《大西洋月刊》阅读时代已经终结 [B2]

发布于 2026-08-24 · 时长 53:27

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:02	You're listening to The Age of Reading is Over – Can Civilization Survive the Post-Literate	你正在听《阅读时代已经结束了文明能活下来后文学家》
0:08	Era?	大纪元?
0:09	Written by Rose Horowitz Published in the August 2026 issue of The Atlantic	由罗斯·霍罗维茨(Rose Horowitz)撰写,发表于2026年8月一期的"大西洋"上.
0:15	Read by Helen Zoltzman Produced by Hark!	海伦·佐尔茨曼制作的《哈克》
0:17	Audio, a podcast curation app.	音频,一个播客的软件。
0:20	You can find this and other narrated Atlantic articles, along with curated podcast moments,	你可以找到这篇和其他叙事的大西洋文章, 连同被整理的播客瞬间,
0:25	on the Hark!	在哈克号上!
0:25	Audio app.	音频应用.
0:28	2300 years ago, the legend goes, King Ptolemy I of Egypt asked his court advisor to assemble	2300年前的传说是埃及国王普托莱米一世要求他的顾问召集
0:34	a comprehensive collection of the world's written works.	世界著作综合集.

展开字幕全文（912 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	You're listening to The Age of Reading is Over – Can Civilization Survive the Post-Literate	你正在听《阅读时代已经结束了文明能活下来后文学家》
2	Era?	大纪元?
3	Written by Rose Horowitz Published in the August 2026 issue of The Atlantic	由罗斯·霍罗维茨(Rose Horowitz)撰写,发表于2026年8月一期的"大西洋"上.
4	Read by Helen Zoltzman Produced by Hark!	海伦·佐尔茨曼制作的《哈克》
5	Audio, a podcast curation app.	音频,一个播客的软件。
6	You can find this and other narrated Atlantic articles, along with curated podcast moments,	你可以找到这篇和其他叙事的大西洋文章, 连同被整理的播客瞬间,
7	on the Hark!	在哈克号上!
8	Audio app.	音频应用.
9	2300 years ago, the legend goes, King Ptolemy I of Egypt asked his court advisor to assemble	2300年前的传说是埃及国王普托莱米一世要求他的顾问召集
10	a comprehensive collection of the world's written works.	世界著作综合集.
11	Ptolemy, who had served under Alexander the Great, envisioned a library that would safeguard	曾在亚历山大大帝手下服役的托勒密设想建立一个图书馆来保护
12	the sum total of humanity's knowledge.	人类知识的总和
13	His successors inherited this mandate.	他的继任者继承了这项任务。
14	Royal forces ransacked every ship that arrived at Alexandria, searching for scrolls.	皇家部队洗劫了所有抵达亚历山大港的船只,寻找卷轴.
15	These were stored at the Museon, a shrine to the Muses, modelled after Aristotle's	这些都存放在穆森,穆森的神社,仿照亚里士多德的
16	Lyceum.	莱塞姆
17	Aristotle's own book collection was said to be among the holdings.	亚里士多德自己的图书收藏据说属于控股之列.
18	Much of the history of the Library of Alexandria has been lost, but we know that it was the	亚历山德里亚图书馆的大部分历史已经失传,但我们知道那是
19	site of many of the pre-modern world's greatest intellectual achievements.	许多前现代世界最伟大的知识成就的网址。
20	The king paid scholars to live and work in the library, and the collection was available	国王付钱让学者在图书馆里生活和工作藏书可以提供
21	to anyone, quote, eager to study, an encouragement for the entire city to gain wisdom.	对任何人,引用,渴望学习, 鼓励整个城市获得智慧。
22	A visiting Greek rhetorician wrote,	一位访问的希腊修辞家写道:
23	正是在图书馆 Eratosthenes 计算了地球的周长和Zenodotus编辑
24	the earliest manuscripts of Homer's epics.	荷马史诗最早的手稿.
25	Euclid, who wrote the Elements of Geometry, may have studied there as well.	写"几何元素"的欧几里得可能也在那里学习过.
26	This run of scholarship would not last.	这一系列奖学金不会持续。
27	By 400 CE, the library had disappeared.	到了400 CE,图书馆已经消失了.
28	Many scholars regard its destruction as the greatest loss of knowledge in history and	许多学者认为其破坏是历史上和历史上最大的知识损失。
29	the beginning of the Dark Ages.	黑暗时代的开始
30	Historians have spent centuries passing fragments of papyrus in an effort to understand what	历史学家花了几个世纪的时间来了解什么是帕皮鲁斯的碎片
31	went wrong.	错了
32	Traditionally, the answer was believed to be war.	传统上,答案被认为是战争。
33	During the Siege of Alexandria in 48 BCE, Julius Caesar started a fire that incinerated	在48年的亚历山大围攻战中, 尤利乌斯·凯撒发动了一场大火,
34	at least 40,000 scrolls.	至少4万个卷轴.
35	The library survived in diminished form until the 4th century CE, when followers of the	图书馆以缩小的形式生存下来,直到4世纪的CE时期,当时的追随者们都一直坚持着.
