive psychology and reaching out to talk to top experts in those fields. | 所以我开始研究神经科学和认知心理学, 并接触这些领域的顶尖专家。 |
| 41 | And here is what I found, the keys to learning effectively. | 这就是我发现的,有效学习的关键。 |
| 42 | Now, as we know, the brain is enormously complex. | 正如我们所知,大脑非常复杂。 |
| 43 | But we can simplify its operation into two fundamentally different modes. | 但是,我们可以简化它的运作 成两个根本不同的模式。 |
| 44 | The first is what I'll call the focus mode. | 首先是我所说的焦点模式。 |
| 45 | And the focus mode is just like it sounds like. | 而焦点模式就像听起来一样. |
| 46 | You turn your attention to something and boom, it's on. | 你将注意力转向某事 然后爆炸,它开始。 |
| 47 | But the second mode is a little different. | 但第二种模式略有不同. |
| 48 | It's a relaxed set of neural states that I'll call the diffuse mode. | 这是一种放松的神经状态, 我会称之为扩散模式。 |
| 49 | It's a number of resting states. | 复有数休州. |
| 50 | And so it seems that when you're learning, you're going back and forth between these two different modes. | 所以似乎,当你学习的时候, 你会在这两种不同的模式之间回转。 |
| 51 | Now, how can we better understand these modes? | 现在,我们如何更好地了解这些模式? |
| 52 | Through analogy. | 通过类比. |
| 53 | And what we're going to use is a pinball machine analogy. | 我们要用的是弹球机类比。 |
| 54 | And you all know how pinballs work. | 你们都知道弹球的功能 |
| 55 | You just pull back on the plunger and the ball goes boinking out and bounces around on the rubber bumpers. | 你只要拉回滑板 球就会跳出来 弹到橡胶保险杠上 |
| 56 | And that's how you get points. | 这就是你得到分数的方法。 |
| 57 | So what we're going to do is we're going to take this pinball and we're going to put it right on your brain. | 所以我们要做的就是把这个弹球放在你的大脑里。 |
| 58 | Right. | 对 |
| 59 | So there it is. | 就这样了 |
| 60 | There's the pinball machine on your brain. | 你脑子里有弹球机 |
| 61 | And if you look, this is the analogy for the focus mode. | 如果你看,这就是焦点模式的类比。 |
| 62 | And when you're learning, you're often thinking tightly as you're focusing on something. | 而在学习时,往往在专注于某事时,会仔细思考. |
| 63 | It involves thoughts you're somewhat familiar with, perhaps historical patterns or you're familiar with the multiplication table. | 它涉及到你有些熟悉的想法, 也许是历史模式 或者你熟悉的乘法表。 |
| 64 | So you think a thought and it takes off and moves along smoothly pretty much along the pathways that you've already laid. | 所以,你想一个想法,它会起飞, 沿着你已经铺设的路径平稳地前进。 |
| 65 | But what if the thought you're thinking is actually a new thought, a new concept, a new technique that you've never thought of before? | 但如果你所想的其实是新思想,新概念,新技巧,你以前从未想到过呢? |
| 66 | Well, that's symbolized by this new pattern towards the bottom of the pinball machine metaphor to get to this new place. | 这象征着这种新的模式 朝着弹球机的比喻的底部 到达这个新地方 |
| 67 | I mean, at least sort of metaphorically speaking, look at all the rubber bumpers that are in the way. | 我的意思是,至少从隐喻的角度来说, 看看所有有碍的橡胶保险杠。 |
| 68 | How can you even get there? | 你怎么会到那里? |
| 69 | You need a different way of thinking, a new perspective in a sense. | 你需要一种不同的思维方式,一种意义上的新视角. |
| 70 | And that's provided here by the diffuse mode. | 这是通过扩散模式提供的。 |
| 71 | Look at how far apart those rubber bumpers are from one another. | 看看这些橡皮保险杠之间有多远 |
| 72 | When you think a thought, it takes off and it can range very widely as you're attempting to come up with some new ideas. | 当你想到一个想法,它会起飞, 它可以非常广泛, 当你试图想出一些新的想法。 |
| 73 | So you can't do the careful focus thinking that you can in the focus mode, | 所以,你不能做谨慎的焦点 思考你可以在焦点模式, |
| 74 | but you can at least get to the place you need to be in to grapple with these new ideas. | 但你至少可以到达你需要的地方 来应对这些新想法。 |
| 75 | So the bottom line for all of us out of this is this. | 因此,我们所有人的底线是这一点。 |
| 76 | When you're learning, you want to go back and forth between these modes. | 当你学习的时候,你想在这些模式之间回转。 |
| 77 | And if you find yourself as you're focusing in on something, trying to learn a new concept or solve a problem and you get stuck, | 如果你发现自己 专注于某件事, 试图学习一个新的概念或解决一个问题 你被卡住了, |
| 78 | you want to turn your attention away from that problem and allow the diffuse modes, | 你想把注意力从这个问题上移开 并允许扩散模式, |
| 79 | those resting states to do their work in the background. | 休息的各州将在背景中开展工作。 |
| 80 | Now, how can we actually use these ideas in real life? | 现在,我们怎样才能在现实生活中真正运用这些想法呢? |
| 81 | If you look at this guy right here, he was Salvador Dali, | 如果你看看这个人,他是萨尔瓦多达利, |
| 82 | one of the most brilliant surrealist painters of the 20th century. | 20世纪最辉煌的超现实主义画家之一. |
| 83 | Dali was the very definition of a wild and crazy guy. | 达利是一个疯狂狂人的定义 |
| 84 | You can see him there. | 你可以看到他在那里。 |
| 85 | He's got his pet ocelot, Babu. | 他有他的宠物小块,巴布。 |
| 86 | And what Dali used to do when he was kind of stuck as he was solving some problem related to his painting | 达利在解决一些与画画有关的问题时 被卡住了 |
| 87 | was he'd sit down and he'd relax in a chair and he'd have keys in his hands. | 他坐在椅子上放松 手里拿着钥匙 |
| 88 | And he'd hold those keys and he'd relax and kind of let his brain noodling away. | 他拿着那些钥匙 放松一下 让他的大脑发臭 |
| 89 | And just as he relaxed so much that he'd fall asleep, the keys would fall from his hands, the clatter would wake him up, | 就像他放松得睡着一样 钥匙会从他手上掉下来 盘子会吵醒他 |
| 90 | and off you go. | 离开你。 |
| 91 | He'd take those ideas from the diffuse mode over to the focus mode | 他会把这些想法 从扩散模式到焦点模式 |
| 92 | where he could work with them, refine them, and use them for his painting. | 在那里他可以和他们一起工作, 细化他们, 并用他们做他的画。 |
| 93 | So you might think, well, that's great. | 所以,你可能会认为, 嗯,这是伟大的。 |
| 94 | You know, that's good for an artist. | 你知道,这对艺术家有好处。 |
| 95 | But I'm an engineer, so how can I use these ideas? | 但我是工程师,我怎么能用这些想法? |
| 96 | Well, if you see this guy right here, he was Thomas Edison, | 好吧,如果你看到这家伙在这里, 他是托马斯爱迪生, |
| 97 | one of the most brilliant inventors in history. | 历史上最辉煌的发明家之一. |
| 98 | And what Edison used to like to do, at least according to legend, | 爱迪生以前喜欢做的事 至少根据传说 |
| 99 | he'd sit in a chair with ball bearings in his hand, | 他坐在椅子上,手拿着球轴 |
| 100 | and he'd relax away kind of thinking about a problem loosely that he was trying to solve related to his inventions, | 他会放松 那种思考的问题松散 他试图解决 与他的发明, |
| 101 | relaxing, and then just as he'd fall asleep, the ball bearings would fall from his hands, | 放松,然后当他睡着了, 球轴承会从他的手上掉下来, |
| 102 | and off he'd go. | 并离开他去。 |
| 103 | He'd be woken up and he'd take those ideas from the diffuse mode back into the focus mode, | 他会被唤醒 把这些想法从扩散模式带回焦点模式 |
| 104 | and he'd use them to refine and finish his inventions. | 他用它们来完善和完成他的发明 |
| 105 | So the bottom line for all of us out of this is this. | 因此,我们所有人的底线是这一点。 |
| 106 | Whenever you're sitting down to solve a new problem or analyze a new idea, | 每当你坐下来解决新问题或分析新想法时 |
| 107 | even if millions of other people have thought the same thoughts or solved the same problems, | 即使其他数百万人 想到同样的想法或解决同样的问题, |
| 108 | for you, it's just as creative as it was for famous people like Dali and Edison. | 对你来说,这和达利和爱迪生等名人一样有创意 |
| 109 | And you want to use some of these creative approaches. | 你想用一些这些创造性的方法。 |
| 110 | So what you might say to me, well, yeah, I've got a problem, though. | 所以,你可以告诉我, 嗯,是的,我有一个问题,虽然。 |
| 111 | You know, I just, I love to procrastinate. | 你知道,我只是,我喜欢拖延。 |
| 112 | I mean, this back and forth stuff is great, but I just, I don't have time. | 我的意思是,这些东西是伟大的, 但我只是,我没有时间。 |
| 113 | I cram at the last minute and that's just me. | 我最后一刻就挤了,那只是我 |
