大学，正在杀死‘自由思想’吗？
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:06 | We're now going to discuss some of the questions underlying today's core idea. | 我们现在要讨论今天核心思想的一些问题。 |
| 0:12 | The first one is the question of is there an objective truth in the first place anyway | 第一个问题是 到底有没有客观的真相 |
| 0:17 | or is it a question of perspective and that will then underline I think some of the questions | 或者这是个视角问题 然后我要强调一些问题 |
| 0:22 | of freedom that we have been discussing that we'll move on to in a moment. | 我们一直在讨论的自由, 我们将在一瞬间继续前进。 |
| 0:26 | So Tommy, could I start with you? | 汤米,我可以从你开始吗? |
| 0:28 | Is there in fact an objective truth? | 事实是否客观? |
| 0:30 | Nice small question for a Friday afternoon. | 周五下午有个小问题 |
| 0:33 | I mean if you mean an objective truth that's eternal, that we have knowledge of, I would | 我的意思是,如果你是指一个客观的真理 这是永恒的,我们知道,我会 |
| 0:39 | say even if it did exist we don't have the perspective or the perception of what it could | 说即使它存在,我们没有 观点或感知它可以 |
| 0:43 | be. | 将。 |
展开字幕全文（171 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | We're now going to discuss some of the questions underlying today's core idea. | 我们现在要讨论今天核心思想的一些问题。 |
| 2 | The first one is the question of is there an objective truth in the first place anyway | 第一个问题是 到底有没有客观的真相 |
| 3 | or is it a question of perspective and that will then underline I think some of the questions | 或者这是个视角问题 然后我要强调一些问题 |
| 4 | of freedom that we have been discussing that we'll move on to in a moment. | 我们一直在讨论的自由, 我们将在一瞬间继续前进。 |
| 5 | So Tommy, could I start with you? | 汤米,我可以从你开始吗? |
| 6 | Is there in fact an objective truth? | 事实是否客观? |
| 7 | Nice small question for a Friday afternoon. | 周五下午有个小问题 |
| 8 | I mean if you mean an objective truth that's eternal, that we have knowledge of, I would | 我的意思是,如果你是指一个客观的真理 这是永恒的,我们知道,我会 |
| 9 | say even if it did exist we don't have the perspective or the perception of what it could | 说即使它存在,我们没有 观点或感知它可以 |
| 10 | be. | 将。 |
| 11 | So we can have tentative truths like things that we posit as being probabilistically true | 所以,我们可以有 暂时的真理 像事物,我们假设 概率是真实的 |
| 12 | or things that tend not to change shape as easily as falsehoods, but that's the best | 或那些不会像虚伪那样轻易改变形状的东西 |
| 13 | that we can get to. | 我们可以去。 |
| 14 | I think that part of the issue is this claim to objective truth. | 我认为,问题的一部分是声称真相是客观的。 |
| 15 | The idea that we've had an absolute that only certain people can intuit or certain | 这个想法,我们有一个绝对的 只有某些人可以直观或确定 |
| 16 | people can have access to is largely the problem both of our narrow disciplines, our Eurocentric | 人可以进入 主要是我们狭隘的学科的问题 我们的欧洲中心 |
| 17 | education, our misunderstanding of the construction of civilization itself, ultimately the erroneous | 教育,我们对文明建设本身的误解,最终是错误的 |
| 18 | pursuits that we engage that lead us to replace say issues of finding truth with our most | 我们参与的事业 导致我们用我们最 |
| 19 | convenient political ideology of the day. | 今天的政治意识形态 |
| 20 | Would you not to steal words from Kathleen's mouth and I would in fact make sure that she | 你能不能别从凯瑟琳嘴里偷话 而我会确保她 |
| 21 | gets to ask this question in her own terms in just 30 seconds, but in terms of objective | 只需30秒 就能用她自己的语言来问这个问题 但就客观而言 |
| 22 | truth is this something that's a particular problem with the social sciences and humanities | 真理是社会科学和人文科学 一个特别的问题 |
| 23 | or is it something that we should be looking to all forms of knowledge, all kinds of epistemic | 或者这是我们应该寻找的 各种形式的知识, 各种各样的概论 |
| 24 | conversation? | 谈话? |
| 25 | Well I think when you get to some of the hard sciences there's an understanding that scientific | 我认为当你进入一些硬科学 有一个理解,科学 |