36	Archbishop of Alexandria sacked the pagan temple that housed the remaining manuscripts,	亚历山德里亚大主教解雇了藏有剩余手稿的异教神庙
37	but contemporary historians tend to dismiss the importance of these dramatic incidents	但当代历史学家倾向于否认这些戏剧性事件的重要性
38	in favour of a more mundane cause of death, negligence.	倾向于更普通的死因疏忽
39	Maintaining the collection was an enormous expense.	保持收藏是巨大的开支。
40	Humidity, mice and insects slowly ate away at the papyrus scrolls.	湿度,小鼠和昆虫在papyrus卷轴处慢慢地吃掉.
41	Scribes had to continually copy old texts before they deteriorated and became illegible.	Scribes不得不在旧文本恶化和变得难以辨认之前不断复制。
42	Eventually, the challenges of maintaining the library became greater than the will to	最终,维持图书馆的挑战比维持图书馆的意愿更大。
43	preserve it.	留着吧
44	It's not that the disappearance of a library led to a Dark Age nor that its survival would	并不是图书馆的消失导致了黑暗时代也不是它的生存
45	have improved those ages, the Cossack scholar Roger Bagnall has written.	哥萨克学者罗杰·巴格诺写道:
46	The fact that the library was allowed to die showed that the Dark Age had already arrived.	图书馆被允许死亡的事实表明黑暗时代已经来临.
47	Some two thousand years later, under very different circumstances, the darkness is gathering	大约两千年后, 在非常不同的情况下, 黑暗正在聚集
48	again.	再来
49	Americans, once members of a proudly literate society, read much less than they used to.	美国人曾经是识字的骄傲社会的成员,读数比以前少得多。
50	According to the National Endowment for the Arts, which conducts the most comprehensive	国家艺术基金会表示,
51	survey of the nation's reading habits, fewer than half of all adults reported having read	调查全国的阅读习惯,只有不到一半的成年人报告读过
52	a book of any kind in 2022.	2022年的一本书
53	Only 38% read a novel or short story.	只有38%的人读过小说或短篇小说.
54	A study analysing 236,000 responses to the American Time News survey found that the proportion	一项分析美国"时代新闻"调查236,000份回复的研究发现,该比例
55	of Americans who read for pleasure on any given day fell from 28% in 2004 to 16% in	在任何一天读取乐趣的美国人从2004年的28%下降到2004年的16%。
56	2023.	2023 (英语).
57	The study looked at people who had read a book, magazine or newspaper, listened to an	研究考察了读过一本书、杂志或报纸、听过一篇
58	audiobook or read an e-book.	音频或阅读电子书。
59	Gambling has become a more common leisure activity than reading a book.	赌博已成为比阅读一本书更常见的休闲活动.
60	Last year, 57% of Americans placed a bet.	去年57%的美国人下注了
61	The decline in reading cuts across age groups, gender and education levels.	阅读率的下降涉及不同年龄组、性别和教育水平。
62	Even the demographics that traditionally read the most, retirees, women and college graduates,	即使是传统上读得最多的人口统计,退休人员、妇女和大学毕业生,
63	have seen a collapse.	已经看到一个崩溃。
64	The books that people do read are simpler than they used to be.	人们所读的书比以前简单.
65	New York Times bestsellers today have sentences that are about one-third shorter than they	《纽约时报》的畅销书的句子比他们短三分之一
66	were a century ago.	一个世纪前
67	Longer sentences aren't inherently better, but their former ubiquity suggests an age	更长的句子从本质上来说不是更好, 但他们以前无处不在的表示一个年龄
68	when Americans had the inclination and ability to read serious works of literature.	当美国人有阅读严肃的文学作品的倾向和能力。
69	In 1958, the English translation of Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago was the best-selling	1958年,鲍里斯·帕斯捷尔纳克的"日瓦戈医生"的英文翻译是最畅销的.
70	novel of the year, according to Publishers Weekly.	据《出版商周刊》报道,
71	Pasternak writes in long, complex sentences,	帕斯特纳克用很长很复杂的句子写道,
72	Last year's top-selling novel was Sunrise on the Reaping, the latest in the Hunger	去年最畅销的小说是《日出在饥饿》最新一部
73	Games Young Adult series.	游戏青年成人系列.
74	Brian Bannon, the chief librarian at the New York Public Library, told me that young	Brian Bannon,纽约公共图书馆的首席图书管理员, 告诉我,年轻的
75	adult fiction is one of the library's most popular offerings, including among decidedly	成人小说是图书馆最受欢迎的作品之一,包括决定性的
76	not-young adults.	年轻成人。
77	Other titles in the top ten include the children's books Party Pooper, the 20th installment	前十名中的其他头衔包括儿童图书"聚会"(Party Poper),第20期分期发行.