| 114 | So let's talk just a little bit about procrastination. | 故略谈延缓. |
| 115 | What seems to happen when you procrastinate is this. | 当你拖延的时候 似乎会发生这样的事 |
| 116 | You look at something you'd really rather not do, | 你看着一些你不想做的事 |
| 117 | and you actually feel a physical pain in the part of your brain that analyzes pain. | 你实际上感觉到了大脑中 分析疼痛的肉体痛苦 |
| 118 | So there's two ways that you can handle this. | 所以有两种方法你可以处理这个。 |
| 119 | The first way is you can just kind of keep working away through it. | 第一种方式是,你可以 只是那种工作 通过它。 |
| 120 | And research has shown that within a few minutes it actually will disappear. | 研究表明,几分钟内它就会消失。 |
| 121 | But the second way is you just turn your attention away and guess what? | 但第二种方法就是把注意力移开 猜怎么着? |
| 122 | You feel better, right? | 你感觉好点了吧? |
| 123 | Right away. | 马上 |
| 124 | So you do this once, you do this twice, it's just not that big a deal. | 所以,你这样做一次,你这样做两次, 只是没有那么大的问题。 |
| 125 | But you do this very often and it's actually like an addiction. | 但你经常这样做,其实就像上瘾一样。 |
| 126 | It can really cause problems in how you lead your life. | 它真的会给你的生活带来问题。 |
| 127 | So how can you handle it? | 那你怎么应付呢? |
| 128 | A very simple way using the Pomodoro Technique. | 一个非常简单的方式使用波莫多罗技术。 |
| 129 | Pomodoro Technique, 事实证明, 你只需要得到一个定时器。 | |
| 130 | Any timer will do. | 任何计时器都会做。 |
| 131 | And then you just take it and set it for 25 minutes and make sure everything else is turned off. | 然后,你只是把它和设置 25分钟,确保其他一切关闭。 |
| 132 | So no instant messages, nothing like that. | 所以,没有即时消息,没有这样的。 |
| 133 | And you work with focused attention for 25 minutes. | 你专心工作25分钟 |
| 134 | Anybody can do 25 minutes, virtually anyone. | 任何人都可以做25分钟,几乎任何人。 |
| 135 | And when you're done, you do something fun. | 当你完成,你做一些有趣的事情。 |
| 136 | Just a little bit, a few minutes of relaxed fun. | 只是一点点,几分钟放松的乐趣。 |
| 137 | What this seems to do is this. | 这似乎就是这个。 |
| 138 | You are enhancing, you're practicing in some sense, your ability to have focused attention. | 你正在增强,你正在练习 从某种意义上说,你的能力 集中的注意力。 |
| 139 | And you're also practicing your ability to relax a little bit. | 你也在练习放松一下的能力。 |
| 140 | And now you understand that relaxation is also an important part of the learning process. | 现在你明白放松也是学习过程的一个重要部分。 |
| 141 | There's things going on in the background. | 后缘有事. |
| 142 | The only thing is this. | 只有这个 |
| 143 | When you do the Pomodoro, you want to make sure that you don't sit there and say, | 当你做波莫多罗时,你想确保你不会坐在那里说, |
| 144 | I'm going to do my entire homework set in this 25 minutes. | 我要在这25分钟内完成我的作业 |
| 145 | No. | 没有 |
| 146 | You just sit and say, I'm going to work with focused attention for 25 minutes. | 你坐着说 我要专心工作25分钟 |
| 147 | And that's the key. | 这就是关键 |
| 148 | Now students sometimes make the mistake of thinking that some of their absolute best traits are their worst traits. | 现在学生有时会错误地认为他们的一些绝对最好的特质是他们最糟糕的特质. |
| 149 | So what do I mean by this? | 我这是什么意思? |
| 150 | Let's take the idea of memory. | 让我们来想一下记忆。 |
| 151 | Let's say that you have a poor working memory. | 假设你的工作记忆力很差 |
| 152 | You can't seem to hold things in mind very well. | 你似乎不能很好地把事情放在心上 |
| 153 | You know, you'll watch these other students and they're able to grasp all these ideas | 你知道,你会看着这些其他的学生 他们能够抓住所有这些想法 |
| 154 | and kind of manipulate them, but you can't. | 和某种操纵, 但你不能。 |
| 155 | Well, what this means is, surprisingly, you are more creative. | 嗯,这意味着,令人惊讶的是, 你更有创意。 |
| 156 | Because you can't hold these ideas in mind so tightly, other ideas are often creeping in. | 因为你不能这么严格地去思考这些想法,所以其他的想法也经常会潜入其中. |
| 157 | If you have problems with attention, you're always kind of diverting off into some other idea. | 如果你的注意力有问题,你总是 一种转移方向 在一些其他的想法。 |
| 158 | It's similar. | 其相似处. |
| 159 | You are often more creative because these new ideas are slipping in instead. | 你往往更富有创意,因为这些新想法正在逐渐消失。 |
| 160 | So there's another thing, and that's slow thinking. | 所以还有一件事,那就是缓慢的思考。 |
| 161 | Some students compare themselves to other students and say, you know, I'm really slow by comparison. | 有些学生比较自己和其他学生, 说,你知道的,我真的很慢 通过比较。 |
| 162 | I mean, these other students, they're like race car drivers. | 我的意思是,这些其他的学生, 他们就像赛车司机。 |
| 163 | They go past me so fast. | 他们通过我这么快。 |
| 164 | But think of yourself as a hiker. | 但自想为徒. |
| 165 | Yes, a race car driver gets there much faster than you ever can. | 是的,一个赛车司机 到达那里的速度比你任何时候都快得多。 |
| 166 | But a hiker has a completely different experience. | 但徒步旅行者的经历完全不同. |
| 167 | A hiker can smell the pine air. | 徒步者能闻松气. |
| 168 | They can reach out, touch the leaves. | 他们可以伸手摸叶子 |
| 169 | They see the rabbit trails. | 他们看到兔子的踪迹 |
| 170 | In many ways, your experiences are deeper and more profound, and you don't jump to conclusions. | 在很多方面,你的经验更深刻,更深刻,你不会跳跃到结论上. |
| 171 | So if you're a slower thinker, yes, you may have to work harder in order to grasp the materials. | 所以,如果你是一个较慢的思想家,是的,你可能需要更努力地工作才能掌握材料. |
| 172 | But the tradeoffs, in many cases, are well worth it. | 但在许多情况下,权衡是值得的。 |
| 173 | You gain solid mastery of what you're studying. | 你对所学的学问有了坚定的掌握. |
| 174 | So there is something called illusions of competence in learning. | 因此,在学习中有一种所谓的能力错觉。 |
| 175 | And what this means is you can study all day long and you can be spinning your wheels | 也就是说你可以整天学习,可以旋转你的车轮 |
| 176 | because you're not using effective study techniques. | 因为你没有使用有效的学习技术。 |
| 177 | There is such a thing as test anxiety. | 有这样的东西,如测试焦虑。 |
| 178 | But in many cases, surprisingly many, it arises because you've just come face to face with the scary bear. | 但在许多情况下, 令人惊讶的很多, 它的产生, 因为你只是来面对 可怕的熊。 |
| 179 | And that is that you have just learned that you are not a master of the material. | 这就是你刚刚了解到 你不是材料的主人。 |
| 180 | Researchers with both critters and people are finding powerful insights into how we can learn most effectively. | 既有动物又有人类的研究人员 正在找到有力的洞察力 了解我们如何能够最有效地学习。 |
| 181 | One of those ways is simply through exercise. | 其中一种方式只是通过锻炼。 |
| 182 | Exercise, within a matter of a few days, can increase our ability to both learn and to remember. | 在几天之内,锻炼可以提高我们学习和记忆的能力。 |
| 183 | And researchers are beginning to understand the neurophysiological pathways that allow this to occur. | 研究人员开始了解 神经生理途径 允许这种情况发生。 |
| 184 | Tests. | 考证. |
| 185 | Tests are the best. | 试为最胜. |
| 186 | Test yourself all the time. | 常自考验. |
| 187 | Give yourself a little mini test. | 给自己做个小测试 |
| 188 | Make flashcards, even in math and science. | 制作闪存卡,甚至在数学和科学领域. |
| 189 | Mix them up. | 把它们混合起来 |
| 190 | Study them in different places. | 在不同的地方研究它们. |
| 191 | And this brings me to homework. | 这给我带来了功课。 |
| 192 | When you do a homework problem, never just work it once and put it away. | 当你做功课的时候 永远不要只做一次就收起来 |
| 193 | Would you ever sing a song once and think you knew that song? | 你会唱一首歌 并且认为你懂那首歌吗? |
| 194 | No. | 没有 |
| 195 | Test yourself. | 测试你自己。 |
| 196 | Work that homework problem several times over several days until the solution flows like a song from your mind. | 做功课的问题 在几天内多次发生 直到解答像一首歌从你脑海里流出来 |
| 197 | Recall. | 复唤曰. |
| 198 | When you're looking at a page as you're trying to learn something in a book, people's tendency is to highlight, right? | 当你在书中学习一些东西时,人们的倾向是突出,对吗? |
| 199 | There's something about the motion of the pen on the page that makes you think that it's actually going into your brain, but it often isn't. | 关于笔在页面上的动作,有些东西让你认为它实际上正在进入你的大脑,但往往不是. |
