异类：为什么有些人成功，有些人却不能｜马尔科姆微软内部分享
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | 他的新书,Outliers。 | |
| 0:02 | Outliers is a book about success. | Outliers是一本关于成功的书。 |
| 0:04 | It starts with a very simple | 一开始很简单 |
| 0:05 | question. | 问题。 |
| 0:06 | What is the difference between those who do something special with their lives | 在生活中做特殊事情的人有什么区别? |
| 0:10 | and everyone else? | 还有其他人吗? |
| 0:12 | The book explores this question by examining the lives of the remarkable | 书中探讨这个问题, 研究了杰出的人类的生活 |
| 0:16 | among us, the brilliant, the exceptional, and the unusual. | 在我们中间,辉煌,非凡,不寻常。 |
| 0:19 | Through his book, we learn | 通过他的书,我们学会了 |
| 0:21 | that the way we think about success is all wrong. | 我们思考成功的方式都是错误的。 |
展开字幕全文（945 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 他的新书,Outliers。 | |
| 2 | Outliers is a book about success. | Outliers是一本关于成功的书。 |
| 3 | It starts with a very simple | 一开始很简单 |
| 4 | question. | 问题。 |
| 5 | What is the difference between those who do something special with their lives | 在生活中做特殊事情的人有什么区别? |
| 6 | and everyone else? | 还有其他人吗? |
| 7 | The book explores this question by examining the lives of the remarkable | 书中探讨这个问题, 研究了杰出的人类的生活 |
| 8 | among us, the brilliant, the exceptional, and the unusual. | 在我们中间,辉煌,非凡,不寻常。 |
| 9 | Through his book, we learn | 通过他的书,我们学会了 |
| 10 | that the way we think about success is all wrong. | 我们思考成功的方式都是错误的。 |
| 11 | Malcolm Gladwell is a staff writer | 马尔科姆 Gladwell是个职员作家 |
| 12 | 《纽约客》和两本畅销书的作者 《Tipping Point》和《Blink》 | |
| 13 | Please | 请 |
| 14 | join me in welcoming Malcolm Gladwell to Microsoft to discuss Outliers. | 和我一起欢迎马尔科姆・格拉德威尔 到微软讨论Outliers。 |
| 15 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 16 | It's a real pleasure to be here. | 来此真欢喜. |
| 17 | You know, I don't work in an office. | 我不在办公室工作 |
| 18 | I work | 我工作过 |
| 19 | at home and I forget what offices are like and I was around the corner and I saw this | 在家里,我忘了办公室是什么样子, 我在角落里,我看到了这个 |
| 20 | big, open refrigerator with all kinds of subjects. | 大的,开放的冰箱 各种主题。 |
| 21 | I was like, how cool is that? | 我当时想,有多酷? |
| 22 | So I'm going | 所以我会去 |
| 23 | to talk about my new book which, you know, there are many things in it and I can say | 谈谈我的新书,你知道,书里有很多东西 我可以说 |
| 24 | all kinds of things about it. | 种种说法. |
| 25 | But I thought I would talk about an idea that is actually | 但我想谈谈一个想法 其实 |
| 26 | not in the book but that I've been thinking about a lot since writing it and which encapsulates | 不是在书里,而是我思考了很多 自从写它和封装 |
| 27 | a lot of what the book is about. | 书内容很多 |
| 28 | And it's this idea that's called capitalization and | 这个想法叫做资本化和 |
| 29 | it is a concept that a very brilliant psychologist named James Flynn has written a lot about. | 这是一个非常聪明的心理学家 詹姆斯・弗林写了很多关于这个概念。 |
| 30 | Those of you who know something about IQ research will have heard of the Flynn effect. | 你们这些懂智商研究的人 会听到弗林效应的 |
| 31 | That's | 这是 |
| 32 | James Flynn's idea. | 詹姆斯・弗林的主意。 |
| 33 | And he's written a lot about this concept of capitalization which | 他写了很多关于这个资本化的概念 |
| 34 | is what is the rate at which a society capitalizes on its potential? | 一个社会利用其潜力的速度是多少? |
| 35 | In other words, what percentage | 换言之,百分比 |
| 36 | of people who are capable of doing something actually end up doing that thing, right? | 有能力做一些事情的人 最终会这样做,对不对? |
| 37 | How | 怎么样 |
| 38 | efficiently do we make use of the talents within a given group of people? | 我们是否有效地利用特定人群中的才能? |
| 39 | So let me | 让我来 |
| 40 | give you an example. | 举个例子 |
| 41 | I don't know how many of you read Michael Lewis's book, The Blind | 我不知道你们有多少人读过迈克尔·刘易斯的书 《瞎子》 |
| 42 | Side, which is this extraordinary book about a young man in East Memphis, a teenager who's | 这是一本关于东孟菲斯一个年轻人的非凡书 一个少年 |
| 43 | six foot six and three hundred and fifty pounds and he's discovered by and adopted by a wealthy | 六尺六三百五十磅 他被一个有钱人发现收养 |
| 44 | white family and they realize that he's an extraordinary athlete and they work with him | 白人家庭,他们意识到 他是一个非凡的运动员 他们与他合作 |
| 45 | until he becomes one of the finest offensive linemen in the country and in fact he's about | 直到他成为全国最优秀的进攻线人 并且事实上他正在 |
| 46 | to be drafted into the NFL as many years later and make a kajillion dollars. | 多年后被征召加入NFL 赚一大笔钱 |
| 47 | It's this extraordinary | 实在太不寻常了 |
| 48 | story but part of it that always stayed with me when I read it was right at the very end | 故事,但其中的一部分 总是留在我身边 当我读到它是正确的 在最后 |
| 49 | the kid whose name is Michael Oher says that he's from the slums of Memphis, East Memphis | 那个叫迈克尔·奥赫的孩子说他来自东孟菲斯孟菲斯的贫民窟 |
| 50 | and he says if everyone who I grew up with who was into football who had a real ability | 他说,如果我长大的每个人 谁喜欢足球 谁有真正的能力 |
| 51 | in football actually ended up playing football they'd need to have two national football | 在橄榄球中,他们实际上最终 踢了足球 他们需要两个国家足球 |
| 52 | leagues and what he was saying was that East Memphis did not do a very good job of capitalizing | 联盟和他说的东孟菲斯 没有做一个非常好的工作 资本化 |
| 53 | on its athletic ability and so Lewis actually follows up on this and he does this, he talks | 所以刘易斯实际上跟进了这件事 他这样做,他说话 |
| 54 | to some people in the East Memphis school system and he asks them what percentage of | 他问东孟菲斯学校系统的一些学生, |
| 55 | kids in East Memphis who get a college athletic scholarship actually end up going to college | 东孟菲斯的孩子们 拿到大学体育奖学金 最终会考上大学 |
| 56 | and the answer was one in six which absolutely floored me because I would have thought that | 答案是六分之一 完全让我失望 因为我会想到 |
| 57 | when it comes, if there was one thing in America that we were really good at doing it would | 如果在美国我们真的擅长做一件事 |
| 58 | be exploiting the athletic ability of our youth in particular of our African American | 利用我们的青年,特别是非裔美国人的体育能力 |
| 59 | youth I would have thought that in an inner city area the capitalization rate for sports | 年轻人,我本可以想到,在城内地区 体育的资本化率 |
| 60 | would have been 90% but in fact what we learn in East Memphis is that the capitalization | 但事实上我们在东孟菲斯学到的是 资本化 |
| 61 | rate is one in six it's 16% so now think about it if in something that we care about as much | 率是六分之一,是16% 所以现在考虑一下,如果我们关心的事情 |
| 62 | as sports there's possibly nothing in American society that we devote more time and attention | 作为运动,在美国社会,我们可能没有 投入更多的时间和注意力 |
| 63 | and intellectual resources to than the maximization of the professional sporting experience in | 知识资源,而不是最大限度地利用 |
| 64 | something that we care that much about our cap rate is 16% so how high must it be in | 我们非常关心的就是我们的上限率是16% 所以它必须有多高 |
| 65 | things that we don't care that much about that's a very sobering notion and it says | 我们不关心的事情 这是一个非常清醒的概念 它说 |
| 66 | that as a society we have an awful long way to go towards properly maximizing the human | 作为一个社会,我们还有很长的路要走 以适当最大限度地实现人类 |
| 67 | potential of our members and so I realized when I thought about that book that Outliers | 我们的成员的潜力, 所以我意识到 当我想到那本书 Outliers |
| 68 | is really about that question it's about identifying sources of constraints on capitalization rates | 真正的问题在于找出限制资本化率的来源 |
| 69 | and figuring out how to remove them so what I thought I'd do is just sort of talk about | 并想出如何去除他们 所以我想做的只是谈谈 |
| 70 | a variety of these constraints what are the kinds of things that lower cap rates in any | 限制的种类 降低上限率的种类 |
| 71 | number of different areas of human endeavor so one obvious one is poverty when that cap | 人类努力的不同领域的数量如此之多,因此一个明显的领域就是贫困,而贫困就是贫困的顶点。 |
| 72 | rate is low and the kid Michael O'Hare who grows up in East Memphis talks about what | 在东孟菲斯长大的孩子迈克尔·奥黑尔 谈到什么 |
| 73 | a tiny fraction of the kids he grew up with who had athletic ability actually end up going | 和他一起长大的小孩中,有一点小的 运动能力的人最终会去 |
| 74 | to college what he's talking about is poverty East Memphis is one of the poorest neighborhoods | 东孟菲斯是最贫穷的邻里之一 |
| 75 | in the United States and we know that that kind of poverty makes it very very difficult | 在美国,我们知道,这种贫困使得非常困难 |
| 76 | for those who have an ability to do something to actually end up doing that very thing and | 对那些有能力做一些事情的人来说 最终会做那些事情 |
| 77 | that's sort of an obvious constraint on capitalization but one of the things I think is true of poverty | 这显然制约了资本化 但我认为其中一件事情是贫穷 |
| 78 | is that we tend even as we acknowledge its importance in constraining capitalization | 即使我们承认它在限制资本化方面的重要性, |
| 79 | we underestimate just what a powerful constraint it is and let me give you an example in the | 我们低估了它是多么强大的制约 让我举个例子给你 |
| 80 | book I talk about the famous Turman study that was done in California and this is a | 我讲的书 著名的图尔曼研究 在加州完成 这是一本 |
| 81 | study done in the 20s began in the 20s in California and Turman who is a psychologist | 20年代完成的研究开始于20年代 加州和图尔曼是心理学家 |
| 82 | at Stanford in fact the Turman who was the first dean of engineering at Stanford in fact | 斯坦福大学的Turman 是斯坦福大学第一位工程系主任 |
| 83 | isn't there a hall called Turman Hall at Stanford how many of you went to Stanford that's this | 斯坦福的Turman大厅 有多少人去过斯坦福 |
| 84 | guy's son anyway a little side fact for those of you who went to Stanford he does this thing | 这家伙的儿子,不管怎样,对于你们中那些去斯坦福的人来说 一个小的侧面事实 他做这件事情 |
| 85 | where he gives an IQ test to 250,000 California school children and he basically identifies | 他给25万加州学龄儿童做智商测试 基本确定 |
| 86 | the top 0.1% so kids with IQs of 140 plus genius level essentially and he tracks those | 排名前0.1%的智商达140的小孩 加上天才水平,他跟踪那些 |
| 87 | kids for the rest of their lives for 50 years and he's trying to figure out what happens | 孩子们的余生都活了50年了 他正在想办法 |
| 88 | to them and it's his notion starting out that he thinks because he's so invested in the | 对他们来说,这是他的初衷 他认为因为他如此投资 |
| 89 | notion that IQ is the single most determinant of life success he thinks what he's done is | 认为智商是生命成功的唯一决定因素 他认为他的所作所为是 |
| 90 | identified the cohort who will turn out to be the leaders in academia in industry in | 确定哪些群体是工业学术界的领导人 |
| 91 | the people who will end up you know running all the organizations and being the top politicians | 最终你所认识的人 管理着所有组织 并且是顶尖的政治家 |
| 92 | and the top intellectuals right so he follows them and follows them for over the course | 和最高级的知识分子 右 所以他跟随他们 并跟随他们 在整个过程中 |
| 93 | of 20 and 30 years and 20 and 30 years in he realizes actually it's not true at all | 他的20年和30年 以及20年和30年 他意识到这不是真的 |
| 94 | and that these kids turn out as when they turn out to be adults they have a variety | 这些孩子变成成人后 他们有各种各样的 |
| 95 | of strikingly different fates there is a small group that does very well the top 15% do actually | 命运大不相同 有一小群人做得很好 前15%的人做得很好 |
| 96 | occupy positions of real prominence in society then there's a big group in the middle who | 在社会上占据重要位置 中间有个大团体 |
| 97 | have pretty average lives and remember these are kids with adults with genius level IQs | 平均生活,记住这些是有智商的成年人的孩子 |
| 98 | and the majority of them do they're kind of like have moderately successful professional | 并且他们大多数都像有 中等成功的专业 |
| 99 | lives and then there is a chunk at the bottom who have who are by any measure failures who | 生活,然后在底部有一个块 谁有谁从任何程度的失败 |
| 100 | have whose lives turn out by by any kind of occupational yardstick to be massively disappointing | 根据任何职业标准,他们的生活都非常令人失望。 |
| 101 | who make do dot do not seem to make use of their extraordinary human potential at all | 做点点的人似乎完全没有利用他们非凡的人类潜力 |
| 102 | and the question the term has to wrestle with is why did that group fail what's the difference | 关键是为什么那个团体失败了 |
| 103 | between this group who did beautifully well and this group who did so poorly at the bottom | 这群人做的很好 和这群人做的那么糟糕 在底部 |
| 104 | and he runs through I mean this question obviously obsesses him and he runs through every conceivable | 他跑遍了我的意思是,这个问题 明显地迷惑了他 他跑遍了每一个想象 |
| 105 | explanation for that difference and he says is it their personalities and it's not he | 他说这是他们的个性,不是他 |
| 106 | says is it their is it their their habits is it their and it goes on and on down the | 是他们的习惯是他们的习惯 是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯是他们的习惯。 |
| 107 | list and he realizes in the end that the answer is really really simple and that is that the | 他最后意识到 答案非常简单 |
| 108 | kids who did best these genius kids who ended up succeeding in the world were the ones who | 做最好的孩子 这些天才孩子 最终在世界成功 |
| 109 | came from wealthy households and that the genius level kids who ended up utter failures | 出身富裕家庭 天才阶层的孩子 最终彻底失败 |
| 110 | in life were the ones who were born into poor families born into families where parents | 生于贫穷家庭的人 生于父母的家庭 |
| 111 | hadn't gone to college where there weren't books in the home where there wasn't the kind | 没有上过大学 家里没有书 没有那种 |