78	in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series, and Dog Man Big Jim Believes.	和狗侠大吉姆相信。
79	The most popular novel written for adults was the romantic adventure Onyx Storm.	为成人写作的最受欢迎的小说是浪漫冒险奥尼克斯风暴.
80	Whatever the book's pleasures, it isn't Pasternak.	不管书的乐趣是什么, 它不是帕斯捷纳克。
81	Americans also get much less of their news through reading than they once did.	美国人通过阅读获得的新闻也比以前少得多.
82	In 1975, about half of twenty-somethings said they read the newspaper every day.	1975年,大约一半的二十几人说,他们每天阅读报纸.
83	Today, less than 10% do.	今天,不到10%的人这样做。
84	Most Americans now get the news on their phones and laptops, and 40% say they prefer to watch	大部分美国人现在都在手机和笔记本电脑上得到消息 40%的人说他们喜欢看
85	or listen to online news rather than read it.	或者听网络新闻而不是读它。
86	This shift is often referred to as a literacy crisis.	这种转变常常被称为识字危机。
87	And it's true that Americans' basic reading skills are declining.	而美国人的基本阅读技能确实在下降.
88	Fourth- and eighth-grade reading scores have slid for the past decade.	四年级和八年级的阅读成绩在过去10年中滑落。
89	Amanda Kordalewski是美国学校图书馆家协会的理事
90	told me that she and her fellow librarians have had to buy new books to accommodate students'	说她和她的图书管理员必须购买新书才能容纳学生
91	diminished reading levels.	阅读水平下降。
92	Some of the most popular are graphic novels, updated classics such as the Magic Treehouse	一些最受欢迎的是图形小说,更新经典,如魔法树屋
93	series for elementary school students, and manga for middle and high schoolers.	小学学生系列,初中和高中学生漫画。
94	In 2024, in a national test, just 35% of high school seniors were, quote, proficient at	2024年,在一次全国测试中,只有35%的高中高年级学生,引述,精通
95	skills such as analysing complex fictional themes and evaluating the effectiveness of	技能,如分析复杂的虚构主题和评价
96	an author's argument, about the same number scored below, quote, basic, meaning that they	作者的争论, 大约相同的数字得分以下,引文,基本, 意味着他们
97	may struggle to draw conclusions from concepts explicitly included in a text, or to use context	可能难以从案文中明确包含的概念中得出结论,或使用上下文
98	clues to determine the meaning of an unknown word.	用于确定未知词的含义的线索。
99	Adult literary scores have also dropped.	成人文学成绩也有所下降.
100	Nearly 30% of American adults cannot paraphrase or make inferences from a multi-page text.	近30%的美国成年人无法从多页文本中解释或推断.
101	In 2017, that number was less than 20%.	2017年,该数字低于20%.
102	And yet, strangely, Americans are probably reading more words than ever before.	然而,奇怪的是,美国人阅读的文字可能比以往任何时候都多。
103	What has changed is what they read and how.	改变之处在于他们读什么,读什么。
104	People are bombarded with emails, text messages, x-posts, Reddit threads, Instagram captions.	人们受到电子邮件,短信,x邮戳,Reddit线程,Instagram字幕的轰炸.
105	This explosion of textual fragments has come at the expense of devoting sustained attention	文字碎片的爆炸牺牲了持续关注
106	to longer written works that convey rich and complicated information.	以传递丰富和复杂信息的更长时间的著作。
107	Maryanne Wolf, a cognitive neuroscientist at UCLA, argues that people are losing the ability	加州大学洛杉矶分校的认知神经科学家玛丽安·沃尔夫(Maryanne Wolf)认为,人们正在失去这种能力。
108	to think deeply about writing.	深思熟虑写作。
109	That doesn't mean they are forgetting how to decode individual words.	这并不意味着他们忘记了如何解码单个词.
110	Rather, they are losing the higher-order abilities of comprehension and synthesis.	相反,它们正在失去更高层次的理解和综合能力。
111	America, in other words, isn't illiterate.	换句话说,美国不是文盲。
112	It's post-literate.	后文殊师利.
113	Things are about to get worse.	事情即将恶化。
114	And fast.	和快速的。
115	The next generation reads much less than today's adults did when they were kids.	下一代的阅读量远低于今天的成年人小时候的阅读量.
116	Kindergarten teachers say that many of their students don't know nursery rhymes or fairy tales.	幼儿园教师说,他们的许多学生都不懂托儿所的韵律或童话.
117	Benjamin Powers, the director of Yale and the University of Connecticut's	本杰明·鲍尔斯耶鲁和康涅狄格大学校长
118	Literacy Hub told me, in the study of 236,000 American adults,	扫盲中心告诉我, 在236,000美国成年人的研究中,
119	only 2% read to a child on a given day.	一天只读给孩子的2%。
120	From 1984 to 2025, the percentage of 13-year-olds who said they rarely or never read for fun	从1984年到2025年,13岁的人说很少或从来没有读过读取乐趣的百分比
121	rose from 8% to 29%.	从8%上升到29%。
122	Every year older a child gets, the less they like to read.	年长的孩子越喜欢看书
123	Robert Townsend, a program director at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,	罗伯特·汤森美国艺术和科学院计划主任
124	recently ran focus groups asking high school students how they felt about reading for pleasure.	最近有焦点小组问高中生如何阅读取悦。
125	He told me that most thought of it as an alien practice.	他告诉我,最想的是一种外星人的做法。
126	Reading has come to seem extraneous even to some of the best educated members of society.	甚至对于一些受过良好教育的社会成员来说,阅读也显得不相干。
127	Margaret Rennox, Harvard's assistant director for humanities and social sciences support,	玛格丽特·伦诺克斯,哈佛大学人文和社会科学支助助理主任,
128	told me she'd spoken with a student who is struggling to read a book written in Old English.	她告诉我她和一个学生谈过了他正在读一本用老英语写的书
129	The culprit?	那个罪犯?
130	Anthony Burgess' 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange.	安东尼·伯吉斯1962年的小说"钟工作橙".
131	The student used chat GPT to, quote,	学生用聊天GPT,引用
132	translate the book into easier language.	将本书翻译成轻松的语言.