| 200 | And so often sometimes people will just reread, but that too is simply spinning your wheels. | 有时人们会重新阅读, 但也只是转动你的车轮。 |
| 201 | The most effective technique is simply to look at a page, look away, and see what you can recall. | 最有效的技术就是仅仅看一页,看一看,看一看可以记得什么. |
| 202 | And doing this, as it seems, helps build profound neural hooks that help enhance your understanding of the material. | 这样做,似乎有助于建立深刻的神经钩子, 帮助增强你对材料的理解。 |
| 203 | And finally, don't be fooled by the erroneous idea that understanding alone is enough to build mastery of the material. | 最后,不要被一个错误的想法所愚弄,即仅仅理解就足以建立对材料的掌握. |
| 204 | Understanding is truly important, but only when combined with practice and repetition in a variety of circumstances can you truly gain mastery over what you're learning. | 理解是真正重要的,但只有结合实践和各种情况下的重复,才能真正掌握自己正在学习的东西. |
| 205 | So, in closing, I would like to say that learning how to learn is the most powerful tool you can ever grasp. | 最后,我想说,学习如何学习是你们能够掌握的最强大的工具。 |
| 206 | Don't just follow your passions. | 别随心所欲 |
| 207 | Broaden your passions and your life will be enriched beyond measure. | 扩大你的激情和生活 将丰富超出量度。 |
| 208 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
该视频共有字幕 208 条。解锁更多字幕为会员功能，请移动到 价格
P2 · 高效学习的关键方法【TED演讲】 p02 英文字幕(中文外挂) (P2)
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:02 | I grew up moving all over the place. | 我从小就到处搬家 |
| 0:06 | By the time I hit 10th grade, I'd lived in 10 different places. | 到10年级时,我住在10个不同的地方. |
| 0:11 | Math is extraordinarily sequential. | 数学是异常的顺序。 |
| 0:14 | And by the time I'd hit 3rd grade, I'd fallen off the math bandwagon. | 到了三年级的时候 我从数学界摔下来了 |
| 0:19 | Basically, I flunked my way through elementary, middle, and high school math and science. | 基本上,我从小学,初中,高中数学和科学的成绩都不及格. |
| 0:26 | So it's a little strange looking back now because today I'm a professor of engineering and I'm passionate about my job. | 所以现在回想起来有点奇怪,因为今天我是工程学教授,对工作充满热情. |
| 0:37 | One day one of my students found out about my past and he asked me, | 有一天我的一个学生发现了我的过去 他问我 |
| 0:42 | How did you do it? | 你怎么做到的? 怎样做到的? |
| 0:43 | How did you change your brain? | 你怎么改变大脑的? |
| 0:46 | And I thought, you know, how did I do it? | 我想,你知道,我是如何做到这一点的? |
展开字幕全文（208 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I grew up moving all over the place. | 我从小就到处搬家 |
| 2 | By the time I hit 10th grade, I'd lived in 10 different places. | 到10年级时,我住在10个不同的地方. |
| 3 | Math is extraordinarily sequential. | 数学是异常的顺序。 |
| 4 | And by the time I'd hit 3rd grade, I'd fallen off the math bandwagon. | 到了三年级的时候 我从数学界摔下来了 |
| 5 | Basically, I flunked my way through elementary, middle, and high school math and science. | 基本上,我从小学,初中,高中数学和科学的成绩都不及格. |
| 6 | So it's a little strange looking back now because today I'm a professor of engineering and I'm passionate about my job. | 所以现在回想起来有点奇怪,因为今天我是工程学教授,对工作充满热情. |
| 7 | One day one of my students found out about my past and he asked me, | 有一天我的一个学生发现了我的过去 他问我 |
| 8 | How did you do it? | 你怎么做到的? 怎样做到的? |
| 9 | How did you change your brain? | 你怎么改变大脑的? |
| 10 | And I thought, you know, how did I do it? | 我想,你知道,我是如何做到这一点的? |
| 11 | I mean, here I was, this little kid, and I just loved language and culture and that's all I wanted to learn when I grew up. | 我的意思是,我在这里,这个小孩, 我只是喜欢语言和文化, 这就是我长大以后想学的。 |
| 12 | But I didn't have the money to go to college, so I enlisted in the Army right out of high school to learn a language. | 但我没钱上大学 所以我从高中毕业就入伍学习语言 |
| 13 | And you can see me there looking very nervous about to throw a grenade. | 你可以看到我在那里看起来非常紧张 要扔手榴弹。 |
| 14 | And I did learn a language. | 我确实学会了一种语言。 |
| 15 | I learned Russian and I ended up working out on Soviet trawlers up on the Bering Sea as a Russian translator. | 我学了俄语,最后在白令海做苏联拖网渔船的翻译。 |
| 16 | So I just loved adventure and getting new perspectives. | 所以我喜欢冒险 和获得新的视角。 |
| 17 | So I also ended up in Antarctica at the South Pole Station and that's where I ended up meeting my husband. | 所以我最后也在南极洲的南极洲 在那里我终于见到了我丈夫 |
| 18 | So I always say, I had to go to the end of the earth to meet that man. | 所以我总是说,我必须去 地球的尽头去见那个男人。 |
| 19 | But I began to realize something though. | 但我开始意识到一些事情 |
| 20 | I was doing all these adventures and seeing these new perspectives, but somehow they were always external. | 我做了所有这些冒险 并看到了这些新的视角, 但不知何故,它们总是外部的。 |
| 21 | They weren't internal. | 他们不是内部的。 |
| 22 | I wasn't changing inside. | 我没有在内部改变。 |
| 23 | When I worked in the military, I worked with all these West Point engineers and they had these powerful techniques for problem solving. | 当我在军队工作时, 我和所有这些西点工程师一起工作, 他们有这些强大的解决问题的技术。 |
| 24 | And I thought, you know, I'd look sometimes at what they were doing and they had these calculus and physics books and it looked like hieroglyphics to me. | 我想,你知道,我有时会看看他们在做什么, 他们有这些微积分和物理书, 它看起来像象形文字。 |
| 25 | But I thought, what if I could get those ideas? | 但我想,如果我可以得到这些想法呢? |
| 26 | What if I could learn that language? | 如果我能学这种语言呢? |
| 27 | I mean, the world's evolving. | 这个世界正在演变 |
| 28 | Language and culture are important, but math and science and technology are important too. | 语言和文化很重要,但数学和科学技术也很重要。 |
| 29 | What if I could learn these new ideas and add them to the ideas I already knew and loved? | 如果我能学会这些新想法, 把它们加入我已经知道和热爱的想法中呢? |
| 30 | So when I got out of the military at age 26, I decided to try and change my brain. | 所以当我26岁离开军队时, 我决定试着改变我的大脑。 |
| 31 | It wasn't easy. | 这可不容易 |
| 32 | But if I knew then what I know now about how to learn, I could have learned much more easily and much more effectively. | 但是,如果我知道,然后我知道,我现在知道如何学习,我本可以更容易和更有效地学习。 |
| 33 | So several years ago, as I began trying to answer that student's question, how did I change my brain? | 所以几年前,当我开始试图回答那个学生的问题时, 我是如何改变我的大脑的? |
| 34 | I began reaching out to top professors from around the world. | 我开始联系来自世界各地的顶级教授 |
| 35 | People who not only had knowledge of their difficult areas of expertise, but also who could teach effectively. | 不仅了解自己困难的专业领域,而且能够有效教学的人。 |
| 36 | And I asked them, I said, how did you learn and how do you teach so others can learn? | 我问他们,我说,你是如何学习的,你是如何教别人的? |
| 37 | And what I found was the way they learned and the way they taught was often similar to the way I learned and I taught. | 我发现的是他们学习的方式, 他们的教学方式常常和我学习和教学的方式相似。 |
| 38 | It was almost like this kind of shared fraternal handshake. | 它几乎像这种 共同的兄弟握手。 |
| 39 | But we often didn't know why we did what we did. | 但我们常常不知道为什么我们这样做。 |
| 40 | So I began researching neuroscience and cognitive psychology and reaching out to talk to top experts in those fields. | 所以我开始研究神经科学和认知心理学, 并接触这些领域的顶尖专家。 |
| 41 | And here is what I found, the keys to learning effectively. | 这就是我发现的,有效学习的关键。 |
| 42 | Now, as we know, the brain is enormously complex. | 正如我们所知,大脑非常复杂。 |
| 43 | But we can simplify its operation into two fundamentally different modes. | 但是,我们可以简化它的运作 成两个根本不同的模式。 |
| 44 | The first is what I'll call the focus mode. | 首先是我所说的焦点模式。 |
| 45 | And the focus mode is just like it sounds like. | 而焦点模式就像听起来一样. |
| 46 | You turn your attention to something and boom, it's on. | 你将注意力转向某事 然后爆炸,它开始。 |
| 47 | But the second mode is a little different. | 但第二种模式略有不同. |