| 112 | of cultural and institutional support for a habit of learning and a habit of intellectual | 文化和机构对学习习惯和知识习惯的支持 |
| 113 | activity what he was saying in other words that even if you endow a child with a brain | 换句话说,即使你给孩子一个大脑 |
| 114 | that is a one in a billion brain that is not sufficient to ensure the success of that | 这是十亿人才中的一个 不足以确保成功 |
| 115 | child that poverty is such a powerful constraint on capitalization that it can reduce that | 贫穷是资本化的强大制约因素,可以减少 |
| 116 | genius child to a lifetime of worse than mediocrity a lifetime of really profound disappointment | 天才孩子的一生比平庸还糟糕 一生都非常失望 |
| 117 | so that's the that's the first constraint like I say it's the obvious constraint but | 所以,这就是第一个限制,就像我说的 这是明显的限制,但是, |
| 118 | I think it's important to impress on on for all of us to understand that poverty is probably | 我认为重要的是要给大家留下深刻印象 让他们明白贫困可能就是 |
| 119 | a bigger constraint than we think particularly those of us who are not intimately connected | 一个比我们想象中更大的制约 尤其是那些我们没有紧密联系的人 |
| 120 | with it we may tend to underestimate what an extraordinary impact that has on on limiting | 我们可能倾向于低估对限制 |
| 121 | people's ability to do well so let's talk about some other constraints that are maybe | 我们来谈谈其他可能存在的制约因素吧 |
| 122 | less obvious I got really interested in this book in looking at the composition of elite | 不太明显,我对这本书非常感兴趣 研究精英的构成 |
| 123 | teams and if you do that you find out all kinds of strange things so at one point I looked at the | 团队,如果你这样做,你发现 各种奇怪的事情 所以在某一点,我看着 |
| 124 | roster of the 2007 junior Czech hockey team now I did not pick that team for any I picked that | 2007年捷克低年级曲棍球队名单 现在我没有选择那支队伍 |
| 125 | team at random I just was interested in that's an elite team it was the second or third best | 我对这支精英队伍感兴趣 是第二还是第三 |
| 126 | junior hockey team in the world after of course the Canadians and so it's a it's a really elite | 当然是加拿大队后 世界上的少年冰球队 所以它是一个真正的精英 |
| 127 | these are the kind of kids who go on to play in the NHL or in the elite adult leagues in in in Europe | 这些是那些继续参加NHL或欧洲精英成人联赛的孩子 |
| 128 | so I'm going to read to you the birth dates of the members of that national Czech team 2007 January | 所以我要向你们宣读2007年1月 捷克国家队队员的出生日期 |
| 129 | 3rd January 3rd January 12th February 8th February 10th February 17th February 20th February 24th | 1月3日 1月12日 2月8日 2月17日 2月20日 2月24日 |
| 130 | March 5th March 10th March 26th April 22nd May 5th June 6th July 2nd July 19th July 20th August 15th | 3月5日 3月10日 3月26日 4月22日 7月6日 7月2日 7月19日 7月20日 8月15日 |
| 131 | August 25th August 31st November 29th and December 31st now what's strange about that list did you | 8月25日 11月31日 11月29日和12月31日 现在这名单有什么奇怪的地方吗 |
| 132 | notice 11 of the 20 names are born in January February and March it is a massively skewed | 20个名字中的11个生于2月和3月,这是一个巨大的扭曲 |
| 133 | distribution of birth dates towards the first three months of the year now that is not something | 年头三个月的出生日期分布情况 |
| 134 | idiosyncratic to the 19 to 2007 Czech junior hockey team in fact if you look at any elite | 事实上,在19到2007年的捷克少年曲棍球队中,如果你看到任何精英 |
| 135 | hockey team anywhere in the world and for that matter any elite soccer team anywhere in the | 世界任何地方的冰球队 以及任何精英足球队 |
| 136 | world you will see the same skewed distribution you will see that an overwhelming number of the | 你会看到同样的扭曲分布 你会看到绝大多数 |
| 137 | are born in January February and March now why is that the answer is that the eligibility cutoffs | 为什么答案是资格断绝 |
| 138 | for age-class hockey and soccer throughout the world is January 1st and in both those sports we | 全世界年龄级冰球和足球是1月1日 而在这两个运动中 |
| 139 | very very aggressively recruit the best and the brightest kids at a very early age so we go and | 非常积极地招募最优秀和最聪明的孩子 在很小的时候,所以我们去 |
| 140 | we look at a at a at a group of ten-year-olds we watched them play hockey or soccer and we | 我们看着一群十岁的孩子 我们看着他们玩曲棍球或足球 |
| 141 | select the best and we select them out we put them on all-star teams and we give them special | 选择最好的,我们挑选出来 我们把它们在全明星团队,我们给他们特别 |
| 142 | coaching and extra practice time and more games and encourage them and encourage them right | 辅导和额外的练习时间和更多的游戏,鼓励和鼓励他们正确 |
| 143 | thinking that is the best way to capitalize on the talent pool in that particular sport but think | 认为这是利用人才库的最佳方式 但想想 |
| 144 | about it when you're ten years old who's going to be the best at a particular activity physical | 当你十岁时 身体上谁最擅长某项活动 |
| 145 | activity the oldest kids right the kid who is born in January has ten months of maturity on the kid | 活动 年龄最大的孩子的权利 出生于1月份的孩子 拥有10个月 成熟的孩子 |
| 146 | born in October and when you're ten years old ten months is an extraordinarily long period of time | 出生在10月 当你10岁 10个月是一个特别长的时间 |
| 147 | it's can be that it can be three or four inches in height it can be a difference between between | 可能是高三、四英寸的距离 |
| 148 | being clumsy and being massively coordinated so we think we are picking the best and we're not | 笨手笨脚的 和大规模的协调 所以我们认为我们选择最好的 |
| 149 | we're picking the oldest right and then we take the oldest and we give them a special coaching and | 我们选择最老的右 然后我们选择最老的 然后给他们特别的教练 |
| 150 | all kinds of extra opportunities and all kinds of extra games and lo and behold ten years later | 各种额外机会 各种额外游戏 十年后 |
| 151 | they really are the best right but it's a self-fulfilling prophecy we created the | 他们真的是最好的,但这是一个自我实现的预言 我们创造了 |
| 152 | conditions that made them the best and foolishly thought we were actually identifying real talent | 让他们成为最优秀和愚蠢的人 以为我们是在寻找真正的人才 |
| 153 | now you only have to look at that and realize what an extraordinary constraint on capitalization | 现在你只需要看一看就知道 资本化的异常限制 |
| 154 | that is right logic would tell us that the distribution of hockey ability or soccer ability | 这是正确的逻辑会告诉我们, 曲棍球能力或足球能力的分布 |
| 155 | should be even throughout the year there by rights should be as many great soccer players | 年复一年,权利应该平衡, 和伟大的足球运动员一样多 |
| 156 | or hockey players born in December as January but when we look at these teams and we see they're | 或者是12月出生的曲棍球选手... ...作为1月份,但当我们看着这些球队,我们看到他们 |
| 157 | overwhelmingly weighted for the first three months of the year that suggests that we are that the | 今年头三个月的加权数绝大多数表明,我们是 |
| 158 | capitalization rate for hockey it must be less than 50% right we are leaving all of the talent | 曲棍球的资本化率一定不到50%,没错,我们正在离开所有的人才 |
| 159 | born in the second half of the year on the table now there's clearly a very easy solution to that | 生于下半年 摆在桌上 现在显然有一个非常容易的解决办法 |
| 160 | problem and that is that when we put together leagues of for soccer soccer and hockey in any | 问题是,当我们把足球和曲棍球的联赛组合起来 |
| 161 | other sport in the age-class arena we should have different streams for kids born in different | 年龄级赛场上的其他运动 我们应当有不同的流 给不同出生的孩子 |
| 162 | months we should have three parallel leagues one for kids born in the first four months of the year | 几个月,我们应该有 三个平行的联赛一 生于一年头四个月的孩子 |
| 163 | one for kids born in the middle four months and one for kids born in the last four months right and | 一个是中四个月出生的孩子 一个是过去四个月出生的孩子 |
| 164 | have them develop independently until they're in their mid-teens and then select it's a really | 让他们独立发展,直到他们 到了他们的中点,然后选择它是一个真正的 |
| 165 | simple way and if we did that we would double or triple our capitalization of talent in that | 简而言之,如果我们这样做,我们会加倍或三倍 我们的人才资本化在那 |
| 166 | particular realm now why don't we do that right because we refuse to admit that our own rules | 因为我们拒绝承认我们自己的规则 我们为什么不这样做呢? |
| 167 | arbitrary rules constrain capitalization and we cling to a naive belief that these meritocracies | 专横的规则限制资本化 我们坚持天真地相信 这些功绩 |
| 168 | that we have constructed in this particular realm are entirely rational and efficient and fair so | 我们在这个特殊领域所构建的 完全合理、高效和公平 |
| 169 | this is a second constraint on capitalization it's the stupidity constraint right it is our | 这是对资本化的第二个限制 这是愚蠢的限制 正确的是我们 |
| 170 | inability to understand that there is something deeply arbitrary and unfair in the way we have | 无法理解我们所遭遇到的极端武断和不公平的情况 |
| 171 | written the rules on which a meritocracy exists now for those of you who think that that is a | 现在你们中那些认为 |
| 172 | minor issue and that so what if those kids can't play hockey you know why can't they just play | 小问题,如果那些孩子不能打曲棍球... 你知道为什么他们不能只是玩 |
| 173 | another sport let me remind you that this is true of many sports I'm gonna I'll I'm gonna give you | 让我提醒你,这是很多运动的真谛 我会给你 |
| 174 | the birth dates of the 2007 Czech junior soccer team ready January 1st January 3rd January 5th | 2007年捷克初级足球队诞生日期 1月1日 1月3日 1月5日 |
| 175 | January 12th January 26th January 27th February 1st February 14th February 20th February 21st | 1月12日 1月26日 2月27日 2月1日 2月14日 2月20日 2月21日 |
| 176 | February 24th March 15th March 26th March 29th April 16th May 20th May 26 June 22nd June 24th | 2月24日 3月15日 3月26日 4月29日 5月16日 5月20日 6月26日 6月22日 6月24日 |
| 177 | August 18th and September 26th if that's not a stupidity constraint on capitalization on | 8月18日和9月26日 如果这不是对资本化的愚蠢限制 |
| 178 | football ability on soccer ability in a country by the way that cares more about football than | 在一个更关心足球的国家里 足球能力可以提高足球能力 |
| 179 | you know perhaps any other I don't know what it is right that's a and I you know we need to take | 你知道,也许任何其他 我不知道是什么是正确的,这是一个,我知道我们需要 |
| 180 | in other words very seriously the question of how we choose to structure systems of meritocratic | 换句话说,非常严重的是,我们如何选择建立精英制度的问题。 |
| 181 | systems and this also you can apply this exact same logic to educational opportunity if you look | 你也可以把同样的逻辑 运用到教育机会上 |
| 182 | at how well kids do in school based purely on their birth dates on whether they fall into the | 孩子们在学校表现如何 完全基于他们的出生日期 他们是否陷入 |
| 183 | youngest oldest or middle age cohort in their class you see exactly the same patterns in fact | 在他们班里年龄最小或中年的组别 你可以看到完全相同的模式 |
| 184 | there's a beautiful study done recently that tracked thousands and thousands of kids across | 最近有个漂亮的研究 追踪到成千上万个孩子 |
| 185 | the West and tracked them all the way through to their university level and found that kids born | 西方一直追踪到他们的大学 发现孩子出生 |
| 186 | in the relatively youngest cohort of their age class were 11% less likely to go to college than | 相对年龄最小的人群中,上大学的可能性比 |
| 187 | kids born in the relatively oldest cohort of their of their age class 11% is a huge difference and it | 出生在他们年龄较大的组群中的孩子 11%是一个巨大的差异 |
| 188 | is 11% of kids whose opportunity is being whose human potential is being squandered right completely | 11%的儿童的机会正在被完全浪费 |
| 189 | foreclosed why because we are so stupid as to organize our elementary school education without | 因为我们太蠢了 组织我们的小学 没有 |
| 190 | reference to the obvious fact of biological maturity right it is another is a glaring example of how | 提到生物成熟权的明显事实是另一个明显的例子,说明如何实现生物成熟权。 |
| 191 | constraints dramatically limit the capitalization of human potential so third constraint and I can | 制约大大限制了人类潜力的资本化 第三个制约,我可以 |
| 192 | go on about constraints but I'll stop with the third one this is in many ways the most fun one | 继续说限制问题,但第三句我不再说了 这在许多方面是最有趣的 |
| 193 | and the most controversial one but but I think it's it's worth digging into and it's it's what I | 和最有争议的一个 但我认为这是值得挖掘 并且它是我 |
| 194 | what I would say is an attitudinal constraint on capitalization so one of the I have a whole | 我想说的是对资本化的一种态度限制 所以我有一个整体 |
| 195 | book which is about this question of why it is that Asian kids do so much better at math than | 这本书是关于 为什么亚洲孩子在数学方面比 |
| 196 | their Western counterparts now the numbers here are irrefutable and they're extraordinary the | 他们的西方同行 现在这里的数字是无可辩驳的 他们是非凡的 |
| 197 | differences in mathematics performance between kids in Singapore Hong Kong South Korea Japan and | 新加坡儿童数学表现的差异 |
| 198 | kids in America Germany England or what have you the fact we just got a round of results from these | 在美国的孩子们 德国 英国或你有什么 事实我们刚刚得到了一个回合的结果 从这些 |
| 199 | international math test comparisons I think a couple weeks ago and we're talking about the | 国际数学测试比较 我想几个星期前 我们谈论的是 |
| 200 | difference is not this the difference is is that and if you look closely at trying to figure out | 区别不是这个 区别是... 如果你仔细看一看 |
| 201 | why it seems to be the case that the difference the reason for that difference has to do with | 区别的原因与 |
| 202 | attitudes it has to do with what is the attitude with which the child in those two sets of cultures | 这与这两类文化中儿童的态度有关 |
| 203 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}而当亚洲孩子坐着面对一个高点的时候 {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}我们发现 | |
| 204 | school math problem they have a different expectation of what solving that problem entails they have an | 学校的数学问题 他们有不同的期望 如何解决这个问题 他们有一个 |