133	Not long ago, a Harvard sociology professor, troubled by course evaluations in which students	不久前,哈佛大学社会学教授对学生的课程评价感到困扰
134	said they resented the amount of dense reading they were assigned,	他们说:他们怨恨自己所奉的使命,
135	asked Rennox to speak to his class in defense of reading.	要求伦诺克斯与他的班级交谈,为阅读辩护.
136	She had to explain to students at America's most elite university	她不得不向美国最精英大学的学生解释
137	taking a course in a discipline rooted in written observation, argumentation and analysis,	修习以书面观察、论证和分析为基础的学科,
138	that excerpts and summaries cannot capture the depth and sophistication of a complete primary text.	摘录和摘要不能反映完整初级文本的深度和复杂性。
139	Rennox told me that some students now view reading as an	伦诺克斯告诉我,有些学生现在把阅读视为一种
140	unnecessarily burdensome way of acquiring knowledge.	获取知识的方式不必要的繁琐。
141	Quote,	引文为
142	By asking them to read, she said,	她叫他们去读书她说
143	professors are arbitrarily withholding information from students	教授专横地拒绝学生的信息
144	by forcing them to get it through this more difficult medium.	迫使他们通过这个更困难的媒介
145	It may seem self-serving for a writer at a 169-year-old magazine to carry a torch for	在169年的杂志上写作的作家携带一把火炬可能很自私
146	reading, but the people who make a living from words are not the only ones who lose out in a	但靠文字维生的人并不是唯一一个在
147	post-literate age.	识字后年龄。
148	Reading is more than a skill, or one mode of communication among many.	阅读不仅仅是一种技能,或者是许多人之间的一种交流方式。
149	The media we use to interact with one another shape the world we inhabit.	我们用来互动的媒体塑造了我们生活的世界
150	Early humans spent millennia communicating only by voice.	早期人类仅通过声音进行千年的交流.
151	The advent of reading and writing transformed society.	阅读和写作的出现改变了社会。
152	It altered people's consciousness and politics, along with the intellectual feats they were	这改变了人们的意识和政治, 以及他们的思想成就
153	capable of.	能够。
154	The decline of reading will bring about changes of the same magnitude.	阅读量的下降将带来同样规模的变化.
155	It will affect our innermost thoughts, our society's politics and culture,	它会影响我们内心深处的思想社会的政治和文化
156	and how we tell the history of our civilization.	我们如何讲述我们文明的历史。
157	If we look closely, we can see that these changes have already begun.	如果我们仔细观察,我们可以看到这些变化已经开始。
158	Reading has never been natural.	阅读从来不是自然的。
159	Humans have no innate cognitive machinery designed to string	人类没有设计用来串联的内生认知机器
160	letters into words and connect them to their real-world analogues.	字母化为文字,并将其连接到其真实世界的模拟.
161	To read, people had to	阅读,人们不得不
162	repurpose regions of their brain used for speech and object recognition.	重新使用大脑中用于语音和物体识别的区域。
163	The practice first emerged	这种做法首先出现
164	6,000 years ago in Mesopotamia.	6000年前在美索不达米亚.
165	For millennia afterward, most of the population was illiterate.	之后的几千年间,大部分人口是文盲.
166	Literacy became a mass phenomenon relatively recently, after Johannes Gutenberg invented	在约翰内斯·古滕贝格发明之后,识字成为了最近一个大规模现象。
167	printing press in 1440.	1440年印刷机。
168	The written word is fundamentally different from oral language.	书面语与口头语有着根本的不同.
169	Writing detaches the message from the messenger, allowing for a more dispassionate spread of	写下来自信使的讯息,从而可以更加冷静地传播
170	information than was possible in oral societies.	信息在口头社会是不可能做到的。
171	Because writing a phrase takes longer than	因为写一个短语需要比
172	speaking it, writing forces the author to slow down and reflect.	写作迫使作者减速思考
173	Written language tends to employ	使用书面语言
174	more complex sentence structures and vocabulary than spoken language.	比口语更复杂的句子结构和词汇.