| 48 | It's a relaxed set of neural states that I'll call the diffuse mode. | 这是一种放松的神经状态, 我会称之为扩散模式。 |
| 49 | It's a number of resting states. | 复有数休州. |
| 50 | And so it seems that when you're learning, you're going back and forth between these two different modes. | 所以似乎,当你学习的时候, 你会在这两种不同的模式之间回转。 |
| 51 | Now, how can we better understand these modes? | 现在,我们如何更好地了解这些模式? |
| 52 | Through analogy. | 通过类比. |
| 53 | And what we're going to use is a pinball machine analogy. | 我们要用的是弹球机类比。 |
| 54 | And you all know how pinballs work. | 你们都知道弹球的功能 |
| 55 | You just pull back on the plunger and the ball goes boinking out and bounces around on the rubber bumpers. | 你只要拉回滑板 球就会跳出来 弹到橡胶保险杠上 |
| 56 | And that's how you get points. | 这就是你得到分数的方法。 |
| 57 | So what we're going to do is we're going to take this pinball and we're going to put it right on your brain. | 所以我们要做的就是把这个弹球放在你的大脑里。 |
| 58 | Right. | 对 |
| 59 | So there it is. | 就这样了 |
| 60 | There's the pinball machine on your brain. | 你脑子里有弹球机 |
| 61 | And if you look, this is the analogy for the focus mode. | 如果你看,这就是焦点模式的类比。 |
| 62 | And when you're learning, you're often thinking tightly as you're focusing on something. | 而在学习时,往往在专注于某事时,会仔细思考. |
| 63 | It involves thoughts you're somewhat familiar with, perhaps historical patterns or you're familiar with the multiplication table. | 它涉及到你有些熟悉的想法, 也许是历史模式 或者你熟悉的乘法表。 |
| 64 | So you think a thought and it takes off and moves along smoothly pretty much along the pathways that you've already laid. | 所以,你想一个想法,它会起飞, 沿着你已经铺设的路径平稳地前进。 |
| 65 | But what if the thought you're thinking is actually a new thought, a new concept, a new technique that you've never thought of before? | 但如果你所想的其实是新思想,新概念,新技巧,你以前从未想到过呢? |
| 66 | Well, that's symbolized by this new pattern towards the bottom of the pinball machine metaphor to get to this new place. | 这象征着这种新的模式 朝着弹球机的比喻的底部 到达这个新地方 |
| 67 | I mean, at least sort of metaphorically speaking, look at all the rubber bumpers that are in the way. | 我的意思是,至少从隐喻的角度来说, 看看所有有碍的橡胶保险杠。 |
| 68 | How can you even get there? | 你怎么会到那里? |
| 69 | You need a different way of thinking, a new perspective in a sense. | 你需要一种不同的思维方式,一种意义上的新视角. |
| 70 | And that's provided here by the diffuse mode. | 这是通过扩散模式提供的。 |
| 71 | Look at how far apart those rubber bumpers are from one another. | 看看这些橡皮保险杠之间有多远 |
| 72 | When you think a thought, it takes off and it can range very widely as you're attempting to come up with some new ideas. | 当你想到一个想法,它会起飞, 它可以非常广泛, 当你试图想出一些新的想法。 |
| 73 | So you can't do the careful focus thinking that you can in the focus mode, | 所以,你不能做谨慎的焦点 思考你可以在焦点模式, |
| 74 | but you can at least get to the place you need to be in to grapple with these new ideas. | 但你至少可以到达你需要的地方 来应对这些新想法。 |
| 75 | So the bottom line for all of us out of this is this. | 因此,我们所有人的底线是这一点。 |
| 76 | When you're learning, you want to go back and forth between these modes. | 当你学习的时候,你想在这些模式之间回转。 |
| 77 | And if you find yourself as you're focusing in on something, trying to learn a new concept or solve a problem and you get stuck, | 如果你发现自己 专注于某件事, 试图学习一个新的概念或解决一个问题 你被卡住了, |
| 78 | you want to turn your attention away from that problem and allow the diffuse modes, | 你想把注意力从这个问题上移开 并允许扩散模式, |
| 79 | those resting states to do their work in the background. | 休息的各州将在背景中开展工作。 |
| 80 | Now, how can we actually use these ideas in real life? | 现在,我们怎样才能在现实生活中真正运用这些想法呢? |
| 81 | If you look at this guy right here, he was Salvador Dali, | 如果你看看这个人,他是萨尔瓦多达利, |
| 82 | one of the most brilliant surrealist painters of the 20th century. | 20世纪最辉煌的超现实主义画家之一. |
| 83 | Dali was the very definition of a wild and crazy guy. | 达利是一个疯狂狂人的定义 |
| 84 | You can see him there. | 你可以看到他在那里。 |
| 85 | He's got his pet ocelot, Babu. | 他有他的宠物小块,巴布。 |
| 86 | And what Dali used to do when he was kind of stuck as he was solving some problem related to his painting | 达利在解决一些与画画有关的问题时 被卡住了 |
| 87 | was he'd sit down and he'd relax in a chair and he'd have keys in his hands. | 他坐在椅子上放松 手里拿着钥匙 |
| 88 | And he'd hold those keys and he'd relax and kind of let his brain noodling away. | 他拿着那些钥匙 放松一下 让他的大脑发臭 |
| 89 | And just as he relaxed so much that he'd fall asleep, the keys would fall from his hands, the clatter would wake him up, | 就像他放松得睡着一样 钥匙会从他手上掉下来 盘子会吵醒他 |
| 90 | and off you go. | 离开你。 |
| 91 | He'd take those ideas from the diffuse mode over to the focus mode | 他会把这些想法 从扩散模式到焦点模式 |
| 92 | where he could work with them, refine them, and use them for his painting. | 在那里他可以和他们一起工作, 细化他们, 并用他们做他的画。 |
| 93 | So you might think, well, that's great. | 所以,你可能会认为, 嗯,这是伟大的。 |
| 94 | You know, that's good for an artist. | 你知道,这对艺术家有好处。 |
| 95 | But I'm an engineer, so how can I use these ideas? | 但我是工程师,我怎么能用这些想法? |
| 96 | Well, if you see this guy right here, he was Thomas Edison, | 好吧,如果你看到这家伙在这里, 他是托马斯爱迪生, |
| 97 | one of the most brilliant inventors in history. | 历史上最辉煌的发明家之一. |
| 98 | And what Edison used to like to do, at least according to legend, | 爱迪生以前喜欢做的事 至少根据传说 |
| 99 | he'd sit in a chair with ball bearings in his hand, | 他坐在椅子上,手拿着球轴 |
| 100 | and he'd relax away kind of thinking about a problem loosely that he was trying to solve related to his inventions, | 他会放松 那种思考的问题松散 他试图解决 与他的发明, |
| 101 | relaxing, and then just as he'd fall asleep, the ball bearings would fall from his hands, | 放松,然后当他睡着了, 球轴承会从他的手上掉下来, |
| 102 | and off he'd go. | 并离开他去。 |
| 103 | He'd be woken up and he'd take those ideas from the diffuse mode back into the focus mode, | 他会被唤醒 把这些想法从扩散模式带回焦点模式 |
| 104 | and he'd use them to refine and finish his inventions. | 他用它们来完善和完成他的发明 |
| 105 | So the bottom line for all of us out of this is this. | 因此,我们所有人的底线是这一点。 |
| 106 | Whenever you're sitting down to solve a new problem or analyze a new idea, | 每当你坐下来解决新问题或分析新想法时 |
| 107 | even if millions of other people have thought the same thoughts or solved the same problems, | 即使其他数百万人 想到同样的想法或解决同样的问题, |
| 108 | for you, it's just as creative as it was for famous people like Dali and Edison. | 对你来说,这和达利和爱迪生等名人一样有创意 |
| 109 | And you want to use some of these creative approaches. | 你想用一些这些创造性的方法。 |
| 110 | So what you might say to me, well, yeah, I've got a problem, though. | 所以,你可以告诉我, 嗯,是的,我有一个问题,虽然。 |
| 111 | You know, I just, I love to procrastinate. | 你知道,我只是,我喜欢拖延。 |
| 112 | I mean, this back and forth stuff is great, but I just, I don't have time. | 我的意思是,这些东西是伟大的, 但我只是,我没有时间。 |
| 113 | I cram at the last minute and that's just me. | 我最后一刻就挤了,那只是我 |
| 114 | So let's talk just a little bit about procrastination. | 故略谈延缓. |
| 115 | What seems to happen when you procrastinate is this. | 当你拖延的时候 似乎会发生这样的事 |
| 116 | You look at something you'd really rather not do, | 你看着一些你不想做的事 |
| 117 | and you actually feel a physical pain in the part of your brain that analyzes pain. | 你实际上感觉到了大脑中 分析疼痛的肉体痛苦 |
| 118 | So there's two ways that you can handle this. | 所以有两种方法你可以处理这个。 |
| 119 | The first way is you can just kind of keep working away through it. | 第一种方式是,你可以 只是那种工作 通过它。 |
| 120 | And research has shown that within a few minutes it actually will disappear. | 研究表明,几分钟内它就会消失。 |
| 121 | But the second way is you just turn your attention away and guess what? | 但第二种方法就是把注意力移开 猜怎么着? |