| 205 | expectation that if they apply effort to the problem the problem is solvable whereas when we | 期望如果他们努力解决问题,这个问题是可以解决的,而当我们 |
| 206 | look very closely at the attitudes of Western children they seem to have the attitude that their | 仔细观察西方儿童的态度,他们似乎有他们的态度 |
| 207 | ability to solve that math problem is a function of their ability of their innate ability something | 解决数学问题的能力 取决于他们天生的能力 |
| 208 | they either have or they don't and that attitudinal difference seems to make a perfect have a profound | 他们要么有 要么没有 态度上的差别 似乎使一个完美的 有一个深刻的 |
| 209 | effect on the ability of kids to do well at math because as it turns out the Asian approach to | 影响孩子们在数学方面表现良好的能力,因为从亚洲的角度讲, |
| 210 | mathematics is the correct one when I say correct let me give you an example so these international | 数学是正确的,当我说正确 让我给你一个例子 所以这些国际 |
| 211 | math tests that we give to kids around the world they're called Tim's we give the Tim's every four | 我们给世界各地的孩子做数学测试 他们叫蒂姆 我们给蒂姆每四个 |
| 212 | years it's the same test to kids all over the world and and that's how we come up with these | 对世界各地的孩子来说 也是同样的考验 所以我们才想出这些 |
| 213 | rankings of how countries do well when we give the Tim's to kids at the same time as we give them the math | 国家如何做好排名 当我们把蒂姆的 给孩子们 同时,我们给他们的数学 |
| 214 | test we give them a questionnaire and the questionnaire is really long it's 120 questions long and ask them | 我们给他们一个问卷 问卷很长 它有120个问题 |
| 215 | all kinds of questions about that it will be useful to researchers so how many hours do you study do | 各种各样的问题 这将会对研究者有用 所以你们要学习多少小时 |
| 216 | your parents encourage you do you like math you know all those kinds of things but it's really long | 你的父母鼓励你喜欢数学,你知道 各种各样的事情,但它真的很长 |
| 217 | and it's so long in fact that most kids don't finish the questionnaire it's just too too long | 和它是如此长的事实,大多数孩子 没有完成问卷 它只是太长 |
| 218 | right so a couple years ago this really brilliant guy called Erling Bo at Penn decided he would rank | 几年前 宾夕法尼亚州的一个叫艾灵波的好家伙决定 |
| 219 | the countries of the world by what percentage of questions on the questionnaire their kids finished | 问卷中的问题比例 |
| 220 | right and you know what he found when he did that ranking and compared it to the ranking of countries | 对,你知道他做这个排名时发现了什么 和各国的排名相比较 |
| 221 | on the world by what percentage of questions on the math test their kids got right the two rankings | 在数学测试中问问题的百分比上 他们的孩子得到正确的两个排名 |
| 222 | were exactly the same and when I say exactly the same I mean there was a correlation of point nine | 完全一样,当我说完全一样的时候... ...我的意思是,9点有关系 |
| 223 | point nine in the history of social science there has never been a correlation of point nine between | 社会科学史上第九点 从未有过第九点的关联 |
| 224 | two it's the same thing when we if you want to know how good a country does at mathematics in other | 如果你想知道一个国家在数学方面 在别的地方有多好,那也是一样 |
| 225 | words you don't have to ask that those that countries kids any math questions you just have | 你不必问那些孩子的数学问题 |
| 226 | to make them do a task that requires them to sit down at a seat for an extended period of time and | 让他们做一个需要他们长期坐在座位上的任务, |
| 227 | focus on a task right and if they can do it they're good at math really really fascinating in other | 专注于一个任务的权利, 如果他们能做到这一点, 他们擅长数学 真的很吸引其他 |
| 228 | words what we're saying is when we look at Asian cultures what we are seeing is this this difference | 我们所说的是 当我们看亚洲文化时 我们所看到的就是这种不同 |
| 229 | in mathematical ability what we're seeing is not some underlying difference in talent or aptitude | 在数学能力方面,我们看到的并不是 天赋或能力的根本区别 |
| 230 | for mathematics but a difference in capitalization that Asian the Asian cultural attitude about work | 对数学来说,但与亚洲人对工作的文化态度 资本化的不同 |
| 231 | has the result of being a far more efficient way of capitalizing on math ability than Western | 能够比西方更高效地利用数学能力 |
| 232 | attitudes towards work and that tells us where the deficit in our mathematical education in the | 对工作的态度 告诉我们数学教育在 |
| 233 | Western world lies it's not in our curriculum it's not in the quality of our teachers it's not in the | 西方世界在撒谎 我们的课程里没有 老师的素质也没有 |
| 234 | size of our classrooms it's not in the amount of money we spend on schools it is the attitude in | 我们的教室不是花在学校的钱 而是态度 |
| 235 | ahead of the child as he or she sits down in 11th grade and does algebra or calculus right and by | 在11年级时坐在孩子的前面 做代数或微积分 |
| 236 | the way nor is it a problem in our genes as some people would like to say of there's a whole bizarre | 我们的基因里也不存在问题, 因为有些人想说,有一个完全怪异的 |
| 237 | argument that Westerners have an inferior set of genes when it comes to mathematics than Easterners | 西方人在数学方面拥有比东方人低的基因 |
| 238 | you know a totally ludicrous and unnecessary step in this argument no it's about culture it's about | 你知道在这场争论中 一个完全可笑和不必要的步骤... ... |
| 239 | difference in attitude and about their ability to far more efficiently capitalize on the abilities | 不同的态度以及他们更有效地利用能力的能力 |
| 240 | of their kids now why now what is this the case I mean this is a I'll just digress for a moment a | 现在他们的孩子,为什么现在这个案子... ...我是说,这个案子... ...我只要跳过一会儿 |
| 241 | really really interesting question is okay if Asian cultures have profoundly different attitudes | 真正有趣的问题是,如果亚洲文化有深刻不同的态度,那还行。 |
| 242 | towards effort when it comes to mathematics why why does that come from and nobody knows but in | 在数学方面,为什么只有数学才知道 |
| 243 | I venture what I think is a plausible explanation and that is that I think it has to do with patterns | 我敢肯定,我认为是一个合理的解释 我认为这与规律有关 |
| 244 | of effort laid down in in historical agricultural practices that when you look what what is the | 在历史农业实践中规定的努力 |
| 245 | thing that Hong Kong South China South Korea and Japan all have in common that is they are | 香港 南中国 韩国和日本的共同点是 |
| 246 | historically rice growing cultures and what is distinctive about rice growing it is the most | 历史上,水稻种植文化 以及水稻的特色 |
| 247 | labor-intensive and cognitively complex form of agriculture known to man we know so my my father's | 劳动密集型和认知复杂的农业形式 人类知道,所以我父亲 |
| 248 | European ancestors in the Middle Ages in northern England probably worked a thousand hours a year | 英格兰北部中世纪的欧洲祖先 每年大概工作一千小时 |
| 249 | as peasant farmers so what that meant was they worked from from dawn to noon five days a week on | 作为农民,这意味着 他们从黎明到中午每周五天工作 |
| 250 | the weekends they drank themselves silly and during the winter they slept basically and they | 周末,他们喝自己 傻傻的,冬季,他们基本上睡觉 他们 |
| 251 | got lots of my feelings but a peasant in medieval England got lots and lots and lots of holidays | 我有很多感情... ...但是中世纪英格兰的农民... |
| 252 | that peasants counterpart in South China or Japan in the same period would not have worked 1,000 | 同期华南或日本农民的对应工作 |
| 253 | hours a year they would have worked 3,000 hours a year for the simple reason that rice farming is | 他们每年工作3000小时 原因很简单: |
| 254 | a whole it is not a not a difference not a that's not just a difference in degree from wheat farming | 整体来说,它不是区别 不只是程度与小麦种植的不同 |
| 255 | is a difference in kind it's a whole different way of working it demands that you wake up at dawn | 是一种不同的方式 它需要你在黎明醒来 |
| 256 | and work all the way until dusk it demands that you work on the weekend in fact there's a wonderful | 一直工作到黄昏 它要求你在周末工作 事实上有一个美妙的 |
| 257 | Chinese product that I quote in the book which is a man who works dawn to dusk 360 days a year | 我在书中引用的中国产品 是一个在黎明工作的人 每年360天 |
| 258 | {\fn华文楷体\fs20\bord1\shad1\1cHE0E0E0\2cH000000}不會餓得要命 {\fn华文楷体\fs20\bord1\shad1\1cHE0E0E0\2cH000000}這包圍著東部和西部的區別 | |
| 259 | agricultural practices no my peasant ancestors in northern England it would be inconceivable | 在英国北部没有农民祖先,这是不可思议的 |
| 260 | if they could call that a proverb they would have said the man who works 175 days a year | 如果他们能称之为谚语 他们就会说每年工作175天的人 |
| 261 | dawn to 11 may or may not be hungry right well my argument is if your culture does that if that's | 黎明到11点可能饿不饿 我的论点是,如果你的文化这样做,如果那是 |
| 262 | what you do for a thousand years that attitude is a deeply rooted part of your makeup and when your | 你千年来所做的事 这种态度是 你化妆中根深蒂固的一部分 |
| 263 | kids even if they didn't themselves work in a rice paddy when they sit down and face a calculus | 孩子们即使自己不是在稻田里工作 当他们坐下来面对微积分 |
| 264 | or an algebra problem that legacy that attitude towards effort and persistence translates | 或代数问题 遗留下来的对努力和坚持的态度 |
| 265 | beautifully to that most modern of tasks and that and means that your culture will do a far better | 美丽到最现代的任务 也意味着你的文化会更好 |
| 266 | job of capitalizing on its innate ability now is that the whole story I don't know probably not | 利用它本能的工作是 整个故事我不知道 |
| 267 | there are probably all kinds of other explanations as well and I get into some of them but I think it | 可能还有其他各种解释,我了解其中的一些,但我想 |
| 268 | is important that when we look at things from this perspective to try and answer questions using | 重要的是,当我们从这个角度看待事情,尝试并用 |
| 269 | history and culture as our guide when you think about problems in other words from the perspective | 历史和文化作为我们的指南,当你思考 问题换句话说,从角度 |
| 270 | of capitalization I think you look for answers in different places than when you have a far more | 我认为你寻找的答案 在不同的地方 比当你有一个远比 |
| 271 | simple or more reductive approach to these kinds of things now why is this capitalization discussion | 简单或更消极地处理这些事情 为什么这种资本化的讨论 |
| 272 | of capitalization so important because I think when we look at why certain people or groups succeed | 资本化是如此重要,因为我想,当我们审视 为什么某些人或团体成功 |
| 273 | in the world our default explanation is always that those differences in success reflect underlying | 我们的默认解释是,成功方面的这些差异始终反映 |
| 274 | differences in ability and we forget about how much poverty stupidity and attitudes are far more | 我们忘记了贫穷的愚蠢程度和态度 |
| 275 | important constraints on on capitalization you know I remember I'm a I'm a happen I'm a runner | 资本化方面的重要限制,你知道我记得我是一个我是一个巧合,我是一个跑者。 |
| 276 | and I have observed like most runners have over the last 25 or 30 years how utterly dominant | 我观察到,就像大多数跑者 在过去的25年或30年里 |
| 277 | the Kenyans and the Ethiopians have been in long-distance running and this has prompted all kinds | 肯尼亚人和埃塞俄比亚人一直在长途跋涉, |
| 278 | of people to say that this must represent some fundamental difference in underlying levels of | 这些人说,这必须代表在基本水平上的一些根本差异。 |
| 279 | ability that there must be something peculiar about the genetic makeup of East Africans that | 在东非人的基因组成上 一定有什么特别之处 |
| 280 | makes them better runners than the rest of us that's a talent explanation right but a far more | 让他们比其他人跑得更好 才华横溢 |
| 281 | elegant and persuasive and simpler explanation for them is that they have a higher level of | 优雅、有说服力、更简单的解释是: |
| 282 | capitalization than we do Alberto Salazar who's the great American marathoner he recently pointed | 资本化比我们多 阿尔贝托·萨拉扎 他是美国马拉松运动员 他最近指出 |
| 283 | out that in Kenya there are probably a million schoolboys between the age of 10 and 17 years of | 肯尼亚可能有100万10至17岁的男生 |
| 284 | age who run uh but over 10 around 10 to 12 miles a day right a million boys running 10 to 12 miles | 年龄虽然在10到12英里左右 却有100万男孩在10到12英里之间 |
| 285 | a day between the age of 12 and 17 the same number um in the United States is probably 5,000 if that | 12岁到17岁之间的一天 在美国同样数字大概是5000 |
| 286 | so our capitalization rate when it comes to distance running what is it is it it's surely | 所以,当我们资本化率 当它涉及到距离运行时, 它是什么,它肯定是 |
| 287 | less than one percent right it's probably 0.5 percent how many kids who are capable of being | 不到1%的正确,它可能是0.5% 有多少孩子是有能力的 |
| 288 | great long-distance runners in the United States ever discover whether they have | 美国最伟大的长途跑者 曾经发现他们是否 |
| 289 | that um that uh that ability they never do because they never actually do the work necessary to find | 他们从不做那种能力 因为他们从不做必要的工作 |
| 290 | it but in Kenya how many great distance runners do they miss if they have a million schoolboys | 但在肯尼亚,如果有一百万个男生, 有多少伟大的远足选手会错过。 |
| 291 | running 10 miles a day almost none their capitalization rate is probably 95 percent | 每天运行10英里 几乎没有一个 它们的资本率可能是95% |
| 292 | that's the difference the difference has to do with what does the culture value | 区别在于文化的价值 |
| 293 | and where does it spend its time and attention and how good is it at finding and making exploiting | 时间和注意力都花在什么地方 以及它如何在寻找和开发 |
| 294 | that kind of human potential they're really good at that when it comes to distance running | 那种人的潜力,他们真的很擅长 当它涉及到距离运行 |
| 295 | and we're not and I think when you think about things that way it powerfully clarifies how you | 我们不是,我想当你思考 事情的方式 它有力澄清你是如何 |
| 296 | go about improving our use of human potential it means that you don't give up it means that you | 改进人类潜力的利用 意味着你不会放弃 这意味着你 |