| 26 | methodology leads to probabilistic truths, things that can be overturned with new findings. | 方法导致概率真理, 事物可以被新发现推翻。 |
| 27 | The problem in humanities largely, you know this is kind as well, right, and the idea | 人文学科的问题 基本上,你知道 这是善良的,正确的,和想法 |
| 28 | that we're constructing and trying to pursue knowledge often we take shortcuts because | 我们构建并试图追求知识 我们经常采取捷径 因为 |
| 29 | the moralization of what we take to be the right or the good supplants our methodological | 我们的道德化是正确 或好的取代我们的方法 |
| 30 | rigor. | 刚强。 |
| 31 | So I can study race and my idea before I even look at the society is we should include and | 这样我就能在研究种族和我的主意 之前,我甚至看看社会是我们应该包括 |
| 32 | integrate everyone. | 融合每个人。 |
| 33 | Well is that the best thing to solve racial or ethnic differences in a given society? | 那么,这是解决某一社会种族或族裔差异的最佳办法吗? |
| 34 | You know that's not always the case. | 你知道情况并非总是如此。 |
| 35 | So objective truth becomes a very moralistic and politically infused idea given the lack | 所以客观的真相 成为一个非常道德 和政治上灌输的想法 因为缺乏 |
| 36 | of rigorous testing and verifiability of the humanities and social sciences which is something | 对人文科学和社会科学进行严格的测试和核查 |
| 37 | that I don't think the hard sciences necessarily suffer on because there's a kind of falsifiability | 我并不认为硬科学会受苦 因为有种易腐性 |
| 38 | in their theories. | 在他们的理论。 |
| 39 | And Kathleen, I know you're going to be speaking later on in fact about your book Material | 凯瑟琳 我知道你以后会说起你的书 |
| 40 | Girls but of course part of the controversy you were involved in at Sussex was the question | 女孩们,当然你卷入了苏塞克斯的争议 也是问题所在 |
| 41 | of what can and cannot be debated as objective truth, in that case particularly in the case | 作为客观事实可以和不能辩论的内容,特别是 |
| 42 | of biology. | 生物学 |
| 43 | Yeah, I mean the questions posed I think misleadingly it's an opposition. | 是的,我的意思是所提出的问题 我认为它是一个反对。 |
| 44 | There is truth, it's objective and perspectival, I mean it's both. | 有真理,这是客观的和可视的,我的意思是两者兼而有之. |
| 45 | You're never going to get you know very very perspective neutral objectivity because we | 你永远不会得到你知道非常 视角中立的客观性,因为我们 |
| 46 | are human beings with differing perceptual faculties, however there are clearly some | 有不同认知能力的人,但显然有一些 |
| 47 | very stupid and wrong answers and we can definitely eliminate quite a lot of things and even where | 非常愚蠢和错误的答案 我们绝对可以消除很多事情 甚至哪里 |
| 48 | you admit that truth is perspectival it's not up to me, you know it's not totally arbitrary | 你承认真相是可视性的 这不由我决定 |
| 49 | or keyed into individuals, it's shared perspectives derived through cultural or social means. | 或按到个人, 它是通过文化或社会手段产生的共同观点。 |
| 50 | So you can still find out about those and you can try and make inferences about what | 所以,你仍然可以发现 关于这些 你可以尝试和推论 |
| 51 | contribution the social has and what contribution the natural has and where the universities | 社会贡献、自然贡献和大学的所在地 |
| 52 | often have gone wrong in humanities is taking away the natural and thinking that everything's | 人文学科经常出错 夺走了自然 认为一切 |
| 53 | up for social kind of construction and that they get to construct it because of course | 社会性建筑 他们可以建造它,当然 |
| 54 | it's not a coincidence, academics end up in charge of social construction if there's | 这不是巧合,如果有的话, 学者最终负责社会建设 |
| 55 | no such thing as reality, it puts them at the centre of the universe which is a really | 没有这样的现实, 它把它们置于宇宙的中心, 这是一个真正的 |
| 56 | powerful position for them to be, although so they think, so they just get to make up | 他们的地位很强,虽然他们这样想,所以他们只好弥补 |
| 57 | loads of shit and so we need to go back to a more constrained and reasonable social | 一堆狗屎,所以我们需要回到一个 更受约束和合理的社会 |