| 122 | You feel better, right? | 你感觉好点了吧? |
| 123 | Right away. | 马上 |
| 124 | So you do this once, you do this twice, it's just not that big a deal. | 所以,你这样做一次,你这样做两次, 只是没有那么大的问题。 |
| 125 | But you do this very often and it's actually like an addiction. | 但你经常这样做,其实就像上瘾一样。 |
| 126 | It can really cause problems in how you lead your life. | 它真的会给你的生活带来问题。 |
| 127 | So how can you handle it? | 那你怎么应付呢? |
| 128 | A very simple way using the Pomodoro Technique. | 一个非常简单的方式使用波莫多罗技术。 |
| 129 | Pomodoro Technique, 事实证明, 你只需要得到一个定时器。 | |
| 130 | Any timer will do. | 任何计时器都会做。 |
| 131 | And then you just take it and set it for 25 minutes and make sure everything else is turned off. | 然后,你只是把它和设置 25分钟,确保其他一切关闭。 |
| 132 | So no instant messages, nothing like that. | 所以,没有即时消息,没有这样的。 |
| 133 | And you work with focused attention for 25 minutes. | 你专心工作25分钟 |
| 134 | Anybody can do 25 minutes, virtually anyone. | 任何人都可以做25分钟,几乎任何人。 |
| 135 | And when you're done, you do something fun. | 当你完成,你做一些有趣的事情。 |
| 136 | Just a little bit, a few minutes of relaxed fun. | 只是一点点,几分钟放松的乐趣。 |
| 137 | What this seems to do is this. | 这似乎就是这个。 |
| 138 | You are enhancing, you're practicing in some sense, your ability to have focused attention. | 你正在增强,你正在练习 从某种意义上说,你的能力 集中的注意力。 |
| 139 | And you're also practicing your ability to relax a little bit. | 你也在练习放松一下的能力。 |
| 140 | And now you understand that relaxation is also an important part of the learning process. | 现在你明白放松也是学习过程的一个重要部分。 |
| 141 | There's things going on in the background. | 后缘有事. |
| 142 | The only thing is this. | 只有这个 |
| 143 | When you do the Pomodoro, you want to make sure that you don't sit there and say, | 当你做波莫多罗时,你想确保你不会坐在那里说, |
| 144 | I'm going to do my entire homework set in this 25 minutes. | 我要在这25分钟内完成我的作业 |
| 145 | No. | 没有 |
| 146 | You just sit and say, I'm going to work with focused attention for 25 minutes. | 你坐着说 我要专心工作25分钟 |
| 147 | And that's the key. | 这就是关键 |
| 148 | Now students sometimes make the mistake of thinking that some of their absolute best traits are their worst traits. | 现在学生有时会错误地认为他们的一些绝对最好的特质是他们最糟糕的特质. |
| 149 | So what do I mean by this? | 我这是什么意思? |
| 150 | Let's take the idea of memory. | 让我们来想一下记忆。 |
| 151 | Let's say that you have a poor working memory. | 假设你的工作记忆力很差 |
| 152 | You can't seem to hold things in mind very well. | 你似乎不能很好地把事情放在心上 |
| 153 | You know, you'll watch these other students and they're able to grasp all these ideas | 你知道,你会看着这些其他的学生 他们能够抓住所有这些想法 |
| 154 | and kind of manipulate them, but you can't. | 和某种操纵, 但你不能。 |
| 155 | Well, what this means is, surprisingly, you are more creative. | 嗯,这意味着,令人惊讶的是, 你更有创意。 |
| 156 | Because you can't hold these ideas in mind so tightly, other ideas are often creeping in. | 因为你不能这么严格地去思考这些想法,所以其他的想法也经常会潜入其中. |
| 157 | If you have problems with attention, you're always kind of diverting off into some other idea. | 如果你的注意力有问题,你总是 一种转移方向 在一些其他的想法。 |
| 158 | It's similar. | 其相似处. |
| 159 | You are often more creative because these new ideas are slipping in instead. | 你往往更富有创意,因为这些新想法正在逐渐消失。 |
| 160 | So there's another thing, and that's slow thinking. | 所以还有一件事,那就是缓慢的思考。 |
| 161 | Some students compare themselves to other students and say, you know, I'm really slow by comparison. | 有些学生比较自己和其他学生, 说,你知道的,我真的很慢 通过比较。 |
| 162 | I mean, these other students, they're like race car drivers. | 我的意思是,这些其他的学生, 他们就像赛车司机。 |
| 163 | They go past me so fast. | 他们通过我这么快。 |
| 164 | But think of yourself as a hiker. | 但自想为徒. |
| 165 | Yes, a race car driver gets there much faster than you ever can. | 是的,一个赛车司机 到达那里的速度比你任何时候都快得多。 |
| 166 | But a hiker has a completely different experience. | 但徒步旅行者的经历完全不同. |
| 167 | A hiker can smell the pine air. | 徒步者能闻松气. |
| 168 | They can reach out, touch the leaves. | 他们可以伸手摸叶子 |
| 169 | They see the rabbit trails. | 他们看到兔子的踪迹 |
| 170 | In many ways, your experiences are deeper and more profound, and you don't jump to conclusions. | 在很多方面,你的经验更深刻,更深刻,你不会跳跃到结论上. |
| 171 | So if you're a slower thinker, yes, you may have to work harder in order to grasp the materials. | 所以,如果你是一个较慢的思想家,是的,你可能需要更努力地工作才能掌握材料. |
| 172 | But the tradeoffs, in many cases, are well worth it. | 但在许多情况下,权衡是值得的。 |
| 173 | You gain solid mastery of what you're studying. | 你对所学的学问有了坚定的掌握. |
| 174 | So there is something called illusions of competence in learning. | 因此,在学习中有一种所谓的能力错觉。 |
| 175 | And what this means is you can study all day long and you can be spinning your wheels | 也就是说你可以整天学习,可以旋转你的车轮 |
| 176 | because you're not using effective study techniques. | 因为你没有使用有效的学习技术。 |
| 177 | There is such a thing as test anxiety. | 有这样的东西,如测试焦虑。 |
| 178 | But in many cases, surprisingly many, it arises because you've just come face to face with the scary bear. | 但在许多情况下, 令人惊讶的很多, 它的产生, 因为你只是来面对 可怕的熊。 |
| 179 | And that is that you have just learned that you are not a master of the material. | 这就是你刚刚了解到 你不是材料的主人。 |
| 180 | Researchers with both critters and people are finding powerful insights into how we can learn most effectively. | 既有动物又有人类的研究人员 正在找到有力的洞察力 了解我们如何能够最有效地学习。 |
| 181 | One of those ways is simply through exercise. | 其中一种方式只是通过锻炼。 |
| 182 | Exercise, within a matter of a few days, can increase our ability to both learn and to remember. | 在几天之内,锻炼可以提高我们学习和记忆的能力。 |
| 183 | And researchers are beginning to understand the neurophysiological pathways that allow this to occur. | 研究人员开始了解 神经生理途径 允许这种情况发生。 |
| 184 | Tests. | 考证. |
| 185 | Tests are the best. | 试为最胜. |
| 186 | Test yourself all the time. | 常自考验. |
| 187 | Give yourself a little mini test. | 给自己做个小测试 |
| 188 | Make flashcards, even in math and science. | 制作闪存卡,甚至在数学和科学领域. |
| 189 | Mix them up. | 把它们混合起来 |
| 190 | Study them in different places. | 在不同的地方研究它们. |
| 191 | And this brings me to homework. | 这给我带来了功课。 |
| 192 | When you do a homework problem, never just work it once and put it away. | 当你做功课的时候 永远不要只做一次就收起来 |
| 193 | Would you ever sing a song once and think you knew that song? | 你会唱一首歌 并且认为你懂那首歌吗? |
| 194 | No. | 没有 |
| 195 | Test yourself. | 测试你自己。 |
| 196 | Work that homework problem several times over several days until the solution flows like a song from your mind. | 做功课的问题 在几天内多次发生 直到解答像一首歌从你脑海里流出来 |
| 197 | Recall. | 复唤曰. |
| 198 | When you're looking at a page as you're trying to learn something in a book, people's tendency is to highlight, right? | 当你在书中学习一些东西时,人们的倾向是突出,对吗? |
| 199 | There's something about the motion of the pen on the page that makes you think that it's actually going into your brain, but it often isn't. | 关于笔在页面上的动作,有些东西让你认为它实际上正在进入你的大脑,但往往不是. |
| 200 | And so often sometimes people will just reread, but that too is simply spinning your wheels. | 有时人们会重新阅读, 但也只是转动你的车轮。 |
| 201 | The most effective technique is simply to look at a page, look away, and see what you can recall. | 最有效的技术就是仅仅看一页,看一看,看一看可以记得什么. |
| 202 | And doing this, as it seems, helps build profound neural hooks that help enhance your understanding of the material. | 这样做,似乎有助于建立深刻的神经钩子, 帮助增强你对材料的理解。 |
| 203 | And finally, don't be fooled by the erroneous idea that understanding alone is enough to build mastery of the material. | 最后,不要被一个错误的想法所愚弄,即仅仅理解就足以建立对材料的掌握. |