| 297 | say look at a group that's not succeeding and say they are incapable of success | 说看一个不成功的团体 说他们不能成功 |
| 298 | and say that the problems that they face are too powerful too innate too ingrained for us | 并说他们所面临的问题 太强大 太内在了,对我们来说 |
| 299 | to do anything about the capitalization argument I think enables us it empowers us it tells us | 做任何事情 关于资本化的论点 我认为能够让我们 它赋予我们力量 它告诉我们 |
| 300 | that we can actually make a profound difference in how well people turn out if we choose to pay | 如果我们选择付钱,我们实际上可以 给人带来深远的影响 |
| 301 | to the constraints imposed by poverty by stupidity and by attitude so that's a little | 被愚昧和态度 所束缚的贫困 |
| 302 | glimmer of the kinds of things that I'm wrestling with in this book there's many more | 我在这本书里 遇到的几样事情 还有很多 |
| 303 | but I would be happy to answer any questions that many of you have the Beatles ones I really like | 但我很乐意回答任何问题 你们中许多人都喜欢披头士 |
| 304 | that one I don't know if you mentioned people who are over 40 or 50 can't spend 10,000 hours | 不知道你有没有提到过40或50岁以上的人 不能花一万小时 |
| 305 | doing something what do you suggest to us? | 你对我们有什么建议? |
| 306 | The question is in reference to I talk in the book | 问题是我在书里说的 |
| 307 | at one point about how long does it take to be good at something and this observation by many | 需要多长时间才能学好东西 以及许多人的观察 |
| 308 | psychologists that that to master a cognitively complex task whether it's playing chess at an | 心理学家认为,要掌握一个认知复杂的任务 无论是在下棋 |
| 309 | elite level or being a brain surgeon or a classical music composer or a good computer programmer | 精英级或做脑外科医生或古典音乐作曲家或优秀计算机程序员 |
| 310 | requires seemingly without exception 10,000 hours of deliberate practice | 似乎无一例外地需要10 000小时的蓄意实践 |
| 311 | so 10,000 hours is roughly four hours a day for 10 years so you need to put in that kind of time | 所以10000小时是每天大约4小时 10年,所以你需要把 那种时间 |
| 312 | before even the most talented of people innately talented people can ever achieve an elite status | 甚至连天生最有才华的人 都能取得精英地位 |
| 313 | but I would actually the and what I don't think this argument that observation suggests that | 但我实际上会 和我不认为 这个论点 观察表明 |
| 314 | people who are older in life this is closing doors of people who are older in life on the | 生活年长的人 这是关闭的大门 在生活中年长的人 |
| 315 | contrary I says it I think it suggests the opposite that it says that at any point in our lives | 相反,我认为它暗示相反 它说在我们生命的任何时刻 |
| 316 | if we are in a position to apply ourselves in a formal and rigorous and intensive way to a | 如果我们能以正式、严格和密集的方式 |
| 317 | problem we should be able to see fruits of that it says in other words that what is special about | 问题,我们应该能够看到果实 它说,换句话说,什么是特别的 |
| 318 | people who do highly extraordinary or creative acts is not that they are there's something | 做非常非凡或创造性的行为的人 并不是说他们有什么 |
| 319 | inherent in their minds some particular genius or that there is some magical property associated | 他们的脑海中蕴含着某种特殊的天才 或者说有些神奇的财产 |
| 320 | with youth right on the contrary it says that no what sets them apart is that simply that what we | 与青春正相反,它说,没有 是什么将他们分开 只是我们 |
| 321 | are seeing is the necessary and predictable outcome of applying oneself rigorously to a task | 将自己严格应用于某项任务是必要和可预测的结果 |
| 322 | something that can that is available to anyone at any point in their life if they choose to apply | 如果任何人选择申请,可以在其生命的任何时刻得到的东西 |
| 323 | themselves in that way so I think it's a liberating observation so little league | 所以,我认为这是一个自由的观察 如此小的联盟 |
| 324 | baseball has a cutoff date may 1st and I wonder what is the best mitigation strategy for a boy | 棒球有禁赛日期可能1点 我想知道什么是男孩最好的缓解策略 |
| 325 | who wants to play t-ball and is born on April 27th yeah so the question was about little league | 4月27日出生 所以问题在于小联赛 |
| 326 | baseball little league baseball has a cutoff in mid-summer or early summer and in fact if you | 棒球小联赛棒球在中夏或初夏有截断,事实上如果你 |
| 327 | at the distribution of birth dates of baseball players professional baseball players in in America | 美国棒球职业棒球运动员出生日期的分布情况 |
| 328 | you will see that they are highly clustered in the late summer months most baseball players are June | 你会看到他们在夏末的几个月里 高度集中 大多数棒球手是六月 |
| 329 | July August or July August September I've forgotten exactly where the so we see the same effect very | 七月八月或九月 我完全忘记了 我们所看到的同样的效果 |
| 330 | clearly with baseball what does the kid who is born on April 27th do well in a certain way nothing | 很明显的是棒球 4月27日出生的小孩 以某种方式做得很好 |
| 331 | there's nothing you can do this is I mean this is um one of the things that I | 你什么也做不了,我是说,这是... ... |
| 332 | that I in writing this book was objecting to was this strain in American thinking that says | 我写这本书时反对的 是美国思想中的这种压力 |
| 333 | that all obstacles are ultimately um um uh overcomable um by individuals if that individual | 所有的障碍 最终嗯嗯... ...嗯... 过于复杂... |
| 334 | simply chooses to um be determined enough I think that's very true and I persistence determination | 我只是选择了 足够坚定, 我认为这是非常正确的 我坚持的决心 |
| 335 | are incredibly important um components of of success but we also have to understand | 也是成功的重要因素 但我们也要明白 |
| 336 | that when it comes to stupidity constraints there is very little that individuals can do | 说到愚昧的束缚 个人几乎没有什么办法 |
| 337 | that's the reason that's why we call them stupidity constraints because they have been stupidly | 这也是为什么我们称之为愚蠢限制 因为他们一直愚蠢 |
| 338 | imposed on a collective level and are powerful enough to um overcome even really really | 被强制在集体层面, 强大到足以 克服甚至真正 |
| 339 | determined um individuals there are certain things that can only be done at the society level | 有决心的人 有些事情只能在社会层面做 |
| 340 | right and you know it is only our naive like I said I only our naive faith in the efficiency | 没错,你知道这只是我们的天真 就像我说过的,我只相信效率 |
| 341 | and fairness of metacritic systems that prevents us from seeing this the only thing you can do | 和公平 元批评系统 阻止我们看到这一点 你唯一能做的 |
| 342 | for the kid born April 27th who wants to be a baseball player is do what I talked about is | 4月27日出生的想当棒球手的孩子 照我说的做 |
| 343 | create parallel leagues based on on physical maturity that's the way you do it um and it is | 根据身体成熟程度创建平行联赛,这是你的方式,嗯,它是 |
| 344 | a if you look when I read that roster list for those Czech teams you know there are lots and | 你看看,当我读到 名册名单的捷克团队 你知道有很多, |
| 345 | lots of kids in Czech in in the Czech Republic who want to be um successful um uh soccer or | 捷克的很多孩子 想要成功 足球或者 |
| 346 | hockey players um but who happen to be born at the end of the year and you can see there's the | 曲棍球运动员,嗯,谁碰巧出生 在年底,你可以看到 |
| 347 | evidence they're not getting it they're not making it right it's not enough to ask the individual to | 证据是他们没有得到的 他们没有使它正确 它不足以要求个人 |
| 348 | um to try harder sure yeah so um I was kind of wondering as I read through the book if uh | 嗯,更努力地尝试,确定 是的,所以嗯,我有点好奇 当我读了这本书,如果呃 |
| 349 | you know given that it's kind of about constraints placed uh are somewhat arbitrarily | 你知道,这是种 设置的限制... ... |
| 350 | and if you came across any examples in your research of sort of outliers of those theories | 如果你在研究这些理论时 遇到过任何例子 |
| 351 | in other words people that manage to succeed at certain things despite those constraints yeah so | 换句话说,那些尽管有这些限制但仍能成功的人 |
| 352 | yeah this is a very interesting question so there's something I've thought about a lot subsequent to | 是啊,这是一个非常有趣的问题 所以有件事我思考了很多之后 |
| 353 | this um so the book identifies I'm really interested in this book in advantages that are advantages | 这本书让我对这本书很感兴趣 其优点是 |
| 354 | meaning the kinds of opportunities and advantages that end up putting you further ahead than you | 意思是那种机会和优势 最终让你更领先 |
| 355 | would have been otherwise right but that's clearly only one of four conditions there are also | 否则就是对的 但显然这四个条件中只有一个 |
| 356 | advantages that are disadvantages so if your father is worth a billion dollars do you think | 如果你父亲值十亿美元,你觉得 |
| 357 | that you would be uh as a kid uh better off or worse off today than you then you would be if | 你会是呃 作为一个孩子... ... |
| 358 | your father made a hundred thousand dollars I would rather have a dad who made a hundred | 你父亲赚了十万块 我宁愿有个爸爸赚一百块 |
| 359 | thousand than have than a billion right I think that having a father with a billion dollars would | 千比十亿对,我想有 父亲与十亿美元 |
| 360 | actually be quite crippling to your motivation and so that's an advantage that's actually | 其实是相当的打击 你的动机,所以这是一个优势 实际上 |
| 361 | a disadvantage right so then there's also disadvantages that are disadvantages so uh | 一个缺点,所以也有 缺点,这是所以呃 |
| 362 | that would be that's condition three and that would be to grow up the child of a single mother | 这将是条件三 这将是 长大一个单身母亲的孩子 |
| 363 | who's addicted to drugs in uh in uh in east memphis is a disadvantage that's a disadvantage | 在东部的梅菲斯 吸毒成瘾是缺点 |
| 364 | you really you know almost no one overcomes that right but what you're asking about is the fourth | 你真的知道几乎没有人能克服你的权利 但你要问的是第四个 |
| 365 | condition which is are there disadvantages that are advantages now that is the most fascinating | 条件,有缺点,有优势 现在最吸引人 |
| 366 | one of all so um uh for example one of the uh most uh fascinating observations that's been made in | 举个例子 最令人着迷的观察 |
| 367 | recent years is that uh someone did a study recently that pointed out that 30 percent of | 最近有人做了一项研究 指出30%的人 |
| 368 | american entrepreneurs uh have been diagnosed at some point in their life with a profound learning | 美国企业家... 在他们生命的某个阶段 被诊断为有深刻的学习 |
| 369 | disability and you know you only have to the list of people who fall into this category so the | 残疾,你知道你只需要 名单上的人 谁属于这个类别,所以 |
| 370 | dyslexics you know Branson's a dyslexic uh Charles Schwab is a dyslexic the guy who founded um uh | 你知道Branson是读写障碍 查尔斯·施瓦布是读写障碍 |
| 371 | right so why is that well the argument is that it's not a coincidence is in fact um it is a direct | 那么,为什么这是好的论点 是,这不是巧合 事实上,嗯,这是一个直接 |
| 372 | function their entrepreneurialism is a direct function of their disability so how do you succeed | 他们的创业精神直接取决于他们的残疾,所以你如何成功? |
| 373 | if you cannot read or write from the very earliest stages in your elementary education you compensate | 若您在初等教育的最初阶段无法读写,您可补偿 |
| 374 | for that if you're the ones who make it a lot of kids don't make it but those who do compensate | 如果你是 做它很多的孩子 不做它,但谁做补偿 |
| 375 | how do they compensate well from the very earliest age you learn how to delegate so kids who make it | 你从小就学着如何代表孩子 |
| 376 | to school kids who make it to school who can't read or write you know how they do it they do it | 上学的孩子谁去学校 谁不会读书或写字 你知道他们怎么做到的 |
| 377 | by having others do their reading reading and writing for them right you learn you compensate | 通过让别人读写 为他们读写 你学到你补偿 |
| 378 | by being a really good oral communicator you can't write or read so you you're a talker right you | 作为一个真正的好口头交流者 你无法写作或阅读 所以你是一个说话的人的权利 |
| 379 | learn how to problem solve right because your life is one big problem you're in an institution | 学会如何解决问题 因为你的生活是一个大问题 你在一个机构 |
| 380 | asks you to do two things and you can't do either of them right and you learn how to be a leader | 让你做两件事 你都做不好 学会当领袖 |
| 381 | you have to do all those things problem solve delegate um oral communicate you learn how to | 你必须做所有这些事情 问题解决 代表... 口头交流... |
| 382 | lead in fact there's a beautiful study that was also done that said that pointed out that of | 铅事实上有一个美丽的研究 也做了,上面说, |
| 383 | dyslexic entrepreneurs 80 percent of them were a captain of a high school sports team versus 30 | 其中80%是高中体育队队长, |
| 384 | percent of non-dyslexic entrepreneurs that's the character type right so when you get into the real | 非障碍型企业家的百分比 |
| 385 | world and what is it required of an entrepreneur that they be a good leader that they delegate that | 以及企业家需要什么 成为好领导者 |
| 386 | they be a problem solver and that they be good oral communicators these people have been spending | 他们是一个解决问题的人 他们是一个很好的口头交流者 这些人花费 |
| 387 | their whole life practicing the very the four skills that are at the cornerstone of entrepreneurial | 他们的一生都掌握着作为创业基石的四种技能 |
| 388 | success now if you talk to those people and you ask john chambers dyslexic right has difficulty | 如果你和那些人谈话 问约翰・张伯伦 右脚有困难 |
| 389 | reading his own email right you ask all those guys um what did you know what role did dyslexia play | 读他自己的电子邮件的权利 你问所有这些家伙... 你知道什么是 障碍扮演的角色 |
| 390 | in your success they would say it wasn't an obstacle that i had to overcome it was it is in | 他们会说,这不是一个障碍 我不得不克服它,因为它是在 |
| 391 | fact the reason i'm successful it is a disadvantage that ended up being an advantage now i am actually | 事实上,我之所以成功 是因为一个不利因素 最终成了优势 |
| 392 | this category to me is the most fascinating one of all um so let me give you another example um | 这个类别对我来说是最迷人的 所以让我再举个例子 |