| 58 | constructivism which recognises that there are bits of the world that we can do nothing | 建构主义,它承认 世界上有些地方 我们无能为力 |
| 59 | about and then think about how our own, how our perspectives interact with it. | 想想我们自己的观点 如何与它互动 |
| 60 | Erin, the 18th century philosopher Leopold von Ranke was unfortunately not available | 艾琳,18世纪的哲学家利奥波德·冯·兰克 不幸地没有出现 |
| 61 | for the debate today, his agent wasn't returning calls, but he did put forward the idea that | 今天的辩论 他的经纪人没有回电话 但他确实提出 |
| 62 | you could look at history as something wie es eigentlich gewesen, things as they really | 你可以把历史看成是东西 eigentlich gewesen, 事情作为真正的 |
| 63 | were, is that actually the kind of objective reality in terms of our interpretation of | 实际上,这就是我们解释 |
| 64 | the past and present that we could really aspire to or is that just a pipe dream? | 我们能真正渴望的过去和现在 还是只是空洞的梦? |
| 65 | Wow, German historiography, I didn't think I'd be, wow. | 哇,德国神学,我没想到我会是,哇。 |
| 66 | We aim to please. | 我们的目标是取悦。 |
| 67 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 68 | It's what the kids want. | 这是孩子们想要的 |
| 69 | Yeah, that's all they talk about on TikTok, I'm a Marxist so obviously I generally look | 是啊,这就是他们谈论的TikTok, 我是马克思主义者 所以很明显,我一般看起来 |
| 70 | as the whole quote of man is a social fact and I think the good thing with the scientific | 人类的引言是社会事实 我认为科学是好事 |
| 71 | method is that it gives us a certain humility like you say about falsifiable data and so | 方法就是,它给了我们某种谦卑 就像你说的 关于伪造的数据,所以 |
| 72 | on and that quote unquote fact is contingent until further exploration and new studies | 在进一步探索和进行新研究之前,引文未引用的事实取决于 |
| 73 | and we actually learn even more and I do think there's a certain conceit at the heart of | 实际上我们学到了更多的东西 而且我确实认为 |
| 74 | the humanity sometimes which doesn't have that humility for quite obvious reasons because | 人性有时不这么谦卑 原因很明显 因为 |
| 75 | you say it's not often testing falsifiable propositions. | 你说它不是经常测试 假命题。 |
| 76 | In terms of history, I mean, could you reformulate that? | 就历史而言,我是说,你能重新解释一下吗? |
| 77 | So is there a truth content to the historical process? | 那么,历史进程是否有真理的内容? |
| 78 | Well, actually, could I do that by just taking something you've just said, I mean, I see | 好吧,实际上,我可以做到这一点, 只是拿一些你刚刚说, 我的意思是,我明白了 |
| 79 | as a Marxist, you might prefer Hegel to, we should really spend the entire session talking | 作为一个马克思主义者,你可能更喜欢黑格尔, 我们真的应该花 整个会议谈话 |
| 80 | about 18th century and 19th century philosophy because that is what the audience want. | 大约18世纪和19世纪的哲学 因为这是观众想要的 |
| 81 | But when you said man is a social fact, you know, again, you could immediately pit back | 但当你说男人是一个社会事实, 你知道,再次, 你可以立即退缩 |
| 82 | and say, well, now we might say the human is a social fact. | 说,现在我们可以说 人类是一个社会事实。 |
| 83 | By changing that phrasing, what do we change about the objective reality of the social | 通过改变措辞,我们如何改变社会客观现实 |
| 84 | fact you want to posit? | 你想假设吗? |
| 85 | Very good question. | 问得好 |
| 86 | That's a very good question. | 这是一个非常好的问题。 |
| 87 | That should mean that man is a social humans or a social being. | 这应该意味着,人是一个社会人类或社会人。 |
| 88 | We are social beings and that the forms of existence within which we find ourselves is | 我们是社会人,而我们所发现的存在形式 |
| 89 | contingent to a certain extent on what he would call the economic base. | 在某种程度上取决于他所谓的经济基础。 |
| 90 | Now, I don't agree with that entirely. | 现在,我并不完全同意这一点。 |
| 91 | And I think Stuart Brand comes up with a much more powerful idea called pace layers. | 我认为斯图尔特·布兰德想出了一个更强大的想法,叫做步态层. |
| 92 | And this is how the historical process works. | 历史进程就是这样运作的。 |
| 93 | At the bottom of the pace layer is nature. | 步道层的底部是自然界. |