| 204 | Understanding is truly important, but only when combined with practice and repetition in a variety of circumstances can you truly gain mastery over what you're learning. | 理解是真正重要的,但只有结合实践和各种情况下的重复,才能真正掌握自己正在学习的东西. |
| 205 | So, in closing, I would like to say that learning how to learn is the most powerful tool you can ever grasp. | 最后,我想说,学习如何学习是你们能够掌握的最强大的工具。 |
| 206 | Don't just follow your passions. | 别随心所欲 |
| 207 | Broaden your passions and your life will be enriched beyond measure. | 扩大你的激情和生活 将丰富超出量度。 |
| 208 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
该视频共有字幕 208 条。解锁更多字幕为会员功能，请移动到 价格
P3 · 高效学习的关键方法【TED演讲】 p03 无字幕(中英外挂) (P3)
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:02 | I grew up moving all over the place. | 我从小就到处搬家 |
| 0:06 | By the time I hit 10th grade, I'd lived in 10 different places. | 到10年级时,我住在10个不同的地方. |
| 0:11 | Math is extraordinarily sequential. | 数学是异常的顺序。 |
| 0:14 | And by the time I'd hit 3rd grade, I'd fallen off the math bandwagon. | 到了三年级的时候 我从数学界摔下来了 |
| 0:19 | Basically, I flunked my way through elementary, middle, and high school math and science. | 基本上,我从小学,初中,高中数学和科学的成绩都不及格. |
| 0:26 | So it's a little strange looking back now because today I'm a professor of engineering and I'm passionate about my job. | 所以现在回想起来有点奇怪,因为今天我是工程学教授,对工作充满热情. |
| 0:37 | One day one of my students found out about my past and he asked me, | 有一天我的一个学生发现了我的过去 他问我 |
| 0:42 | How did you do it? | 你怎么做到的? 怎样做到的? |
| 0:43 | How did you change your brain? | 你怎么改变大脑的? |
| 0:46 | And I thought, you know, how did I do it? | 我想,你知道,我是如何做到这一点的? |
展开字幕全文（208 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I grew up moving all over the place. | 我从小就到处搬家 |
| 2 | By the time I hit 10th grade, I'd lived in 10 different places. | 到10年级时,我住在10个不同的地方. |
| 3 | Math is extraordinarily sequential. | 数学是异常的顺序。 |
| 4 | And by the time I'd hit 3rd grade, I'd fallen off the math bandwagon. | 到了三年级的时候 我从数学界摔下来了 |
| 5 | Basically, I flunked my way through elementary, middle, and high school math and science. | 基本上,我从小学,初中,高中数学和科学的成绩都不及格. |
| 6 | So it's a little strange looking back now because today I'm a professor of engineering and I'm passionate about my job. | 所以现在回想起来有点奇怪,因为今天我是工程学教授,对工作充满热情. |
| 7 | One day one of my students found out about my past and he asked me, | 有一天我的一个学生发现了我的过去 他问我 |
| 8 | How did you do it? | 你怎么做到的? 怎样做到的? |
| 9 | How did you change your brain? | 你怎么改变大脑的? |
| 10 | And I thought, you know, how did I do it? | 我想,你知道,我是如何做到这一点的? |
| 11 | I mean, here I was, this little kid, and I just loved language and culture and that's all I wanted to learn when I grew up. | 我的意思是,我在这里,这个小孩, 我只是喜欢语言和文化, 这就是我长大以后想学的。 |
| 12 | But I didn't have the money to go to college, so I enlisted in the Army right out of high school to learn a language. | 但我没钱上大学 所以我从高中毕业就入伍学习语言 |
| 13 | And you can see me there looking very nervous about to throw a grenade. | 你可以看到我在那里看起来非常紧张 要扔手榴弹。 |
| 14 | And I did learn a language. | 我确实学会了一种语言。 |
| 15 | I learned Russian and I ended up working out on Soviet trawlers up on the Bering Sea as a Russian translator. | 我学了俄语,最后在白令海做苏联拖网渔船的翻译。 |
| 16 | So I just loved adventure and getting new perspectives. | 所以我喜欢冒险 和获得新的视角。 |
| 17 | So I also ended up in Antarctica at the South Pole Station and that's where I ended up meeting my husband. | 所以我最后也在南极洲的南极洲 在那里我终于见到了我丈夫 |
| 18 | So I always say, I had to go to the end of the earth to meet that man. | 所以我总是说,我必须去 地球的尽头去见那个男人。 |
| 19 | But I began to realize something though. | 但我开始意识到一些事情 |
| 20 | I was doing all these adventures and seeing these new perspectives, but somehow they were always external. | 我做了所有这些冒险 并看到了这些新的视角, 但不知何故,它们总是外部的。 |
| 21 | They weren't internal. | 他们不是内部的。 |
| 22 | I wasn't changing inside. | 我没有在内部改变。 |
| 23 | When I worked in the military, I worked with all these West Point engineers and they had these powerful techniques for problem solving. | 当我在军队工作时, 我和所有这些西点工程师一起工作, 他们有这些强大的解决问题的技术。 |
| 24 | And I thought, you know, I'd look sometimes at what they were doing and they had these calculus and physics books and it looked like hieroglyphics to me. | 我想,你知道,我有时会看看他们在做什么, 他们有这些微积分和物理书, 它看起来像象形文字。 |
| 25 | But I thought, what if I could get those ideas? | 但我想,如果我可以得到这些想法呢? |
| 26 | What if I could learn that language? | 如果我能学这种语言呢? |
| 27 | I mean, the world's evolving. | 这个世界正在演变 |
| 28 | Language and culture are important, but math and science and technology are important too. | 语言和文化很重要,但数学和科学技术也很重要。 |
| 29 | What if I could learn these new ideas and add them to the ideas I already knew and loved? | 如果我能学会这些新想法, 把它们加入我已经知道和热爱的想法中呢? |
| 30 | So when I got out of the military at age 26, I decided to try and change my brain. | 所以当我26岁离开军队时, 我决定试着改变我的大脑。 |
| 31 | It wasn't easy. | 这可不容易 |
| 32 | But if I knew then what I know now about how to learn, I could have learned much more easily and much more effectively. | 但是,如果我知道,然后我知道,我现在知道如何学习,我本可以更容易和更有效地学习。 |
| 33 | So several years ago, as I began trying to answer that student's question, how did I change my brain? | 所以几年前,当我开始试图回答那个学生的问题时, 我是如何改变我的大脑的? |
| 34 | I began reaching out to top professors from around the world. | 我开始联系来自世界各地的顶级教授 |
| 35 | People who not only had knowledge of their difficult areas of expertise, but also who could teach effectively. | 不仅了解自己困难的专业领域,而且能够有效教学的人。 |
| 36 | And I asked them, I said, how did you learn and how do you teach so others can learn? | 我问他们,我说,你是如何学习的,你是如何教别人的? |
| 37 | And what I found was the way they learned and the way they taught was often similar to the way I learned and I taught. | 我发现的是他们学习的方式, 他们的教学方式常常和我学习和教学的方式相似。 |
| 38 | It was almost like this kind of shared fraternal handshake. | 它几乎像这种 共同的兄弟握手。 |
| 39 | But we often didn't know why we did what we did. | 但我们常常不知道为什么我们这样做。 |
| 40 | So I began researching neuroscience and cognitive psychology and reaching out to talk to top experts in those fields. | 所以我开始研究神经科学和认知心理学, 并接触这些领域的顶尖专家。 |
| 41 | And here is what I found, the keys to learning effectively. | 这就是我发现的,有效学习的关键。 |
| 42 | Now, as we know, the brain is enormously complex. | 正如我们所知,大脑非常复杂。 |
| 43 | But we can simplify its operation into two fundamentally different modes. | 但是,我们可以简化它的运作 成两个根本不同的模式。 |
| 44 | The first is what I'll call the focus mode. | 首先是我所说的焦点模式。 |
| 45 | And the focus mode is just like it sounds like. | 而焦点模式就像听起来一样. |
| 46 | You turn your attention to something and boom, it's on. | 你将注意力转向某事 然后爆炸,它开始。 |
| 47 | But the second mode is a little different. | 但第二种模式略有不同. |
| 48 | It's a relaxed set of neural states that I'll call the diffuse mode. | 这是一种放松的神经状态, 我会称之为扩散模式。 |
| 49 | It's a number of resting states. | 复有数休州. |
| 50 | And so it seems that when you're learning, you're going back and forth between these two different modes. | 所以似乎,当你学习的时候, 你会在这两种不同的模式之间回转。 |
| 51 | Now, how can we better understand these modes? | 现在,我们如何更好地了解这些模式? |
| 52 | Through analogy. | 通过类比. |
| 53 | And what we're going to use is a pinball machine analogy. | 我们要用的是弹球机类比。 |
| 54 | And you all know how pinballs work. | 你们都知道弹球的功能 |
| 55 | You just pull back on the plunger and the ball goes boinking out and bounces around on the rubber bumpers. | 你只要拉回滑板 球就会跳出来 弹到橡胶保险杠上 |