175	And unlike speech,	与言语不同
176	it doesn't disappear into the ether.	它不会消失在乙醚中。
177	Readers can return to a text and plummet for new meaning	读者可以返回到文本中, 并跳跃到新的意义
178	{\fnSIMHEI\fs22\1cHFFFFFF\3cHFF8000}还有谅解
179	Because writing endures, individuals can temporarily forget what they've	因为写作是长久的个人可以暂时忘记他们曾经的
180	written but trust that it won't be lost forever.	写着但相信它不会永远消失
181	This frees up the mind to think of new ideas and	这可以释放思想思考新的想法和
182	make new discoveries.	做出新的发现。
183	Quote,	引文为
184	He argued that literacy created the conditions for inner concentration,	他认为,识字为内部集中创造了条件,
185	extended focus, and logical deduction.	扩大重点,和逻辑推理。
186	It allowed for a new kind of rational, linear,	它允许一种新的理性,线性,
187	and analytical thought.	和分析性思考。
188	Ong引用了神经心理学家Alexander Luria的案例研究,
189	who travelled to remote villages in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in the 1930s when peasants were	20世纪30年代前往乌兹别克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦偏远村庄的农民
190	starting to receive rudimentary reading and writing instruction.	开始接受基本的读写指导。
191	Luria met his subjects at	卢里亚在
192	in field camps and around evening fires.	在野战营和晚上的火灾。
193	There he posed a number of questions designed	在那里,他提出了一些问题
194	to elucidate differences in how illiterate and literate peasants thought.	阐明文盲和识字农民如何看待的差异。
195	Luria told the peasants,	卢里亚告诉农民,
196	In the far north, all bears are white.	在遥远的北方,所有的熊都是白色的.
197	Novaya Zemlya is in the far north.	诺瓦亚泽姆利亚位于极北.
198	He then asked them	然后他问他们
199	the colour of bears in Novaya Zemlya.	在诺瓦亚泽姆利亚熊的颜色。
200	The literate peasants were able to complete the syllogism,	识字的农民能够完成语法
201	but the illiterate ones refused to try, explaining that they had never been to	但那些文盲拒绝尝试,
202	north and thus couldn't answer.	北部,因此无法回答。
203	Achieving literacy seemed to have conveyed an ability	实现识字似乎已经传达了一种能力
204	to think logically and abstractly, not simply to read words.	思考逻辑和抽象, 不只是读字。
205	Later scholars would attribute	以后的学者会说
206	some of these new modes of thinking to other aspects of living in a literate society,	其中一些新的思维方式涉及在识字社会中生活的其他方面,
207	not to reading alone.	不要独自阅读。
208	But Ong's larger argument stands.	但是,翁氏更大的争论是站立的.
209	Print cultures value lengthy,	印刷文化值长,
210	organised arguments.	有组织的辩论。
211	The advent of reading and writing was a precondition for philosophy, modern science,	阅读和写作的出现是哲学,现代科学,
212	history as an academic enterprise, art criticism.	作为学术事业的历史,艺术批评.
213	These changes were hugely destabilising.	这些变化非常不稳定。
214	As literacy spread through societies, it contributed to political upheaval and revolutions.	随着扫盲在社会上传播,它助长了政治动荡和革命。
215	In the American colonies, the leaders of the patriot cause employed newspapers and pamphlets	在美国殖民地,爱国运动的领导人利用报纸和小册子
216	to ferment anti-British sentiment.	发酵反英国情绪。
217	The ancient Roman and Greek orators could only speak to the number of citizens capable of being	古罗马人和希腊人只能谈论能够成为
218	assembled within the reach of their voice, Benjamin Franklin wrote in 1782.	本杰明·富兰克林于1782年在他们的声音所及的范围内集合而成.
219	Now by the press we can speak to nations, and good books and well-written pamphlets have great	现在通过媒体,我们可以与各国交谈,好书和写得很好的小册子
220	and general influence.	和总的影响。
221	America's founders used a print document to construct their new nation	美国的创始人用打印文件来构建他们的新国家
222	and believed that the system they had devised would work precisely because citizens would be	并且相信他们设计的系统会起作用正是因为公民会
223	formed readers.	形成读者.
224	Franklin was himself a newspaper publisher and established America's first lending	富兰克林本人是报纸的出版商并建立了美国的第一次贷款
225	library.	图书馆。
226	These libraries have improved the general conversation of the Americans, he wrote in his	这些图书馆改进了美国人的泛泛对话,他写道:
227	autobiography, and made the common tradesmen and farmers as intelligent as most gentlemen from	使普通的商人和农民和大多数绅士一样聪明
228	other countries.	其他国家。
229	Early on, Americans came to see staying informed as a civic and even moral	早期,美国人认为保持知情作为一个公民,甚至道德
230	imperative.	当务之急。
231	Of course, the New Republic was not always a haven for sober analysis.	当然,新共和国并不总是一个清醒分析的避难所。
232	The founding fathers attacked their enemies in the papers, spreading lies to incite the public	开国元勋在报纸上攻击敌人散布谎言煽动公众
233	against their opponents.	对抗他们的对手。
234	One ally of Thomas Jefferson's called John Adams, quote,	托马斯·杰斐逊的一个盟友叫约翰·亚当斯引用
235	"...a hideous hermaphroditical character which has neither the force and firmness of a man	"... 一个令人发指的性格既无力量又无坚固的人
236	nor the gentleness and sensibility of a woman, nor was access to reading evenly distributed."	也不是女人温柔而敏锐,阅读的机会也不均匀。
237	For a long time, large numbers of Americans couldn't pass the federal government's literacy	长期以来,大批美国人无法通过联邦政府的扫盲
238	test, especially in the South, where preventing black literacy was a pillar of white supremacist	特别是在南方防止黑人识字是白人至上主义者的支柱
239	government.	政府。
240	But from the beginning, literature was a crucial source of entertainment, meaning,	但从一开始文学就是娱乐的重要来源
241	and connection for many Americans.	和许多美国人的联系。
242	They shared a set of references from the Bible and English	他们分享了圣经和英语的参考文献
243	literature.	文学。
244	Charles Dickens was sufficiently beloved by American readers that when he got	查尔斯·狄更斯受到美国读者的充分爱戴当他得到
245	his hair cut during a visit to New York City in 1842, admirers flocked to collect clippings from	在1842年访问纽约市时他的头发被剪过仰慕者聚集起来收集剪报
246	In the 19th century, composing a letter was an art form, and even correspondence with loved ones	在19世纪,写信是一种艺术形式, 甚至与亲人的通信
247	was written in an elegant, formal style.	是以优雅,正式的风格写成的.