| 94 | Very powerful. | 非常厉害 |
| 95 | If that goes wrong, the rest of it collapses. | 如果这是错误的,其余的就会崩溃. |
| 96 | It could be an extinction level event. | 这可能是一场灭绝事件。 |
| 97 | It could be a pandemic. | 这可能是个大流行病。 |
| 98 | But then above the nature pace layer, you have culture, which is clearly contingent. | 但是,然后在自然节奏层之上, 你有文化, 这显然是偶然的。 |
| 99 | It's changing and it's flexible all the time. | 其变化且始终灵活. |
| 100 | And above that, you know, you've got commerce, you've got governance. | 此外,你知道,你有商业,有治理。 |
| 101 | Of course, these change all the time, too, and what they think is right. | 当然,这些变化也时常改变,他们认为正确。 |
| 102 | And right at the top, you have fashion, which is incredibly transient and whimsical and | 而在顶端,你有时尚, 这令人难以置信的短暂和奇异, |
| 103 | strange is by virtue of what it is constantly. | 怪异是因为它是常有的。 |
| 104 | And so for me, I would say that clearly the observing the entirety of human existence, | 因此,对我来说,我要说, 很明显,观察整个人类的存在, |
| 105 | I think, again, gives you a certain humility around humans as a social fact. | 我再说一遍,你对人有某种谦卑感 作为社会事实 |
| 106 | We have been around, there were humans anatomically identical to us. | 我们一直在身边,有人类 解剖上与我们完全相同。 |
| 107 | They were around 300,000 years ago, identical to us. | 大约在30万年前,和我们一样。 |
| 108 | And then something very strange happens. | 然后发生了非常奇怪的事情。 |
| 109 | I mean, some people have revisionist views on this, but let's just stick to the science. | 我的意思是,有些人对此有修正主义观点,但让我们坚持科学. |
| 110 | So we're not meant to say that, but let's stick to the science. | 所以,我们不是要这样说,而是要坚持科学. |
| 111 | 12,000 years ago, we get the Neolithic Revolution, agriculture, and off the back of | 一万二千年前,我们得到了新石器革命, 农业,以及从后面 |
| 112 | agriculture, writing, cities, mathematics, astronomy. | 农业、写作、城市、数学、天文学 |
| 113 | And now we're here, 2022, electric vehicles, mobile phones, the Internet. | 而现在我们在这里,2022,电动车辆,手机,互联网. |
| 114 | So clearly, I am very hesitant for people to categorize and box what it is to be human, | 很明显,我非常犹豫 人们分类 和包装它是什么是人, |
| 115 | when clearly we've changed so dramatically. | 很明显,我们变了这么大 |
| 116 | That's the essence of our humanity. | 这就是我们人类的本质. |
| 117 | Cathy? | 凯茜? |
| 118 | Yeah, I mean, just to respond to that, it's one thing to say that we've changed and clearly | 是啊,我的意思是,只是回应, 这是一件事,说我们已经改变和清楚 |
| 119 | we have. | 我们有。 |
| 120 | But I think for me, the move from man to human was a bit of a mistake because | 但我觉得从人类到人类的转变有点错误 因为... |
| 121 | it plugged us in as different from all everything else that lives on the planet. | 它让我们与地球上所有其它生物 都不同 |
| 122 | Like, we are not like other animals. | 就像我们不像其他动物一样 |
| 123 | And of course, we are all animals and we are, you know, related to chimps and bonobos. | 当然,我们都是动物 我们,你知道,与黑猩猩和黑猩猩有关。 |
| 124 | And we have a lot of material facts about us that, especially in the Enlightenment | 我们有很多关于我们的事实 特别是在启蒙节 |
| 125 | liberal tradition, which goes along with sort of freedom as the guiding metaphor, we | 自由主义传统,它与某种 自由作为指导的比喻,我们 |
| 126 | want to be free of all that. | 想要摆脱这一切。 |
| 127 | We don't want to be animals. | 我们不想成为动物。 |
| 128 | We want to be like in charge of our own destinies and not determined by our genes or our | 我们想像掌管我们自己的命运 而不是由我们的基因决定 |
| 129 | hormones or whatever. | 荷尔蒙什么的。 |
| 130 | And that's that narrative in the 21st century is going bonkers. | 这就是21世纪的叙述 正在变得疯狂。 |
| 131 | And now people want to be free of their own bodies and they want to be free of transhumanism, | 现在人们想摆脱自己的身体 他们想摆脱人性 |
| 132 | all that stuff. | 所有的东西。 |
| 133 | So it's nothing wrong with, you know, if it's just a quick transition | 所以,这没什么错,你知道, 如果这只是一个快速过渡 |