| 393 | one of the most striking findings in educational research is that there's almost no payoff that we | 教育研究中最显著的发现之一是 我们几乎没有回报 |
| 394 | can find to reducing class size even though all parents are obsessed with class size right | 即使所有父母都对班级大小着迷 也能缩小班级规模 |
| 395 | irrationally so your your kid is in a class size of 25 and you hear that at some other school it's | 你的孩子在25号的班级里 听说在别的学校 |
| 396 | 19 and so you pay 25 000 a year to get your kid at the school with the 19 kids instead of the 25 | 19,所以你每年付25,000美元 让你的孩子在学校 与19个孩子,而不是25 |
| 397 | right in fact reams and reams and reams of academic studies have failed to show any advantage to | 事实上,学术研究的意向、意向和意向并没有表现出任何优势 |
| 398 | class sizes except for uh really disadvantaged kids in very very early grades for everyone else | 班级大小,除了 呃,真正处于不利地位的孩子 在非常早的年级,其他人 |
| 399 | it's a total wash why is it a wash because it makes no sense why would you do just as well | 这是一个总的洗,为什么它是一个洗,因为它没有道理 为什么你会做一样好 |
| 400 | in a class where the teacher's not paying you enough as much attention right shouldn't | 在一个班里 老师不够重视你 |
| 401 | shouldn't it be a correlation between teacher inputs and student performance | 应该不是老师投入和学生成绩的关联 |
| 402 | uh yes but only if there aren't there is no such thing as a disadvantage that can be an advantage | 嗯,是的,但前提是没有 这样的缺点 可以是优势 |
| 403 | what if the disadvantage of being all in a large classroom is something that you compensate for | 如果在大教室里的缺点 是补偿 |
| 404 | what if it's like dyslexia what if if you're one of 30 kids you compensate and learn self-reliance | 如果你是30个孩子中的一员 你会补偿和学习自力更生 |
| 405 | and that self-reliance in the end is just an important a trait as the thing that you would | 而最终的自力更生 只是一个很重要的特性 作为你想要的东西 |
| 406 | get from a heavy amount of teacher feedback right we are resolutely uninterested in the category of | 从大量的教师反馈中获取,我们坚决不感兴趣 |
| 407 | that fall into that fourth category right we can't even talk about them no one wants to talk about | 我们甚至不能谈论他们 没有人想谈论 |
| 408 | what are the things what are the kind of um customized disadvantages that we might introduce | 什么是事物 什么是那种 um定制的缺点 我们可以引入 |
| 409 | into our school system that might have a positive effect right and we're we're all we operate under | 进入我们的学校系统, 可能会产生积极的效果 正确的,我们是在我们所有的操作 |
| 410 | this extraordinarily psychologically naive notion that the only thing that matters in school are | 这种极端的心理天真观念 学校里唯一重要的就是 |
| 411 | advantages that are advantages right as if everything else didn't exist like i would love | 优势是优势,正确的, 仿佛一切不存在 像我喜欢 |
| 412 | to see for example i'm now ranting on and on but um it is not like i live in manhattan in manhattan | 举个例子,我现在在不停地叫... ...但是... |
| 413 | we have these super super super fancy private schools the most advantaged private schools | 我们有这些超级超级 超级华丽的私立学校 最有利的私立学校 |
| 414 | in the world right that cost 30 grand a year um high schools i'm not convinced that that isn't | 全世界每年要花三万块的学费... 高中... |
| 415 | that those schools don't fall into the category of advantages that are disadvantages i would love to | 这些学校不属于 优势类的不利条件 我很乐意 |
| 416 | see i would love to know on a kind of see a systematic analysis of whether you're helped | 我很想了解你是否得到帮助 |
| 417 | why is it the case that you're better off going to that school than learning how to cope in a far | 为什么你最好去那所学校 而不是学着怎么应付 |
| 418 | more um heterogeneous um rough and tumble um public school environment i don't it's not it's | 更杂乱的 粗糙和曲折的 公立学校环境 我不觉得 |
| 419 | not obvious to me why that's in fact most of the successful people who send their kids to those | 我看不出来,为什么这实际上是 大部分成功的人 谁送他们的孩子 |
| 420 | schools went to rough and tumble heterogeneous public schools so it is this massive act of | 学校进入了粗糙和曲折的公立学校 所以这是大规模的行为 |
| 421 | cognitive dissonance that you turn on the very thing that clearly made you successful | 认知上的不和谐,你打开了 本身的事情,显然让你成功 |
| 422 | and deny it to your child right in the name of what right the same grandfather who says that | 并否认你的孩子的权利 以什么权利的名义... ... . |
| 423 | he walked seven miles to school every morning barefoot drives his kid his grandchild in the | 他每天早上走七英里到学校 赤脚开车送他的孩子 |
| 424 | suv two blocks to school because it's raining out if it worked for you grandpa why doesn't it work | 去学校要两条街 因为要是对你有用 就会下雨 |
| 425 | for me possible cultural explanations for success like Asian to western but even within western | 对于我来说,可能的文化解释 成功,像亚洲到西方,但即使在西方内部 |
| 426 | i've read a lot of studies that try to explain for example if it's genetic or cultural that | 我读过很多研究 试图解释比如说 遗传或文化 |
| 427 | you know there are more noble prizes among jews or new western european eastern european jews | 犹太人或新西欧人 东欧人中还有更多高贵的奖项 |
| 428 | and yeah is there any way to debunk that for saying yeah there uh so um a lot of advantages | 是啊,有办法解开 因为说是的 嗯... |
| 429 | jewish advantages are shared by other ethnic groups who have are in a similar sociological | 犹太人的优势是处于类似社会状况的其他族裔群体。 |
| 430 | position so the parsis in india the lebanese throughout the world the ethnic chinese in | 世界上的莱班纳人 民族中国人 |
| 431 | southeast asia in malaysia and vietnam and i mean i could go on but there's a whole series of groups | 东南亚细亚在马莱西亚和维特南, 我的意思是我可以继续,但有 整个系列的团体 |
| 432 | that if you look closely at their the roles they have played and the success they have | 如果你仔细看看他们扮演的角色 和他们的成功 |
| 433 | achieved it's so they're all they're all doing the same thing so jews are not anomalous they're not | 所以犹太人不是反常的 |
| 434 | accomplishment that is common to this these discrete ethnic minorities within larger countries | 在较大国家内这些分散的少数民族的共同成就 |
| 435 | and a lot of that has to do with the kind of extraordinary set of there are a series of | 而很多事情都与 那种非常的一组有关系 有一系列 |
| 436 | disadvantages that come with being in that position but there are also a set of advantages | 与处于这种地位有关的不利条件,但也有一些好处。 |
| 437 | so outsider status being this kind of minority outsider group is incredibly useful if you would | 所以,外来者身份是这种 少数外来者群体 是令人难以置信的有用 如果你愿意 |
| 438 | to play any sort of middleman role right which what all those groups do lebanese | 扮演任何中庸角色 所有那些团体都做莱班纳 |
| 439 | parsi ethnic chinese and and and jews always play invariably end up playing this entrepreneurial | 帕西族的中国人 和犹太人总是玩 总是最终扮演这个企业家 |
| 440 | middleman role which is something that is uniquely available to the outsider because the outsider | 中庸角色,这是外人独有的 因为外人 |
| 441 | as an outsider is allowed to do things that you can't do if you're a member of a majority | 作为局外人,允许你做一些不能做的事,如果你是多数人 |
| 442 | you can be tough you can say no if you're going to be a banker right where you're where you're i | 你可以坚强,你可以说不 如果你要去成为一个银行家 你在哪里,你在哪里 |
| 443 | mean this does not apply to the bankers on wall street over the last 10 years but historically | 也就是说这不适用于 过去十年来在墙壁街的银行家 但历史上 |
| 444 | if you were a banker your success depended on your ability to say no right and to be mean to | 如果你是银行家... ...你的成功取决于你的能力... |
| 445 | say to someone who is not paying you got to pay right it's really hard to do that if you're a | 告诉一个不付钱的人,你必须付钱 如果你是一个 |
| 446 | majority culture because you risk your social standing when you stand up to someone and put | 因为你要冒着社会地位的风险 站在一个人的面前 |
| 447 | your foot down but if you're a member of a minority group that's outside the general culture | 如果你是一般文化以外的少数族群的成员 |
| 448 | you can be tough you can say no right so that's why you see banking is always dominated by those | 所以银行业总是由那些 |
| 449 | four groups throughout the you know my my mother grew up in jamaica the jamaican it's funny | 我妈妈在果酱里长大 真有趣 |
| 450 | actually jamaica is a perfect example of this the entrepreneurial commercial class of jamaica is | 实际上,贾马卡是一个很好的例子 贾马卡的创业商业阶层 |
| 451 | ethnic chinese jewish and lebanese right it's like it's an exact | 中国犹太人和黎凡尼人 |
| 452 | indication of this very thing so we could play with that idea and and i and come to an understanding | 说明这件事 这样我们就可以玩弄这个想法 和我达成谅解 |
| 453 | of all kinds of of patterns of accomplishment in those groups because all those groups also have | 中的各种成绩模式,因为所有这些群体 |
| 454 | disproportionate professional success and disproportionate intellectual to some extent | 专业成绩不相称,知识分子程度不相称 |
| 455 | proportionate intellectual success as well i feel like i'm discriminating against the back of the | 相适应的智力成就 以及我觉得我歧视 |
| 456 | room referring to the 10 000 hour idea but in your opinion what is it how difficult is it to | 说到10000小时的想法 但是在你看来 这有多难 |
| 457 | be successful in today's time period where we're at right now as opposed to maybe the great | 在今天这段时期里成功,我们现在比起伟大的 |
| 458 | depression or obsession uh well that's an interesting question i mean the um i think it's | 抑郁症或痴迷症 嗯... 这是一个有趣的问题... ...我的意思是... |
| 459 | easier in the sense that there are just so many other there are so many um uh such an array of | 更简单的是,有这么多其他的 有这么多的,嗯... |
| 460 | things to be good at now right um success was narrowly defined in the 30s as being a doctor or | 30年代成功被狭义定义为做医生或 |
| 461 | a lawyer um today we have you know 25 different things that we would give accord that same status | 今天我们有25种不同的东西 我们会给予同样的地位 |
| 462 | um or at least after the meltdown on wall street 24 | 或至少是在墙壁街倒塌后 24号 |
| 463 | sorry i can't resist the wall street digs um so in that sense you know if you think about | 抱歉我不能抗拒 墙壁街道挖掘 嗯,所以从这个意义上说,你知道 如果你想到 |
| 464 | um uh the kinds of things that are available to those who are willing to put 10 000 about | 嗯,嗯... 那种东西可以提供给 那些愿意投入一万左右 |
| 465 | hours of practice in the list is just longer now and so in that sense i would say that we're | 名单上的练习时间只是更长了 所以从这个意义上讲,我要说,我们 |
| 466 | i'm at an advantage | 我有一个优势 |
| 467 | but you're referring to you know how bill gates you know worked towards his achievement and you | 但你指的是你知道 比尔门如何工作 他的成就,你 |
| 468 | know 3 a.m to 6 a.m you do programming and that seeing that success before it actually became | 你知道凌晨3时至6时 你做编程 并且看到成功之前 |
| 469 | what we're all here doing now | 我们现在在这里做什么 |
| 470 | oh i see well it's always going to be yeah well we're in this it's | 哦,我看得很清楚 它总是会是 是啊,好吧,我们在这 |
| 471 | you know that kind of question is unanswerable because it requires us to know what the next | 你知道那种问题是无法回答的 因为它需要我们知道接下来会是什么 |
| 472 | you know the thing about people of bill gates's generation was that they were | 你知道比尔门的一代人 就是他们 |
| 473 | getting their 10 000 hours in in a discipline before the rest of the world realized that that | 在他们10000小时的纪律中 在世界其他地方意识到这一点之前 |
| 474 | was the discipline that mattered right by definition we do not know what that discipline is today | 我们不知道今天的纪律是什么 |
| 475 | only the 15 year old equivalent of bill gates does so those of you with 15 year old children | 只有15岁的老人才会有15岁的小孩 |
| 476 | should ask them but you know i'm not going to know sure | 应该问他们,但你知道我不确定 |
| 477 | yeah so i have a in the culture section of the book i um i i talk about i try to condo i talk | 是啊,所以我有一个文化部分 在书 我嗯,我谈论我尝试公寓 我说话 |
| 478 | about um i try to sort of um it's a i'm trying to set up the discussion of asians and math | 关于嗯,我尝试 排序的嗯,这是一个我试图设置 讨论 asians 和数学 |
| 479 | because the hard thing to understand about the kind of cultural explanation i give for asian | 因为很难理解 我给亚利桑那文化的解释 |
| 480 | mathematics superiority is this notion that the kids who are doing well in math today | 数学的优越性就是这个概念,即今天数学成绩良好的孩子 |
| 481 | in south korea or singapore or where have you japan are not themselves rice farmers nor their | 南朝鲜或锡纳波尔 或你在哪里 Japan 既不是稻农也不是他们的 |
| 482 | parents nor in some cases are their grandparents right so why how is it possible that rice farming | 父母,在某些情况下,他们的祖父母是对的,因此,为什么水稻种植是可能的? |
| 483 | could be the explanation for the way they are well in order to buy that you have to buy the idea that | 这可能是解释 他们的方式好,为了买 你必须买的想法 |
| 484 | cultural models and codes and rules persist that long after the circumstances that created them | 文化模式、守则和规则在形成这些模式和规则的环境之后很久依然存在。 |
| 485 | have gone away those things are still in the air and they don't they don't they don't peter out or | 已经走了,那些东西仍然在空气中 它们没有,它们不 他们不发抖或 |
| 486 | vanish they actually stick around and so i i describe i give an account an explanation for | 消失了,他们实际上 停留在身边 所以我描述 我给出了一个解释 |
| 487 | why appalachia in america has always been the most violent part of the united states | 美国的阿巴拉契亚为何一直是美国最暴力的地方 |
| 488 | and the explanation for that is not in the particular immediate conditions of appalachian | 并且对此的解释并非在阿巴拉契亚人的特殊眼前条件下 |
| 489 | life it has to do with where the ancestors of those living in appalachia come from | 生活与生活在阿巴拉契亚的祖先来自何方有关 |
| 490 | and they all they many of them they that that appalachia was settled by people | 他们中的许多人,是被人们安置的。 |