248	Quote,	引文为
249	"...it's weird for us to see it now.	"... 现在看到它对我们来说很奇怪.
250	A Civil War soldier writing to his wife,	一个内战士兵写信给他的妻子,
251	and he's covered with mud in this tent, and he writes as if he's Shakespeare,"	他在这个帐篷里沾满了泥土他写着就像莎士比亚一样
252	John McWhorter, a linguist at Columbia University, told me.	哥伦比亚大学语言学家约翰·麦克沃特(John McWhorter)告诉我.
253	And you think, can't he loosen up with his own wife?	你觉得他不能和自己的妻子放松一下吗?
254	But the thing is, that is him basically	但问题是,那就是他
255	sending her roses.	给她送玫瑰
256	Samuel D. Lockheed served in the 8th Regiment of the Union's Missouri Volunteer	塞缪尔·D·洛克希德在密苏里志愿军第8团服役
257	Infantry, which fought at Shiloh and the Siege of Vicksburg.	步兵,曾参加过希洛和维克斯堡的围攻战.
258	In October 1862, he wrote to his wife,	1862年10月,他写信给他的妻子,
259	"''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
260	"'Tis hard to see the mighty, prancing warhorse,	"很难看到强大的舞动战马,
261	Trampling the dying and dead beneath their merciless feet.	将死去和死去的人拖在他们无情的脚下
262	No dear wife near to speak a word of comfort,	亲爱的妻子没有说点安慰的话
263	No living sister or mother to administer relief	没有活着的妹妹或母亲来管理救济
264	In that hour the most sad in the history of humanity.	在那个时候,是人类历史上最悲哀的。
265	Oh, the humanity!	哦,人类!
266	Oh, the horrors of war!"	哦,战争的恐怖!"
267	In 1962, Marshall McLuhan, the patron saint	1962年马歇尔·麦克卢汉守护神
268	of media theorists, predicted that the Western world would become what he called, quote,	媒体理论家们预言西方世界会变成他所说的那样
269	post-literate.	后经文.
270	In the Gutenberg Galaxy, published that year, he suggested that such an age had	在当年出版的"古腾堡银河报"中,他提出这样的时代有:
271	already begun, that electronic media were already supplanting the written word.	电子媒体已经取代了文字
272	At the time, 90% of	当时,90%
273	homes had a television, compared with 9% only a decade earlier.	家庭有一台电视,而十年前只有9%。
274	Television was becoming	电视正在变得
275	America's main source of news.	美国主要新闻来源.
276	The average household spent more than 5 hours a day in front	平均家庭每天在前面花费5小时以上
277	of the TV set.	电视机。
278	Viewed from the present, the America of the 1950s and 60s doesn't seem	从现在看,1950年代和60年代的美国似乎没有
279	post-literate.	后经文.
280	After the war, the nation had become wealthier and more highly educated at	战后,国家变得更加富裕,教育程度更高
281	a remarkable pace.	一个惊人的速度。
282	Its appetite for the written word and its veneration of the intellectuals who	它对书面文字的渴望以及它对于那些
283	produced it seemed poised to grow and grow.	生产了它,它似乎可以生长。
284	In 1964, Time, which then had a circulation	在1964年,Time,它后来有流通
285	of more than 3 million, ran a cover story on John Cheever, the author known for his dark	300多万, 运行了一个封面故事关于约翰·谢弗,
286	fables of suburban malaise.	郊区病情的寓言.
287	文章"Ovid in Osining"以扩展的引文开头:
288	Invocation of Metamorphoses.	调用变形金刚.
289	In Cheever's famous story The 548, the protagonist boards the titular	在契佛的著名故事里 548号,主角登上三角形
290	train and is greeted by a then-familiar, now-exotic sight, a car full of commuters reading the evening	火车和迎接由当时的名人, 现时的视觉, 一车满通勤阅读夜晚
291	newspaper, but television was changing the rhythms and habits of American life.	但电视正在改变美国生活的节奏和习惯。
292	In 1985,	1985年时,
293	邮递员,麦克卢汉的朋友和门徒, 出版Amusing Ourself to Death。
294	He argued	他争论
295	television had hijacked Americans' attention and turned politics into cheap entertainment.	电视把美国人的注意力变成了廉价的娱乐
296	The problem is not that television presents us with entertaining subject matter,	问题不在于电视给我们带来娱乐话题
297	but that all subject matter is presented as entertaining, Postman wrote.	邮差写道,
298	Television is our culture's principal mode of knowing about itself.	电视是我们文化了解自身的主要模式.
299	At the time, the average	当时,平均
300	American household watched more than seven hours of television every day, a number that would rise	美国家庭每天观看超过7小时的电视,这个数字会上升
301	nine hours by 2010.	到2010年达到9小时.