| 56 | And that's how you get points. | 这就是你得到分数的方法。 |
| 57 | So what we're going to do is we're going to take this pinball and we're going to put it right on your brain. | 所以我们要做的就是把这个弹球放在你的大脑里。 |
| 58 | Right. | 对 |
| 59 | So there it is. | 就这样了 |
| 60 | There's the pinball machine on your brain. | 你脑子里有弹球机 |
| 61 | And if you look, this is the analogy for the focus mode. | 如果你看,这就是焦点模式的类比。 |
| 62 | And when you're learning, you're often thinking tightly as you're focusing on something. | 而在学习时,往往在专注于某事时,会仔细思考. |
| 63 | It involves thoughts you're somewhat familiar with, perhaps historical patterns or you're familiar with the multiplication table. | 它涉及到你有些熟悉的想法, 也许是历史模式 或者你熟悉的乘法表。 |
| 64 | So you think a thought and it takes off and moves along smoothly pretty much along the pathways that you've already laid. | 所以,你想一个想法,它会起飞, 沿着你已经铺设的路径平稳地前进。 |
| 65 | But what if the thought you're thinking is actually a new thought, a new concept, a new technique that you've never thought of before? | 但如果你所想的其实是新思想,新概念,新技巧,你以前从未想到过呢? |
| 66 | Well, that's symbolized by this new pattern towards the bottom of the pinball machine metaphor to get to this new place. | 这象征着这种新的模式 朝着弹球机的比喻的底部 到达这个新地方 |
| 67 | I mean, at least sort of metaphorically speaking, look at all the rubber bumpers that are in the way. | 我的意思是,至少从隐喻的角度来说, 看看所有有碍的橡胶保险杠。 |
| 68 | How can you even get there? | 你怎么会到那里? |
| 69 | You need a different way of thinking, a new perspective in a sense. | 你需要一种不同的思维方式,一种意义上的新视角. |
| 70 | And that's provided here by the diffuse mode. | 这是通过扩散模式提供的。 |
| 71 | Look at how far apart those rubber bumpers are from one another. | 看看这些橡皮保险杠之间有多远 |
| 72 | When you think a thought, it takes off and it can range very widely as you're attempting to come up with some new ideas. | 当你想到一个想法,它会起飞, 它可以非常广泛, 当你试图想出一些新的想法。 |
| 73 | So you can't do the careful focus thinking that you can in the focus mode, | 所以,你不能做谨慎的焦点 思考你可以在焦点模式, |
| 74 | but you can at least get to the place you need to be in to grapple with these new ideas. | 但你至少可以到达你需要的地方 来应对这些新想法。 |
| 75 | So the bottom line for all of us out of this is this. | 因此,我们所有人的底线是这一点。 |
| 76 | When you're learning, you want to go back and forth between these modes. | 当你学习的时候,你想在这些模式之间回转。 |
| 77 | And if you find yourself as you're focusing in on something, trying to learn a new concept or solve a problem and you get stuck, | 如果你发现自己 专注于某件事, 试图学习一个新的概念或解决一个问题 你被卡住了, |
| 78 | you want to turn your attention away from that problem and allow the diffuse modes, | 你想把注意力从这个问题上移开 并允许扩散模式, |
| 79 | those resting states to do their work in the background. | 休息的各州将在背景中开展工作。 |
| 80 | Now, how can we actually use these ideas in real life? | 现在,我们怎样才能在现实生活中真正运用这些想法呢? |
| 81 | If you look at this guy right here, he was Salvador Dali, | 如果你看看这个人,他是萨尔瓦多达利, |
| 82 | one of the most brilliant surrealist painters of the 20th century. | 20世纪最辉煌的超现实主义画家之一. |
| 83 | Dali was the very definition of a wild and crazy guy. | 达利是一个疯狂狂人的定义 |
| 84 | You can see him there. | 你可以看到他在那里。 |
| 85 | He's got his pet ocelot, Babu. | 他有他的宠物小块,巴布。 |
| 86 | And what Dali used to do when he was kind of stuck as he was solving some problem related to his painting | 达利在解决一些与画画有关的问题时 被卡住了 |
| 87 | was he'd sit down and he'd relax in a chair and he'd have keys in his hands. | 他坐在椅子上放松 手里拿着钥匙 |
| 88 | And he'd hold those keys and he'd relax and kind of let his brain noodling away. | 他拿着那些钥匙 放松一下 让他的大脑发臭 |
| 89 | And just as he relaxed so much that he'd fall asleep, the keys would fall from his hands, the clatter would wake him up, | 就像他放松得睡着一样 钥匙会从他手上掉下来 盘子会吵醒他 |
| 90 | and off you go. | 离开你。 |
| 91 | He'd take those ideas from the diffuse mode over to the focus mode | 他会把这些想法 从扩散模式到焦点模式 |
| 92 | where he could work with them, refine them, and use them for his painting. | 在那里他可以和他们一起工作, 细化他们, 并用他们做他的画。 |
| 93 | So you might think, well, that's great. | 所以,你可能会认为, 嗯,这是伟大的。 |
| 94 | You know, that's good for an artist. | 你知道,这对艺术家有好处。 |
| 95 | But I'm an engineer, so how can I use these ideas? | 但我是工程师,我怎么能用这些想法? |
| 96 | Well, if you see this guy right here, he was Thomas Edison, | 好吧,如果你看到这家伙在这里, 他是托马斯爱迪生, |
| 97 | one of the most brilliant inventors in history. | 历史上最辉煌的发明家之一. |
| 98 | And what Edison used to like to do, at least according to legend, | 爱迪生以前喜欢做的事 至少根据传说 |
| 99 | he'd sit in a chair with ball bearings in his hand, | 他坐在椅子上,手拿着球轴 |
| 100 | and he'd relax away kind of thinking about a problem loosely that he was trying to solve related to his inventions, | 他会放松 那种思考的问题松散 他试图解决 与他的发明, |
| 101 | relaxing, and then just as he'd fall asleep, the ball bearings would fall from his hands, | 放松,然后当他睡着了, 球轴承会从他的手上掉下来, |
| 102 | and off he'd go. | 并离开他去。 |
| 103 | He'd be woken up and he'd take those ideas from the diffuse mode back into the focus mode, | 他会被唤醒 把这些想法从扩散模式带回焦点模式 |
| 104 | and he'd use them to refine and finish his inventions. | 他用它们来完善和完成他的发明 |
| 105 | So the bottom line for all of us out of this is this. | 因此,我们所有人的底线是这一点。 |
| 106 | Whenever you're sitting down to solve a new problem or analyze a new idea, | 每当你坐下来解决新问题或分析新想法时 |
| 107 | even if millions of other people have thought the same thoughts or solved the same problems, | 即使其他数百万人 想到同样的想法或解决同样的问题, |
| 108 | for you, it's just as creative as it was for famous people like Dali and Edison. | 对你来说,这和达利和爱迪生等名人一样有创意 |
| 109 | And you want to use some of these creative approaches. | 你想用一些这些创造性的方法。 |
| 110 | So what you might say to me, well, yeah, I've got a problem, though. | 所以,你可以告诉我, 嗯,是的,我有一个问题,虽然。 |
| 111 | You know, I just, I love to procrastinate. | 你知道,我只是,我喜欢拖延。 |
| 112 | I mean, this back and forth stuff is great, but I just, I don't have time. | 我的意思是,这些东西是伟大的, 但我只是,我没有时间。 |
| 113 | I cram at the last minute and that's just me. | 我最后一刻就挤了,那只是我 |
| 114 | So let's talk just a little bit about procrastination. | 故略谈延缓. |
| 115 | What seems to happen when you procrastinate is this. | 当你拖延的时候 似乎会发生这样的事 |
| 116 | You look at something you'd really rather not do, | 你看着一些你不想做的事 |
| 117 | and you actually feel a physical pain in the part of your brain that analyzes pain. | 你实际上感觉到了大脑中 分析疼痛的肉体痛苦 |
| 118 | So there's two ways that you can handle this. | 所以有两种方法你可以处理这个。 |
| 119 | The first way is you can just kind of keep working away through it. | 第一种方式是,你可以 只是那种工作 通过它。 |
| 120 | And research has shown that within a few minutes it actually will disappear. | 研究表明,几分钟内它就会消失。 |
| 121 | But the second way is you just turn your attention away and guess what? | 但第二种方法就是把注意力移开 猜怎么着? |
| 122 | You feel better, right? | 你感觉好点了吧? |
| 123 | Right away. | 马上 |
| 124 | So you do this once, you do this twice, it's just not that big a deal. | 所以,你这样做一次,你这样做两次, 只是没有那么大的问题。 |
| 125 | But you do this very often and it's actually like an addiction. | 但你经常这样做,其实就像上瘾一样。 |
| 126 | It can really cause problems in how you lead your life. | 它真的会给你的生活带来问题。 |
| 127 | So how can you handle it? | 那你怎么应付呢? |
| 128 | A very simple way using the Pomodoro Technique. | 一个非常简单的方式使用波莫多罗技术。 |
| 129 | Pomodoro Technique, 事实证明, 你只需要得到一个定时器。 | |
| 130 | Any timer will do. | 任何计时器都会做。 |