| 491 | by the scotch irish people from the borderlands of the united kingdom who had developed in their time | 由来自统一王国边疆地带的 苏格兰爱尔兰人 在其时代发展而来 |
| 492 | there are hundreds of years there in that most kind of lawless and dangerous and | 在那里有数百年 那种最无法律 和危险, |
| 493 | barren existence had developed this thing called a culture of honor which was a culture where your | 生命的贫瘠 发展了这种叫荣誉文化的事物 |
| 494 | where your honor was everything and where you would do anything to defend it | 在那里你的荣誉是一切, 你会做任何事情来捍卫它 |
| 495 | and that is precisely the kind of culture that leads to lots and lots and lots of violence | 这恰恰是导致大量暴力的文化 |
| 496 | but it was a that whole section of the book is is preparing us for the notion for the seemingly | 但书的整节内容 正在让我们为看似 |
| 497 | counterintuitive notion that what your great great great great grandparents did for a living | 反直觉的观念,你伟大的伟大 祖父母所做的生活 |
| 498 | can make a difference in how you see the world which is not an obvious it's a difficult point | 能改变你对世界的看法 这不明显 这很困难 |
| 499 | i think for many people to grasp you made a great case for the 10 000 hours of work it takes to | 我认为很多人会理解你 在10000小时的工作里 |
| 500 | become exceptionally good and it's something and then also for the people that are basically | 变得特别好, 它的东西,然后也为人民 基本上 |
| 501 | disadvantaged but i'm wondering about where you have the loss of society where you only have so | 但我想知道你在哪里 失去社会 你只有这样 |
| 502 | many slots so for instance if you had a better pathway for the check team so that the people | 许多插槽,例如如果你有更好的通道 检查小组,让人们 |
| 503 | were equally distributed would they have a better team yeah i think it stands to reason | 如果他们有更好的团队 那也合理 |
| 504 | that the checks so suppose the checks have what the canada's use the canadians inside | 假设这些支票 里面的加拿大人用了什么 |
| 505 | canadian suppose the canadians did had three parallel leagues then their denominator of kids | 加拿大人假设加拿大人的确有三个平行的联赛 然后是他们的孩子分母 |
| 506 | that they're choosing from i think if you look at the distribution now you can make a reasonable | 他们从我看来,如果你看看分配,你可以 做一个合理的 |
| 507 | inference that they are the cap rate is 40 percent right if we can raise the capitalization rate to | 如果我们能把资本化率提高到 |
| 508 | 80 percent we have doubled the number the available pool of kids that we're choosing from for the most | 80%,我们已经翻了一倍 可用 池子,我们选择最多 |
| 509 | level so it doesn't change the same number of people are there's only a limited number | 关卡,所以不会改变 人数相同 人数有限 |
| 510 | of slots in the national hockey league but it stands to reason if the pool that you're | 国家曲棍球联赛的分数,但如果游泳池你就是 |
| 511 | pulling from is twice as big the average level of talent should be higher | 拔出两倍的人才 平均水平应该更高 |
| 512 | that you should in other words be able to to raise the median level of talent in the league | 换句话说,你应该能够提高联赛的中位人才水平 |
| 513 | if you've increased your if you've increased your the pool you're fishing in | 如果你增加了你的水池 你正在钓鱼 |
| 514 | okay okay so i know i'm about to get like totally smoked but go ahead | 好吧,好吧,我知道我即将 得到像完全吸烟 但继续 |
| 515 | so so then you would expect that the people that were born later in the year on the check team or | 所以,那么你就会期望 那些出生在一年后期 在支票小组或 |
| 516 | all these teams were possibly better than the ones that are born early yeah that's yes here's | 所有这些球队都比那些早出生的球队要好 |
| 517 | what it starts to get really really interesting you might so they have overcome well there are | 开始变得真正有趣的是 你可能已经克服了 |
| 518 | things there remember or they may simply be maturational anomalies that is to say not all | 记忆中的东西 或者它们可能只是 成熟的异常 也就是说不是所有 |
| 519 | if you look at a group of seven-year-olds they don't all mature at the same rate it is mostly | 如果你看着一群七岁的孩子 他们不是都以同样的速度成熟 |
| 520 | the case that the kids born in january are going to be bigger and stronger than the kids born | 在日本出生的孩子 将会比出生的孩子大 强壮 |
| 521 | december but some of the december borns at the age of 10 or 11 are going to be as mature as those | 但有些十岁或十一岁出生的十岁小孩 将会像那些孩子一样成熟 |
| 522 | born in january i think what you're seeing is that um those are the kids who end up making the | 出生在日本 我认为你所看到的是 那些孩子最终做了 |
| 523 | end and shelter just ones whose whose growth curve was a little bit accelerated um i think | 他们的成长曲线有点加快 我想 |
| 524 | that's the um although i don't know it's a very good question it would be worth looking into | 那是嗯,虽然我不知道 这是一个非常好的问题 它会值得研究 |
| 525 | but i did look at the list of like the greatest hockey players ever and you know they're almost | 但我确实看了名单 像有史以来最伟大的冰球运动员 你知道他们几乎 |
| 526 | 所有january february 游行,所以能力 顶级评分 利用像 | |
| 527 | the east african runners the million that have there but their system is not able to do anything | 东非的跑者 拥有的百万人 但他们的系统却无能为力 |
| 528 | with that so yes the quality of of the the ones who make it through there's a great conversation | 说得没错 穿过去的人的品格 |
| 529 | that's happening here across microsoft around innovation and part one of the ideas is you know | 这发生在微软上 围绕创新 第一部分的想法是你知道的 |
| 530 | how do we dig in and find innovation where it is it's it's not always just coming out of msr there | 我们如何挖掘和找到创新 在哪里它是它不是 总是从msr那里出来 |
| 531 | might be we're bad at finding ideas great innovation at other parts of the company | 可能是我们不擅长在公司其他部门 找到伟大的创意 |
| 532 | somebody that's in operations or support has a great idea but if there's not the mechanisms | 行动或支持的人有一个好主意 但如果没有机制 |
| 533 | to pull that out and do something with that and so we're there's this downward pressure on the | 把它拉出来 用它做一些事情 所以我们有这种向下的压力 |
| 534 | stupidity factor of not allowing us to find those ideas as well as the upward push trying to share | 不让我们找到这些想法的愚蠢因素 以及试图分享的向上推动 |
| 535 | yeah so this is a good point so um to go back to your point as well so one way imagine you know | 是啊,所以这是一个好点 所以,嗯 回到你的观点 所以,一种方式想象你知道 |
| 536 | it's as a thought experiment let's just use hockey for example suppose we wanted to increase the cap | 以冰球为例 假设我们想加盖 |
| 537 | rate um in hockey in the in canada um one way to do it is to talk about do what i'm talking about | 在加拿大的曲棍球比赛中 一种方法就是 说说我说的 |
| 538 | which is not to increase the number of slots in the national hockey league but simply to increase | 而不是增加全国曲棍球联赛的名额, |
| 539 | the number of developmental leagues to have this kind of but another way is to is to increase the | 有多少发展联盟拥有这种类型,但另一种方式是增加 |
| 540 | suppose as a fellow experiment we double the size of um the national hockey league and we say we're | 假设我们做个实验 将全国冰球联赛的规模翻一番 |
| 541 | not going to have 30 teams right would that be would the would the expansion of that end have | 没有30支球队的权利, 那样的话,扩大这个目标将会 |
| 542 | the effect of forcing um a higher a greater efficiency in the capitalization of hockey teams | 使曲棍球队资本化的效率提高 |
| 543 | in um of hockey in the developmental leagues in other words can we are there two ways to do this | 换句话说,在发展联赛的曲棍球赛中 我们可以有两种方法做到这一点 |
| 544 | you do this bottom up or can you do this um top down the only um i would be curious i'm curious | 你从下到上还是你可以从上到下做下去... ...我唯一好奇的是... |
| 545 | about the top down version because we have a version of it in this country right now right | 关于自上而下版本,因为我们有一个版本 它在这个国家现在右 |
| 546 | where you have um companies like microsoft which um a whole tier of high technology companies | 有微软之类的公司 有高科技公司 |
| 547 | which are in perpetual have a perpetual shortage of very very talented people right they're always | 他们永远缺乏非常有才华的人 |
| 548 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}抱怨我们找不到足够多的人 {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}我们得去填补这些空缺 | |
| 549 | overseas we got all this kind of um and so in this case it has not had the um this this perpetual | 海外我们得到了所有这种 嗯,所以在这种情况下, 它没有这个嗯 这个永远 |
| 550 | shortage of very talented people has not really had the effect i think of dramatically raising | 缺乏有才华的人 并没有真正产生效果 我想大幅度提高 |
| 551 | our capitalization rates when it comes to math and science in fact over the course of the last | 数学和科学的资本化率 |
| 552 | 25 or 30 years the relative performance of the united states in math and science seems to if i | 25年或30年 美国数学和科学的相对表现 |
| 553 | if i have my numbers correctly seems to have if anything eroded um so that suggests that maybe | 如果我有正确的数字 似乎有 如果有什么侵蚀 嗯,这说明也许 |
| 554 | top down that's that um that supply side or demand side approaches i was getting mixed up one of them | 上面是供应方或需求方 我被搅乱了其中之一 |
| 555 | you know i'm talking about increasing the number of slots at the top may not be the best um way to | 你知道我的意思是增加顶部的插槽数量 可能不是最好的办法 |
| 556 | do it although i don't i mean but it's open to it's it's worth you know thinking about all these | 做它,虽然我不是说,但它是开放的 它是值得你 想想所有这些 |
| 557 | various um scenarios sure so do you think that's the communities by having math programs and all | 各种假设,你肯定 认为这是社区 通过数学程序 和所有 |
| 558 | this that a lot of that effort's going to be wasted because the societal underpinnings aren't | 因为社会基础不是 |
| 559 | yeah yeah you need to have a kind of i mean there has to be like to go back to the the | 是的,是的,你需要有一种 我的意思是,一定有 像回到 |
| 560 | the kenyan runners for example so they do have um there's an awful lot of it's actually incredibly | 比方说Kenyan的跑步者 他们确实有... . |
| 561 | wasteful to have a 90 capitalization rate for distance running you don't actually want a | 浪费了90的资本化率进行距离运行,你其实并不想要 |
| 562 | million of your 12 year olds running um 10 miles a day because you only have four spots on the | 你每天跑10英里的12岁老人中,有上百万人 因为你们只有四个位置 |
| 563 | olympic team or whatever three spots olympic team you want them to be doing something that has some | 奥林匹克团队或任何三个点的奥林匹克团队 你希望他们做一些事情 |
| 564 | ultimate payoff so it's actually that's actually not a it's not a model we want to emulate it's | 最终的回报,所以它实际上不是一个 它不是一个模型,我们想模仿它。 |
| 565 | probably a good thing that we have a one percent capitalization rate but we just shouldn't whine | 也许我们有1%的资本化率是好事 但我们不应该抱怨 |
| 566 | about our performance in this running but as a result but um uh but there are a whole series of | 关于我们在这场比赛中的表现... ...但结果... ... |
| 567 | of like here's a this is a totally wacky idea that i've been talking about with some people | 就像这里有一个完全疯狂的想法 我一直在谈论一些人 |
| 568 | which is um suppose you uh rewarded in suppose you set up a system that allowed individuals or | 假设你得到奖励 假设你建立了允许个人或 |
| 569 | non-profits to profit from raising cap rates so i go into suppose i go into the south central la | 非赢利者通过提高上限来获利 所以我去假设我去了南中拉 |
| 570 | and i have a class of a first grade class right now i know actuarially speaking looking at the | 我有一个一年级的班级 现在我知道精算 看着 |
| 571 | those kids in their socioeconomic background that the amount of federal tax those kids will pay | 那些有社会经济背景的孩子 联邦税的金额 那些孩子会支付 |
| 572 | like uh actuarially 20 30 years hence is probably close to zero right you have to join you have to | 2030年的精算结果可能已经接近零了 你必须加入 |
| 573 | be a member of the middle class to to pay taxes these days and the the number of kids in a the | 成为中产阶级的一员 交税这些天 和孩子的数量在一个 |
| 574 | worst part of south central who end up in the middle class is very very small so suppose i | 中产阶级中最坏的地方 很小 所以假设我 |
| 575 | said to so the cap rate if we define capitalization as joining the middle class and paying federal | 因此,如果把资本化定义为 加入中产阶级和支付联邦 |
| 576 | taxes the capitalization rate in a bad neighborhood in south central is pretty much zero so what if we | 中央南部的坏街区的资本利率 几乎是零 所以如果我们 |
| 577 | said to anyone that if you um can raise the capitalization rate in that group i'll give you | 对任何人说,如果你可以提高 资本率在那个组,我会给你 |
| 578 | a cut of their federal taxes so what if you said just like you it's like a you could you could | 削减他们的联邦税 所以如果你说 就像你一样 |
| 579 | venture capital um groups of kids right now i'm just doing this as a as a kind of as a kind of | 风险投资,嗯 一群孩子 现在,我只是做这个 作为一种类型的 |
| 580 | thought experiment so we know we're getting so why do you because we're getting zero federal tax | 思考实验,让我们知道我们正在得到 为什么会因为 我们得到零联邦税 |
| 581 | dollars now what would be so wrong to say if you joe smith want to invest in this class of kids | 如果Joe Smith想投资给这班孩子,那又有什么错呢? |
| 582 | for the next 25 years i'll give you 50 percent of the tax revenue in perpetuity and if you so in | 接下来的25年,我会给你50%的税收 永远,如果你这样做 |
| 583 | other words if you can get you know three computer programmers and two doctors out of this class of | 换句话说,如果你能让你知道三个计算机程序员和两个医生 |
| 584 | 30 kids you're going to be a very very rich man and by the way society would be way better | 30个孩子,你将会是一个非常富有的人 顺便说一句,社会会更好 |
| 585 | and the kids will be happier because they will have what they don't have now which is someone | 孩子们会更快乐 因为他们会拥有他们现在没有的东西 |