302	If TV crowded out the silent time necessary for reading, broadband internet	如果电视挤出了阅读所需的沉默时间,宽带互联网
303	and the smartphone made it nearly impossible.	和智能手机使它几乎不可能。
304	Not too long ago, at-home screen entertainment	不久以前,在家里的银幕娱乐
305	was finite.	是有限的。
306	Shows aired on a certain day at a certain time.	显示某天某时某天播出.
307	If you wanted to watch an old movie,	如果你想看一部老电影
308	you had to put your shoes on and go to a video store.	你不得不穿上鞋子去影视店
309	Books could compete in that environment.	书可以在这种环境下竞争。
310	Some people, at least, would turn off the TV and read a book before falling asleep.	有些人至少会关掉电视,在睡觉前读一本书。
311	Now, entertainment is limitless.	现在,娱乐是无限的。
312	There's no hard stop.	无有难止.
313	One show bleeds into the next.	一场演出的血流成河
314	People watch TV with their phone in hand, monitoring social media or texting with friends.	人们手持手机观看电视,监控社交媒体或与朋友发短信.
315	Flixers reportedly told directors and screenwriters to assume that the audience	据报道,Flixers告诉导演和编剧假设观众
316	isn't paying attention and to constantly remind viewers what's going on.	并不断提醒观众发生了什么事。
317	In this environment, people have to be really determined to read.	在这种环境下,人们必须真正下定决心去阅读.
318	Most aren't.	大多数不是。
319	When people	当人们
320	do read, they might find that they're absorbing less information.	他们可能会发现他们吸收的信息较少
321	That's especially true if they	如果是这样的话
322	read on their phone.	在他们的手机上读。
323	The endless scroll, hyperlinks and notifications invite surface-level reading,	无尽的卷轴、超链接和通知邀请了表面水平的阅读,
324	with constant invitations to look elsewhere.	经常邀请你到别处看看
325	Studies have shown that people comprehend less	研究表明,人们理解较少
326	when reading on a digital device than on paper, perhaps because of all these distractions.	在数字设备上阅读而不是在纸上阅读时,也许因为所有这些分散注意力.
327	Devoting extended, undivided attention to a text can now feel like too much to ask.	专注于扩展,专注于文本,现在可以感到要求太多.
328	Audiobooks have become a popular alternative to print books, at least in part because listening	音频书已经成为一种流行的替代印刷书籍,至少部分是因为听
329	to a book allows for multitasking.	到一本书允许多重任务。
330	You can read while doing the dishes or driving to work.	在做盘子或开车上班时可以阅读.
331	Faced with shrinking attention spans and declining comprehension,	面对不断缩小的注意力和不断降低的理解,
332	schools might have been expected to resist the impulse towards shorter passages and shallower	学校本应该能够抵制短路和浅路的冲动
333	reading.	阅读。
334	Instead, they spurred it on.	相反,他们刺激了它。
335	A 2025 survey found that most middle and high school	2025年的一项调查发现,大多数初中和高中
336	teachers assigned zero to four books a year.	教师每年为四本书分配零。
337	Successive waves of education reforms have	连续一波的教育改革
338	led districts to favour short passages over full books, the better to mimic multiple-choice	导致各县偏爱短篇小说而不是全书,越好模仿多选
339	reading comprehension exams.	阅读理解考试。
340	Many of the most popular school curricula now rely on excerpts.	许多最受欢迎的学校课程现在都依靠节选。
341	Anna Marie Cortez, the principal at an elementary school in Corona, California,	Anna Marie Cortez,加利福尼亚州科罗纳的一所小学校长,
342	told me that many administrators are instructing teachers not to assign full books.	许多行政官指示教师不要分配全套书籍。
343	They're	他们是
344	supposed to be running discrete reading drills with short excerpts.	应该是用简短的节选来进行离散的阅读演练.
345	Meanwhile,	同时,
346	digital devices have flooded American classrooms.	数字设备淹没了美国教室.
347	In a New York Times survey,	在纽约时报的调查中
348	more than 80% of elementary school teachers said students receive a school-issued device	超过80%的小学教师说,学生得到学校发放的装置
349	by the time they enter kindergarten.	当他们进入幼儿园的时候。
350	Lupita Villalobos, 教三岁小孩
351	a pre-K in Duncanville, Texas, told me that the district gives each student a tablet to	德克萨斯州邓肯维尔的一个K级预科医生告诉我,该区给每个学生一块牌匾
352	during school.	在校期间。
353	She's prevented her students from using the devices, as she knows how much	她阻止学生使用这些设备因为她知道有多少
354	time they spend on them at home.	他们在家里花的时间。
355	I had a student who had a very strong reaction to starting school,	我有一个学生谁有非常强烈的反应开始上学,
356	she said.	她说的
357	Typically, students cry maybe the first couple weeks and say they want their mom,	通常,学生哭也许头几周并说他们想要他们的妈妈,
358	but this student would cry for her tablet.	但是这个学生会为她的牌匾哭泣
359	In the recent past, people were at least reading	不久前人们至少读过
360	something online, but that's changing fast.	网上的东西, 但变化很快。
361	Social media, once mainly text-based, has been	社交媒体曾经以文字为主,
362	overrun with short-form videos.	被短片覆盖。
363	TikTok, YouTube Shorts, 和Instagram Reels 主导了关注
364	economy, especially among young people.	经济,特别是年轻人。
365	根据Jean Twinge最近的数据分析,
366	a psychology professor who studies generational change, by eighth grade, the average kid spends	一个研究世代变化的心理学教授,按八年级,平均孩子花费
367	four and a half hours a day on social media.	社交媒体每天4个半小时.