| 134 | from, you know, whatever prehistoric to agricultural revolution. | 从史前到农业革命 |
| 135 | Fine. | 还好 |
| 136 | But let's not forget that we are still animals. | 但我们不要忘记,我们仍然是动物。 |
| 137 | Tell me. | 告诉我 |
| 138 | Yeah, I mean, these are very difficult questions, right, because the very | 是啊,我的意思是,这些是非常困难的问题, 对,因为非常 |
| 139 | notion that we have of the human that appeals to biology, right, to the to the dichotomy | 认为我们有人类 吸引生物学,权利, 吸引二分法 |
| 140 | that's being created between man or human and animal, these are products of certain | 这些是人类和动物之间的产物 |
| 141 | kinds of worldviews. | 那种世界观。 |
| 142 | These are very recent notions that didn't exist in indigenous | 这些是土著中不存在的最近的概念。 |
| 143 | African, even at the logical societies in Europe in the 19th century. | 非洲,甚至19世纪欧洲的逻辑社会. |
| 144 | So if we're trying to get back to an understanding of what the human is or the way the | 所以,如果我们试图回到 了解什么是人类或方式 |
| 145 | human moves through history, the question becomes what history and whose history and | 人类穿越历史, 问题变成了什么历史,谁的历史和 |
| 146 | that that idea that there's somehow a universal grounding by which we could talk about | 这个想法,不知何故,有一个普遍的基础 我们可以谈论 |
| 147 | the evolution and development of the human is something that I think underlies some of | 我认为,人类的进化和发展是其中一些因素的基础。 |
| 148 | the nascent social constructionism today, because we're not looking at an interpretive | 今天新生的社会建构主义, 因为我们不看解释主义 |
| 149 | framework. | 框架。 |
| 150 | I think about Houston Chamberlain, for instance, right. | 我想到休斯敦・张伯伦,比如说,正确的。 |
| 151 | You're not going to briefly Houston. | 休斯敦,你不会简短的 |
| 152 | OK, so Chamberlain is a British guy that's a germaphobe that germaphobe that loved | 好吧 张伯伦是个英国人 是个喜欢的细菌 |
| 153 | Nazism. | 纳粹主义。 |
| 154 | But one of the interesting things about him was that he argued that the Teutonic | 但其中一件有趣的事情是,他争论说,铁托尼人 |
| 155 | people were the ones that were destined to rule the world, whereas, you know, British | 人们注定要统治世界,而英国人 |
| 156 | Anglo-Saxon people thought they were the ones that were going to rule the world and bring | 盎格鲁 -撒克逊人认为 他们要统治世界,带来 |
| 157 | reason. | 理由,我说, |
| 158 | The reason that's interesting, though, is because it gives you this very same | 但有趣的原因是 因为它给了你同样的机会 |
| 159 | question about the failures or crises of the 20th century, which group of people that | 关于20世纪失败或危机的问题, |
| 160 | define themselves as the original and the most insightful having access to the truth | 将自己定义为了解真相的原始人和最有见地的人 |
| 161 | get to decide the fate of the world. | 来决定世界的命运 |
| 162 | And what I fear happens in the Western metaphysical tradition is there are multiple | 我所担心的是,在西方的物理传统中, 会发生很多 |
| 163 | claims, usually at the racial, where people define what humanity is to the exclusion | 要求,通常在种族方面, 在那里,人们界定什么是人类 排斥 |
| 164 | of other groups of people. | 其他人组。 |
| 165 | So that's a really good place to get to the second part of our discussion, which gets | 因此,这是一个非常好的地方 进入我们的讨论第二部分, |
| 166 | right to the present day and present day issues. | (a) 有权处理今天和今天的问题。 |
| 167 | Now, to continue watching this video, click the link in the top left or in the description | 现在,为了继续观看这段视频,点击左上方或描述中的链接 |
| 168 | below, or visit iai.tv for more debates and talks from the world's leading thinkers | 或访问iai.tv,让世界主要思想家进行更多的辩论和会谈 |
| 169 | on today's biggest ideas. | 关于今天最大的想法。 |
| 170 | For more debates, talks and interviews, subscribe today to the Institute of Art and | 更多辩论、会谈和访谈, |
| 171 | Ideas at iai.tv, and for more videos, go to iai.tv. | iai.tv的创意,还有更多视频,请访问iai.tv. |
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