| 586 | who is actively interested in and capable of of of increasing their capitalization right of getting | 积极关心并有能力增加其资本化权利的人 |
| 587 | the rate from zero to whatever it is 10 15 20 35 percent i see i don't i have no there's all people | 从零到什么的费率是10 15 20 35%,我看,我没有 没有所有的人 |
| 588 | you know when you tell other people they very often people think oh that it just sounds so but | 你知道当你告诉别人, 他们经常认为 哦,它只是听起来如此,但 |
| 589 | you know what it's whatever problems are with that idea it's a lot better than what we have now which | 你知道什么是它有什么问题 与这个想法 它的很多好 比我们现在有什么 |
| 590 | is no one caring for the kids right but the point is that capitalization strategies um change the | 没有人关心孩子,但关键是 资本化策略... 改变 |
| 591 | they move us away from this i am so sick of this relentless absurd um exhausting focus on ability | 他们让我们远离这个... ...我厌倦了这种无情的荒谬... ... |
| 592 | which is just beside the point and um and they moves away from that and move us towards | 离那不远了 然后我们走向 |
| 593 | this focus on um the exploitation of the ability that's already there and that's just a far more | 重点是利用 已经存在的能力 而这更远 |
| 594 | national place to start if we had if we did everything in our power to exploit ability and | 国家开始的地方,如果我们有 如果我们尽一切力量开发能力 |
| 595 | we still saw differences in outcomes then we can talk talent right if we had if in america we had | 我们依然看到结果的差异,然后我们可以谈 人才的权利,如果我们有,如果我们在美国有 |
| 596 | 25 million high school kids running 12 miles a day and we still were getting you know smoked | 一天跑12英里的2500万高中生 我们还在让你知道抽烟 |
| 597 | at the olympics in the 10 000 meters i will entertain every genetic argument you want about | 在10000米的奥运会上 我将欣赏所有你想要的基因辩论 |
| 598 | difference in us and east africans but until we do that it's a pointless argument right that's | 我们和东部非洲人的不同, 但是,在我们这样做之前, 这是一个毫无意义的争论的权利 |
| 599 | so that's why i think we need to be much more inventive in our in our thinking about | 所以,所以我认为我们需要在思考 |
| 600 | capitalization what if that the runners playing soccer hockey lacrosse foot cross foot cross | 如果那些跑者在踢足球曲棍球时 脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚跨脚 径, 径, 径, 径 |
| 601 | football, baseball, basketball, right? | 足球,棒球,篮球,对不对? |
| 602 | Like we spread our talent pool over many more sports | 就像我们把人才库 推广到更多的运动 |
| 603 | than opinion does. | 而不是意见。 |
| 604 | Yeah, that was my point that it's apples | 是啊,这就是我要说的是苹果 |
| 605 | and that because of those very, very great differences | 由于这些非常非常大的差异 |
| 606 | in the way in which talent, athletic talent | 才能、运动才能 |
| 607 | is capitalized in these two cultures, | 在这两种文化中资本化, |
| 608 | you can't draw any conclusions about innate ability. | 你不能对天生的能力做出任何结论 |
| 609 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 610 | Have a higher capitalization, right? | 有更高的资本,对不对? |
| 611 | It's just diverse. | 它只是多样性。 |
| 612 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 613 | Just before Malcolm goes any further, | 在马尔科姆走之前 |
| 614 | I want to comment that he's gonna have to leave the building | 我想评论他必须离开大楼 |
| 615 | because he has to go do a talk at the Gates Foundation | 因为他得去盖茨基金会谈谈 |
| 616 | where I think he's gonna be convincing them | 我觉得他会说服他们 |
| 617 | to make that investment in those kids, right? | 给那些孩子投资,对吧? |
| 618 | But so I know everybody you know wants the book | 但我知道每个人都想要这本书 |
| 619 | and I did have Malcolm has pre-signed tons of copies | 我确实让Malcolm预先签了数吨副本 |
| 620 | of books so my question to you is we can have | 书,所以我问你 我们可以有 |
| 621 | Malcolm answer questions for all of us | 马尔科姆为我们所有人回答问题 |
| 622 | for the next 15 minutes and then get in the car | 接下来15分钟,然后上车 |
| 623 | and get over the bridge or he can sign | 过桥或者他可以签字 |
| 624 | and personalize books for a very few of you. | 并且为你们中的少数人个性化书籍。 |
| 625 | So I'm thinking we're moving toward the questions. | 我想我们正朝着问题的方向发展 |
| 626 | Yeah, okay. | 是啊,没关系。 |
| 627 | Over there in the corner. | 在角落那边 |
| 628 | In the context of the capitalization, | 就资本化而言, |
| 629 | you were talking before about runners | 你之前在说跑者 |
| 630 | and I'm a big track fan in Jamaica. | 我是牙买加的乐迷 |
| 631 | Island of only about a million people, | 岛上只有一百万人 |
| 632 | I think it's a billion and a half now, | 我觉得现在是十亿半了 |
| 633 | produces a disproportionate amount of sprinters | 生产过多的短跑运动员 |
| 634 | and a lot of them run for other countries | 很多人跑到其他国家去 |
| 635 | in the Middle East. | 中东。 |
| 636 | Do you think that falls under the same thing | 你觉得这属于同样的事情吗? |
| 637 | even though they have a small pool of people | 虽然他们有一小群人 |
| 638 | who are available? | 谁有空? |
| 639 | Yeah, well as you know I'm half Jamaican | 是啊,你知道我一半牙买加人 |
| 640 | so I'm powerfully disposed to answer this question | 所以我很愿意回答这个问题 |
| 641 | in a way that reflects most flatteringly on Jamaica. | 以最令人欣慰的方式反映了牙买加。 |
| 642 | Jamaica is, it's a beautiful example of this, right? | 牙买加是个很好的例子,对吧? |
| 643 | So in this long running debate about nurture | 所以在这场关于培养的漫长争论中 |
| 644 | versus nature in running, in sprinting especially, | 在跑步,特别是短跑中与自然相对 |
| 645 | you know the quote unquote gene pool of Jamaica | 你知道牙买加的未引用基因库 |
| 646 | isn't any different than any number of other | 与其它数字没有区别 |
| 647 | countries around the world | 世界各国 |
| 648 | and yet Jamaica utterly dominates sprinting. | 然而,牙买加完全控制着短跑。 |
| 649 | This is a clear case where cap rates for sprinting | 这显然是冲刺的上限率 |
| 650 | in Jamaica are, must be very, very close to 90%. | 在牙买加,一定非常,非常接近90%。 |
| 651 | And I have no real evidence for this | 我也没有真正的证据 |
| 652 | other than anecdotally I was just in Jamaica | 除了传闻我刚刚在牙买加 |
| 653 | for Christmas visiting my cousins | 圣诞拜访我的表妹们 |
| 654 | and I'm a runner so I would go running around | 我是一个跑步,所以我会到处跑 |
| 655 | in the little hills around my aunt's house | 在我姨妈家附近的小山上 |
| 656 | and it was this hilarious thing. | 这是一件有趣的事情。 |
| 657 | This never happened to me anywhere else | 我从未在别的地方发生过这种事 |
| 658 | that the sight of someone running in Jamaica | 看见有人在牙买加奔跑 |
| 659 | is just ignites some kind of thing in all passersby. | 只是点燃了所有路人的东西 |
| 660 | So here I am running along down the road | 所以我就沿着路走 |
| 661 | and people slow down, wave, and some guy | 人慢下来,挥手,还有一个人 |
| 662 | will be trudging along back from work | 就会被拖回工作岗位 |
| 663 | and he would say, he would like, he'd go run, run, run, | 他会说,他想, 他会跑,跑,跑, |
| 664 | oh he'll run after me and run with me for like, | 他会跟着我跑 |
| 665 | it was just like this and I realized it's an obsession. | 我意识到这是个痴迷 |
| 666 | It's a complete obsession and there is so much status | 这是完全的痴迷,有这么多的地位 |
| 667 | associated with the act of running | 与运行行为有关 |
| 668 | that if you have any even remote ability in this area, | 如果你在这方面有能力的话 |
| 669 | you exploit it, right? | 你利用它,对不对? |
| 670 | And Usain Bolt at this point is a, | 还有乌森 博尔特现在是一个, |
| 671 | not since Bob Marley has there been someone | 自从鲍勃·马利出现过 |
| 672 | who has ignited this degree of, | 他点燃了这种程度, |
| 673 | so I think it's a beautiful illustration | 所以,我认为这是一个美丽的插图 |
| 674 | of what I'm talking about. | 我说的是什么。 |
| 675 | So you indicate that this is all based | 所以你表示这一切都是基于 |
| 676 | on kind of what society values is. | 社会价值是什么 |
| 677 | So did you look at how long it would take | 所以,你有没有看 要花多长时间 |
| 678 | a societal value change to impact | 影响的社会价值变化 |
| 679 | the capitalization of the folks on it | 上面的人的资本化 |
| 680 | because we're gonna enter a new phase | 因为我们要进入一个新的阶段 |
| 681 | of political life here. | 这里的政治生活。 |
| 682 | I think a lot of us are hoping that some new values | 我认为我们很多人都希望 一些新的价值 |
| 683 | talk about how long that those might take effect. | 谈论这些可能生效的时间。 |
| 684 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 685 | Yeah, so I'm a real optimist in, | 是啊,所以我是一个真正的乐观主义者, |
| 686 | I believe these kinds of shifts can happen really quickly | 我相信这种转变会很快发生的 |
| 687 | and let's stick with sports for a moment | 让我们继续运动一会儿 |
| 688 | because sports is just an elegant way of, | 因为体育只是一种优雅的方式, |
| 689 | if you think about what happened after Title IX, | 如果你想想第九篇之后发生的事 |
| 690 | is it Title IX? | 是第九编吗? |
| 691 | So I saw a friend of mine the day | 那天我看见一个朋友 |
| 692 | who has a 12-year-old daughter. | 她有一个12岁的女儿。 |
| 693 | So she's 40-something and she was talking | 她已经40岁了,在说话 |
| 694 | about the differences between her upbringing | 关于她成长的不同 |
| 695 | and her daughter's. | 还有她女儿的 |
| 696 | And my friend is an athletic person | 我的朋友是个运动家 |
| 697 | in the sense that she's, there's no, | 从她的意义上说,没有, |
| 698 | but she did not play any sports at all as a kid. | 但她小时候根本没参加运动 |
| 699 | So she grew up in an upper middle class family | 所以她在中上层阶级家庭长大 |
| 700 | in Providence, Rhode Island, not some sticky plate, | 在罗德岛的普罗维登斯 不是粘盘 |
| 701 | like Eastern Seaboard. | 像东海岸板。 |
| 702 | It never even occurred to her to do sports, none. | 她从没想过要参加运动,没有 |
| 703 | And in her daughter's life, sports is everything. | 而在其女儿的生活中,运动是一切. |
| 704 | I mean, not everything. | 我的意思是,不是所有的东西。 |
| 705 | They do the same amount of schoolwork she did, | 他们做同样多的学校工作, |
| 706 | but they play so many organized sports | 但他们玩这么多有组织的运动 |
| 707 | she can't keep track of it. | 她无法追踪 |
| 708 | That is our capitalization rate for women | 这就是我们女性的资本化率 |
| 709 | and soccer or basketball, only 25 or 30 years ago | 足球或篮球, 仅仅25或30年前 |
| 710 | was what, 5%, 2%, 3%? | 什么,5%,2%,3%? |
| 711 | Today, it's 50, 60, 70%. | 今则五六十七成. |
| 712 | That's one generation. | 这是一代人。 |
| 713 | It's an incredible shift in what we think of | 这是不可思议的转变,我们认为 |
| 714 | in our kind of priorities in that particular area. | 我们在这方面的优先事项。 |
| 715 | That makes me profoundly optimistic | 这让我非常乐观 |
| 716 | about our ability to shift our capitalization, | 关于我们转移资本的能力, |
| 717 | the focus of our interest in other more consequential areas | 我们关注其他更重大领域的重点 |
| 718 | because let's face it, that's not a very consequential area. | 因为面对现实吧,这不是一个非常必然的领域。 |
| 719 | But if we can do it with soccer, | 但是,如果我们能做到这一点 用足球, |
| 720 | I feel like we can do it with all kinds of other things. | 我觉得我们能用其他各种方法做到这一点。 |
| 721 | Sure. | 当然 |
| 722 | I feel like you're blindsided, | 我感觉你瞎了 |
| 723 | so in this program, if you have opportunities, you go. | 所以在这个节目中, 如果你有机会,你就去。 |
| 724 | You're raising your hand just now? | 你刚才举手了吗? |
| 725 | Yes. | 对 |
| 726 | I don't have a question. | 我无问. |
| 727 | I was doing it for you. | 我是为了你 |
| 728 | Why are you on the blind side? | 你为什么站在盲目的一边? |
| 729 | Yes, that's right. | 没错 |
| 730 | Okay, thank you so much. | 好吧,非常感谢。 |
| 731 | So my question is about sort of the opposite | 所以,我的问题 有点相反 |
| 732 | of the positive impact of culture | 文化的积极影响 |
| 733 | and the one you call that, particularly the race, | 而那个你称之为, 特别是种族, |
| 734 | is negative historical impact of culture. | 是文化的负面历史影响。 |
| 735 | And I really want to explore your thoughts around, | 我真的很想探寻你的想法 |
| 736 | let's take slavery, for example, | 举个例子吧 |
| 737 | and sort of the long-standing impact of slavery, | 和某种长期的影响 奴隶制, |
| 738 | and what are your thoughts about outliers | 你对外人有什么想法? |
| 739 | within that community, black community, | 在这个社区,黑人社区, |
| 740 | and then sort of throw on the Obama impact that will make, | 然后把奥巴马的影响 推向, |
| 741 | and how long do you think that will shift? | 你觉得那会改变多久? |
| 742 | So the question was about, on the opposite side, | 所以问题就在于,相反的一面 |
| 743 | thinking about how things like the legacy of slavery | 想想奴隶制遗留下来的东西 |
| 744 | have impacted opportunity. | 影响了机会。 |
| 745 | And so I, in the last chapter of my book, | 所以我在书的最后一章 |
| 746 | is a personal chapter, and it's about my, | 是关于我的, |
| 747 | it's the story of my mother's family. | 这是我母亲家庭的故事 |
| 748 | And it attempts to answer this very question. | 它试图回答这个问题。 |
| 749 | So my mother is a brown-skinned Jamaican, | 我妈妈是个棕色皮肤的牙买加人 |
| 750 | and one of the points, and she has had this, | 和其中的一点, 她有这个, |
| 751 | what anyone would consider a successful life. | 别人会认为是成功的 |
| 752 | She grew up in a little tiny cottage | 她在小屋里长大 |
| 753 | in the middle of the hills of Jamaica, | 在牙买加的山丘中, |
| 754 | and ended up a upper-middle-class professional | 最后成为中上层专业 |
| 755 | in Canada, right? | 在加拿大 对吧? |
| 756 | And I try to tell her story using the ideas of the book, | 我试图用书中的想法来讲述她的故事, |
| 757 | and focus not on her own pluck and intelligence, | 并且不专注于她自己的 和智慧, |
| 758 | but on what are the kinds of opportunities | 但机会是什么 |
| 759 | that allowed her to do that. | 让她这么做 |
| 760 | And one of the things that I got into was | 而其中一件事,我得到了的东西是 |
| 761 | the peculiarities of being a brown-skinned Jamaican. | 一个棕色皮肤的牙买加人 |