| 131 | And then you just take it and set it for 25 minutes and make sure everything else is turned off. | 然后,你只是把它和设置 25分钟,确保其他一切关闭。 |
| 132 | So no instant messages, nothing like that. | 所以,没有即时消息,没有这样的。 |
| 133 | And you work with focused attention for 25 minutes. | 你专心工作25分钟 |
| 134 | Anybody can do 25 minutes, virtually anyone. | 任何人都可以做25分钟,几乎任何人。 |
| 135 | And when you're done, you do something fun. | 当你完成,你做一些有趣的事情。 |
| 136 | Just a little bit, a few minutes of relaxed fun. | 只是一点点,几分钟放松的乐趣。 |
| 137 | What this seems to do is this. | 这似乎就是这个。 |
| 138 | You are enhancing, you're practicing in some sense, your ability to have focused attention. | 你正在增强,你正在练习 从某种意义上说,你的能力 集中的注意力。 |
| 139 | And you're also practicing your ability to relax a little bit. | 你也在练习放松一下的能力。 |
| 140 | And now you understand that relaxation is also an important part of the learning process. | 现在你明白放松也是学习过程的一个重要部分。 |
| 141 | There's things going on in the background. | 后缘有事. |
| 142 | The only thing is this. | 只有这个 |
| 143 | When you do the Pomodoro, you want to make sure that you don't sit there and say, | 当你做波莫多罗时,你想确保你不会坐在那里说, |
| 144 | I'm going to do my entire homework set in this 25 minutes. | 我要在这25分钟内完成我的作业 |
| 145 | No. | 没有 |
| 146 | You just sit and say, I'm going to work with focused attention for 25 minutes. | 你坐着说 我要专心工作25分钟 |
| 147 | And that's the key. | 这就是关键 |
| 148 | Now students sometimes make the mistake of thinking that some of their absolute best traits are their worst traits. | 现在学生有时会错误地认为他们的一些绝对最好的特质是他们最糟糕的特质. |
| 149 | So what do I mean by this? | 我这是什么意思? |
| 150 | Let's take the idea of memory. | 让我们来想一下记忆。 |
| 151 | Let's say that you have a poor working memory. | 假设你的工作记忆力很差 |
| 152 | You can't seem to hold things in mind very well. | 你似乎不能很好地把事情放在心上 |
| 153 | You know, you'll watch these other students and they're able to grasp all these ideas | 你知道,你会看着这些其他的学生 他们能够抓住所有这些想法 |
| 154 | and kind of manipulate them, but you can't. | 和某种操纵, 但你不能。 |
| 155 | Well, what this means is, surprisingly, you are more creative. | 嗯,这意味着,令人惊讶的是, 你更有创意。 |
| 156 | Because you can't hold these ideas in mind so tightly, other ideas are often creeping in. | 因为你不能这么严格地去思考这些想法,所以其他的想法也经常会潜入其中. |
| 157 | If you have problems with attention, you're always kind of diverting off into some other idea. | 如果你的注意力有问题,你总是 一种转移方向 在一些其他的想法。 |
| 158 | It's similar. | 其相似处. |
| 159 | You are often more creative because these new ideas are slipping in instead. | 你往往更富有创意,因为这些新想法正在逐渐消失。 |
| 160 | So there's another thing, and that's slow thinking. | 所以还有一件事,那就是缓慢的思考。 |
| 161 | Some students compare themselves to other students and say, you know, I'm really slow by comparison. | 有些学生比较自己和其他学生, 说,你知道的,我真的很慢 通过比较。 |
| 162 | I mean, these other students, they're like race car drivers. | 我的意思是,这些其他的学生, 他们就像赛车司机。 |
| 163 | They go past me so fast. | 他们通过我这么快。 |
| 164 | But think of yourself as a hiker. | 但自想为徒. |
| 165 | Yes, a race car driver gets there much faster than you ever can. | 是的,一个赛车司机 到达那里的速度比你任何时候都快得多。 |
| 166 | But a hiker has a completely different experience. | 但徒步旅行者的经历完全不同. |
| 167 | A hiker can smell the pine air. | 徒步者能闻松气. |
| 168 | They can reach out, touch the leaves. | 他们可以伸手摸叶子 |
| 169 | They see the rabbit trails. | 他们看到兔子的踪迹 |
| 170 | In many ways, your experiences are deeper and more profound, and you don't jump to conclusions. | 在很多方面,你的经验更深刻,更深刻,你不会跳跃到结论上. |
| 171 | So if you're a slower thinker, yes, you may have to work harder in order to grasp the materials. | 所以,如果你是一个较慢的思想家,是的,你可能需要更努力地工作才能掌握材料. |
| 172 | But the tradeoffs, in many cases, are well worth it. | 但在许多情况下,权衡是值得的。 |
| 173 | You gain solid mastery of what you're studying. | 你对所学的学问有了坚定的掌握. |
| 174 | So there is something called illusions of competence in learning. | 因此,在学习中有一种所谓的能力错觉。 |
| 175 | And what this means is you can study all day long and you can be spinning your wheels | 也就是说你可以整天学习,可以旋转你的车轮 |
| 176 | because you're not using effective study techniques. | 因为你没有使用有效的学习技术。 |
| 177 | There is such a thing as test anxiety. | 有这样的东西,如测试焦虑。 |
| 178 | But in many cases, surprisingly many, it arises because you've just come face to face with the scary bear. | 但在许多情况下, 令人惊讶的很多, 它的产生, 因为你只是来面对 可怕的熊。 |
| 179 | And that is that you have just learned that you are not a master of the material. | 这就是你刚刚了解到 你不是材料的主人。 |
| 180 | Researchers with both critters and people are finding powerful insights into how we can learn most effectively. | 既有动物又有人类的研究人员 正在找到有力的洞察力 了解我们如何能够最有效地学习。 |
| 181 | One of those ways is simply through exercise. | 其中一种方式只是通过锻炼。 |
| 182 | Exercise, within a matter of a few days, can increase our ability to both learn and to remember. | 在几天之内,锻炼可以提高我们学习和记忆的能力。 |
| 183 | And researchers are beginning to understand the neurophysiological pathways that allow this to occur. | 研究人员开始了解 神经生理途径 允许这种情况发生。 |
| 184 | Tests. | 考证. |
| 185 | Tests are the best. | 试为最胜. |
| 186 | Test yourself all the time. | 常自考验. |
| 187 | Give yourself a little mini test. | 给自己做个小测试 |
| 188 | Make flashcards, even in math and science. | 制作闪存卡,甚至在数学和科学领域. |
| 189 | Mix them up. | 把它们混合起来 |
| 190 | Study them in different places. | 在不同的地方研究它们. |
| 191 | And this brings me to homework. | 这给我带来了功课。 |
| 192 | When you do a homework problem, never just work it once and put it away. | 当你做功课的时候 永远不要只做一次就收起来 |
| 193 | Would you ever sing a song once and think you knew that song? | 你会唱一首歌 并且认为你懂那首歌吗? |
| 194 | No. | 没有 |
| 195 | Test yourself. | 测试你自己。 |
| 196 | Work that homework problem several times over several days until the solution flows like a song from your mind. | 做功课的问题 在几天内多次发生 直到解答像一首歌从你脑海里流出来 |
| 197 | Recall. | 复唤曰. |
| 198 | When you're looking at a page as you're trying to learn something in a book, people's tendency is to highlight, right? | 当你在书中学习一些东西时,人们的倾向是突出,对吗? |
| 199 | There's something about the motion of the pen on the page that makes you think that it's actually going into your brain, but it often isn't. | 关于笔在页面上的动作,有些东西让你认为它实际上正在进入你的大脑,但往往不是. |
| 200 | And so often sometimes people will just reread, but that too is simply spinning your wheels. | 有时人们会重新阅读, 但也只是转动你的车轮。 |
| 201 | The most effective technique is simply to look at a page, look away, and see what you can recall. | 最有效的技术就是仅仅看一页,看一看,看一看可以记得什么. |
| 202 | And doing this, as it seems, helps build profound neural hooks that help enhance your understanding of the material. | 这样做,似乎有助于建立深刻的神经钩子, 帮助增强你对材料的理解。 |
| 203 | And finally, don't be fooled by the erroneous idea that understanding alone is enough to build mastery of the material. | 最后,不要被一个错误的想法所愚弄,即仅仅理解就足以建立对材料的掌握. |
| 204 | Understanding is truly important, but only when combined with practice and repetition in a variety of circumstances can you truly gain mastery over what you're learning. | 理解是真正重要的,但只有结合实践和各种情况下的重复,才能真正掌握自己正在学习的东西. |
| 205 | So, in closing, I would like to say that learning how to learn is the most powerful tool you can ever grasp. | 最后,我想说,学习如何学习是你们能够掌握的最强大的工具。 |
| 206 | Don't just follow your passions. | 别随心所欲 |
| 207 | Broaden your passions and your life will be enriched beyond measure. | 扩大你的激情和生活 将丰富超出量度。 |
| 208 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
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