| 762 | And I traced my mother's family history back to, | 我追踪了我妈妈的家族历史 |
| 763 | in the 1700s, a plantation owner from Ireland | 1700年代,一个来自爱尔兰的种植园主 |
| 764 | comes to Jamaica and takes as his concubine, | 来到牙买加,以他为妾, |
| 765 | basically I'm sure just bought and raped, an African slave. | 基本上,我敢肯定,刚刚买和强奸, 一个非洲奴隶。 |
| 766 | And that's the beginning of my, their son, | 那是我的开始,他们的儿子, |
| 767 | a guy named John Ford, was the beginning | 一个叫约翰·福特的家伙,是开始 |
| 768 | of my mother's line, right? | 我母亲的台词,对不对? |
| 769 | So in Jamaica, the offspring, the mulatto offspring | 因此,在牙买加,后代, 穆拉托后代 |
| 770 | of a mixed-race union in the 1700s | 1700年代的混合种族联盟 |
| 771 | was not put back into slavery. | 并没有重新沦为奴隶。 |
| 772 | The way that that child would have been | 那个孩子会怎样 |
| 773 | in the American South. | 在美国南方。 |
| 774 | On the contrary, the Brits did this very, very different | 相反,英国人这样做非常,非常不同 |
| 775 | thing, which was if you were mixed-race, | 如果你是混血儿的话 |
| 776 | you got welcomed into the ruling class. | 你被欢迎进入统治阶级。 |
| 777 | So John Ford, one generation removed from a slave ship, | 所以约翰·福特 一代人从奴隶船上搬走 |
| 778 | was a preacher, he was a literate, educated man, | 他是一个传教士, 他是个识字,受过教育的人, |
| 779 | who was a free man in 1790, whatever it was, | 1790年成为自由人 不管是什么 |
| 780 | and whose kids were free, and on and on. | 他们的孩子是自由的, |
| 781 | And if you trace my mother's family history down, | 如果你追查到我妈妈的家族历史 |
| 782 | along with the history of all these other parallel | 以及所有其他平行历史 |
| 783 | brown-skinned Jamaicans, you see a legacy of privilege | 棕色皮肤的牙买加人,你看到了特权的遗产 |
| 784 | that goes back generation upon generation upon generation. | 世代相传 |
| 785 | You see people who are members of the entrepreneurial | 你看那些是企业成员的人 |
| 786 | and commercial and professional classes | 商业和专业课程 |
| 787 | going back to the earliest days of the 19th century, right? | 回到19世纪的早期,对吧? |
| 788 | Now, that has given them a status | 现在,这给他们一个地位 |
| 789 | and a set of opportunities that are denied to people | 以及人们被剥夺的一系列机会 |
| 790 | who were pushed back into slavery. | 他们被推回了奴隶制。 |
| 791 | There are equivalents in America who weren't plucked out | 在美国,有相当的人 谁没有拔出 |
| 792 | in 1790 and allowed to get an education, | 1790年 并允许接受教育, |
| 793 | but were pushed back in and enslaved | 却被赶回,被奴役 |
| 794 | for another three generations. | 还有三代人 |
| 795 | There is a world of difference between starting | 开始的世界不同 |
| 796 | from where my mother started from, | 我母亲从哪里开始的 |
| 797 | and starting from where she would have started from | 从她从哪里开始 |
| 798 | if her ancestors had been in Georgia or Alabama. | 如果她的祖先在佐治亚州或阿拉巴马州 |
| 799 | Interestingly as well, along the same lines, | 有趣的是,同样地, |
| 800 | Skip Gates, the professor of African-American studies | 盖茨,非裔美国人研究教授 |
| 801 | at Harvard, did this really fascinating set | 在哈佛大学,这真的很有趣 |
| 802 | of genealogical studies of prominent | 研究的遗传学研究 |
| 803 | and successful African-Americans, | 和成功的非裔美国人, |
| 804 | and discovered that almost without fail, | 并发现几乎没有失败, |
| 805 | if you look back several generations | 如果你回头看几代人 |
| 806 | into the families of these success stories, | 进入这些成功的家庭, |
| 807 | what you find is either someone who was a freed slave, | 你所发现的 要么是一个自由的奴隶, |
| 808 | so freed before emancipation, | 在解放前, |
| 809 | or a freed slave who managed in the first generation | 或是第一代的奴隶 |
| 810 | after emancipation to own land. | 解放后拥有土地。 |
| 811 | In other words, you see the same thing, | 换句话说,你看到了同样的事情, |
| 812 | that success in the present day is a function | 今日的成功是一种功能 |
| 813 | of an opportunity that was created two, three, | 创造机会的二、三, |
| 814 | four, five generations previously. | 四,五代前传. |
| 815 | And that is the, when we're talking about this flip side, | 这就是,当我们谈论这个反面时, |
| 816 | it reminds us of how the shadow of slavery, | 它让我们想起奴隶制的阴影 |
| 817 | those who were denied that kind of get out of jail free card | 那些被拒之门外的人 免费出狱卡 |
| 818 | that my mom got, or that these other people | 我妈妈得到了, 或者这些其他人 |
| 819 | at Skip Gates looked at got, | 在斯基普盖茨看得到, |
| 820 | to be denied, for your ancestor to be denied | 拒绝 拒绝你的祖先 |
| 821 | that get out of jail free card matters even today. | 出狱免费卡 即使是今天。 |
| 822 | So now, you asked about Obama. | 所以,现在,你问 关于奥巴马。 |
| 823 | What does the success of Obama tell us | 奥巴马的成功告诉我们什么 |
| 824 | about the continuing significance of that legacy? | 关于这个遗产的持续意义? |
| 825 | Nothing, right, nothing. | 没什么,对,没什么。 |
| 826 | I mean, I love him as much as anyone. | 我和别人一样爱他 |
| 827 | I could not be more thrilled | 我太激动了 |
| 828 | about what's gonna happen on Tuesday, right? | 关于周二会发生什么,对吧? |
| 829 | I mean, a relief of cataclysmic, | 我的意思是,一个解脱 灾难, |
| 830 | I might even become an American citizen now. | 我现在甚至可以成为美国公民了 |
| 831 | But let's be clear, his victory does not mean | 但是,让我们明白,他的胜利并不意味着 |
| 832 | that this issue is over, right? | 这件事结束了,对不对? |
| 833 | It, you know, and if that is how we interpret it, | 它,你知道, 如果这是我们如何解释它, |
| 834 | then we're making a great mistake. | 然后我们犯了一个大错误。 |
| 835 | Follow-up question to that, | 后续问题 |
| 836 | but those people in or outside who are involved | 但那些在内外参与的人 |
| 837 | in trying to help a population of people | 努力帮助人口 |
| 838 | who are victims of the very thing you described, | 他们是受你们所叙述的伤害的, |
| 839 | what are some best practices or some things | 什么是一些最佳做法或一些事情 |
| 840 | that people should look at to help create more success? | 人们应该看 帮助创造更多的成功? |
| 841 | They're not employers, of course, | 当然他们不是雇主 |
| 842 | and they're people who are not from a lot of backgrounds | 他们不是很多背景的人 |
| 843 | who have been successful, and there's something there, | 他们已经成功, 有东西在那里, |
| 844 | I don't understand it, but what are some of the things | 我不明白,但什么是一些东西 |
| 845 | to explore around creating more success stories? | 探索创造更多成功的故事? |
| 846 | Yeah, well that's the, you know, | 是啊,这是,你知道, |
| 847 | I wish I could give you a kind of a complete | 我希望我能给你一个完整的 |
| 848 | and satisfying answer to that, but I don't know. | 和满意的答案, 但我不知道。 |
| 849 | I mean, in my book, I talk a little bit about, | 我的意思是,在我的书, 我谈一点点, |
| 850 | just on this narrow question of how can you teach math | 只是关于一个狭隘的问题,你怎么能教数学 |
| 851 | to inner city kids, and can you get an inner city kid | 给城内的孩子, 你能得到一个城内的孩子 |
| 852 | to think like an Asian when it comes to math? | 在数学方面像亚洲人一样思考? |
| 853 | And the answer is, we think the answer is yes. | 答案是,我们认为答案是肯定的。 |
| 854 | We've seen extraordinary results with teaching math | 我们的数学教学取得了非凡的成绩 |
| 855 | by changing attitudes about work, | 通过改变对工作的态度, |
| 856 | and that makes me think that we have all kinds | 这让我觉得我们有各种各样的 |
| 857 | of opportunities in other areas, | 其他领域的机会, |
| 858 | but what that effort looks like, I don't know. | 但是,什么样的努力 看起来像,我不知道。 |
| 859 | It's sort of, it's the kind of thing | 它有点,这是那种事情 |
| 860 | that I hope others will, I'm sure others are already | 我希望别人会, 我相信其他人已经 |
| 861 | pursuing, but that I think we need to know more about | 但是我想我们需要知道更多关于 |
| 862 | as a society. | 作为一个社会。 |
| 863 | One more question. | 还有一个问题。 |
| 864 | What are you gonna write about next? | 你接下来要写什么? |
| 865 | What am I gonna write about next? | 我接下来要写什么? |
| 866 | I have many, many ideas. | 我有很多许多想法 |
| 867 | One, I'll give you a little preview | 一,我给你预览 |
| 868 | of my next New Yorker article, which is, | 我的下一篇纽约客的文章,即, |
| 869 | well there's two in the works. | 作品中有两个 |
| 870 | One is an attack on, to kill a mockingbird, | 一个是攻击, 杀死一个嘲笑鸟, |
| 871 | because it turns out, if you read, | 因为事实证明,如果你读, |
| 872 | no one has read this book since you were like 12 years old, | 从你12岁起 没人读过这本书 |
| 873 | right? | 对吧? |
| 874 | So, what do you know when you're 12? | 12岁时你知道什么? |
| 875 | Nothing, re-read it, that's all I'll tell you. | 没什么,再读一遍,我就告诉你这些 |
| 876 | And you discovered, Atticus Finch, monster. | 而你发现,阿提克斯・芬奇,怪物。 |
| 877 | Anyway, coming soon. | 总之,马上就来 |
| 878 | And another, the other one, which will be even more | 另一个,另一个,它会更 |
| 879 | near and dear to your hearts, and I can't give you details, | 亲近和亲近的心 我不能告诉你细节 |
| 880 | but I'll give you the outline. | 但我会给你提纲。 |
| 881 | And by the way, this is such a cool story. | 顺便说一句,这个故事真酷 |
| 882 | I haven't had one this cool in a long time. | 我很久没有这么酷了 |
| 883 | I met this guy from your world, | 我遇见了一个来自你世界的人 |
| 884 | software entrepreneur, whatever. | 软件企业家,什么的。 |
| 885 | And you know the type, he's like, came from Mumbai, | 你知道那种类型,他喜欢,来自孟买, |
| 886 | went to Caltech or MIT, you know, $30 in his pocket, | 他口袋里有30块 |
| 887 | makes a name for himself in Silicon Valley. | 在硅谷里为自己取名 |
| 888 | He has a daughter, and his daughter wants to play, | 他有个女儿,他女儿想玩 |
| 889 | she's 12 years old, she wants to play basketball, right? | 她12岁,她想打篮球,对吧? |
| 890 | Now, he isn't knowing about basketball. | 现在,他不知道篮球。 |
| 891 | He's a software programmer from Mumbai. | 他是孟买的软件程序员. |
| 892 | But he decides, I wanna coach my daughter's basketball team. | 但是他决定,我想 教练我女儿的篮球队。 |
| 893 | So, he goes to a basketball game, and he observes it, | 所以,他去一个篮球比赛, 他观察它, |
| 894 | as an outsider would, right? | 作为外人会,对不对? |
| 895 | We're talking about outsiders. | 我们说的是外人 |
| 896 | He's an outsider, you know, he observes it, | 他是一个外人,你知道, 他观察它, |
| 897 | and he comes away shaking his head thinking, | 他摇头而出, |
| 898 | why do they play this game in such a mindless fashion? | 他们为什么要玩这个游戏 以如此无脑的方式? |
| 899 | And so, he decides to teach his daughter and her teammates | 他决定教他的女儿和队友 |
| 900 | to play the game his way, right? | 玩游戏的方式,对不对? |
| 901 | And what happens? | 然后会发生什么? |
| 902 | Now, keep in mind, this team is a team of girls taken, | 记住,这支队伍是一群女孩 |
| 903 | they're all from like Mountain View, | 他们都来自山景区 |
| 904 | and their fathers are all people like this guy. | 他们的父亲都是这样的人 |
| 905 | They're the children of software programmers. | 他们是软件程序员的孩子. |
| 906 | They are not big, huge, hulking mesomorphs | 它们不是大,大, 烦躁的中观 |
| 907 | with bulging muscles. | 肌肉膨胀 |
| 908 | They're like little skinny girls with pigtails, right? | 他们就像小瘦女孩 猪尾巴,对不对? |
| 909 | What happens? | 发生了什么事? |
| 910 | They almost win the state championship. | 他们几乎赢得州冠军. |
| 911 | They don't win the state championship | 他们不赢得州冠军 |
| 912 | because they actually, they get cheated | 因为他们被骗了 |
| 913 | in this outrageous way, | 以这种残忍的方式, |
| 914 | which is one of the great parts of the story. | 这是故事的伟大部分之一。 |
| 915 | But the whole point of the story, | 但整个故事的要点, |
| 916 | and it's just so on every level, genius, | 才华横溢 |
| 917 | it all has to do with what happens when | 都和发生什么有关 |
| 918 | a really, really smart guy from Mumbai | 一个非常非常聪明的孟买人 |
| 919 | decides to coach basketball. | 决定教练篮球。 |
| 920 | And the answer is nothing that you've ever seen | 答案是你从未见过的 |
| 921 | on a basketball court before. | 之前在篮球场上 |
| 922 | Now, I'll only say this last little factoid, | 现在,我只说最后一个事实, |
| 923 | which is during the games, | 游戏期间, |
| 924 | when he's doing this thing that he does, | 当他这么做的时候 |
| 925 | and these little girls with pigtails, | 和那些有辫子的小女孩, |
| 926 | by the way, they're not good basketball players, P.S. | 顺便说一下,他们不是好篮球运动员,P. S. |
| 927 | They're not gonna go and play like division one. | 他们不会像第一师那样去玩的 |
| 928 | They're like little skinny girls who spend, | 他们就像小瘦女孩 谁花, |
| 929 | they're all gonna take physics at Caltech. | 他们都要去加州理工大学学习物理 |
| 930 | They're not even interested in sports that much. | 他们甚至对体育没那么兴趣 |
| 931 | But they're like under the tutelage of this mad genius, | 但他们就像在这个疯狂天才的监护之下 |
| 932 | mad genius, during the games, as they're coaching, | 疯狂的天才,在比赛期间, 他们的教练, |
| 933 | the other, the opposing coaches, | 另一个是对立的导师, |
| 934 | who are the ones steeped in the older paradigm of basketball, | 他们是那些在 篮球的老范式中陡峭, |
| 935 | get so enraged by what's happening | 被现在发生的事情激怒了 |
| 936 | that they start by like, you know, | 他们开始喜欢,你知道, |
| 937 | just kind of sitting there in a stunned silence. | 只是坐在那 在一个惊呆的沉默。 |
| 938 | Then they start screaming at their own girl, | 然后他们开始对自己的女孩尖叫, |
| 939 | these 12 year old girls, | 这些12岁的女孩, |
| 940 | start screaming at their own players | 开始对自己的球员尖叫 |
| 941 | as if it's their fault, right? | 好像这是他们的错,对吧? |
| 942 | And then, like invariably, they challenge this guy | 他们总是挑战这家伙 |
| 943 | to a fight in the parking lot after the game. | 比赛结束后在停车场打架 |
| 944 | Anyway, so look for that one, too. | 总之,也找那个 |
| 945 | Thank you all. | 谢谢大家 |
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