368	For much of that time, it appears, they are watching	在那段时间里他们似乎在看
369	videos, often at two times speed.	视频,通常速度为2倍。
370	Even text messages have taken on characteristics of the	即使短信也带有
371	caps to indicate heightened emotion and avoid the formality of proper punctuation, which now	盖子可以显示情绪的升高并避免正式的调子,现在
372	seems stilted, even stern.	看上去很僵硬,甚至很严厉
373	Like many twenty-somethings, my friends and I have mostly	像很多二十多样的东西, 我的朋友和我大部分
374	moved on from texts, preferring to send one another voice recordings instead.	转而发短信,宁愿相互发送录音。
375	The written word has	写着的词是
376	survived for thousands of years and overcome successive challenges from new technologies.	数千年过去了,并克服了新技术的接连挑战。
377	It's clearly resilient.	它具有明显的韧性.
378	Reading rates might fluctuate, but optimists argue that the long	阅读率可能波动,但乐观主义者认为,
379	of history points towards universal literacy.	历史表明全民识字。
380	Martin Puchner,一位比较文学教授
381	at Harvard, studies how literature has shaped history.	在哈佛,研究文学如何塑造历史。
382	He's spent decades tracing how	他花了几十年时间追踪
383	communication technologies have changed and the panics those changes have triggered.	通信技术发生了变化,这些变化引发了恐慌。
384	For much of	对于大部分
385	his career, he was skeptical of fears about the end of reading.	他的事业, 他怀疑恐惧阅读的结束。
386	Quote,	引文为
387	If the long history of changes in writing technologies has taught me anything,	如果写作技术变革的漫长历史教会了我什么
388	I think it's that one should always resist the kind of doomsday scenarios, he told me.	我认为应该永远抵制末日的情景他告诉我
389	And yet even Puchner now believes that the doomsday scenario has arrived.	而即使是普赫纳现在也认为末日的情景已经来临
390	A return to text, away from video, seems awfully unlikely.	回到文字,远离视频,似乎极不可能。
391	Maybe McLuhan and Postman weren't wrong	也许麦克卢汉和邮差没有错
392	in predicting that our society would become post-literate.	预言我们的社会会变得识字后
393	They were merely early.	他们只是很早。
394	The world	这个世界
395	that these theorists foresaw half a century ago is now here.	这些理论家预言半个世纪前已经到了这里。
396	The literary era will prove to be a	文学时代将证明是
397	brief interlude between the oral and digital ages.	在口头和数字时代之间短暂的间隔。
398	Reading shaped the modern mind.	阅读塑造了现代思想.
399	Its disappearance	失踪
400	will reshape it.	将重塑它。
401	Cognitive scientists are starting to understand what these changes might look like.	认知科学家开始理解这些变化可能是什么样子。
402	I asked a dozen of them what happens to our brains when we stop reading.	我问过其中十几个当我们停止阅读时我们的大脑会怎样
403	Several were amused by my rudimentary question.	有几个人对我的简单问题很感兴趣。
404	Everything that happens to you changes the brain, Dan Willingham, a professor at the	发生在你身上的一切都改变了大脑 Dan Willingham 博士
405	University of Virginia, told me.	弗吉尼亚大学告诉我的
406	Literally reading a word changes your brain for a few hours at least	从字面上读一个字至少会改变你的大脑几小时
407	and if you know how to measure it right for much longer than that.	如果你知道如何测量它正确的更长的时间。
408	He was trying to reassure me.	他想让我放心
409	If everything changes the brain, then almost no single action matters all that much.	如果一切都改变了大脑, 那么几乎没有单一的行动如此重要。
410	But what if you consistently replace one kind of action reading a word with another watching an	但如果你一直用看一个字的动作代替一个动作
411	Instagram reel?	内幕片?
412	One of the most robust findings in neuroscience is that people's brains master	神经科学中最有力的发现之一是人的大脑掌握者
413	what they practice.	他们的练习。
414	If we fill our time with short-form videos instead of books, our reading	如果我们用短片代替书, 我们的阅读
415	skills atrophy.	技术萎缩。
416	We have less background knowledge to aid comprehension.	我们了解的背景知识较少。
417	There's no danger of	没有危险
418	mass illiteracy, but the complex cognitive skills that reading fosters start to degrade.	大量文盲,但复杂的认知技能阅读培育开始退化。
419	The library of the mind falls into disrepair.	心灵的图书馆失修了
420	Reading books is a workout for the attention span.	阅读书籍是注意力范围的一种锻炼.
421	The more you read, the easier it is to read, and the more you're rewarded with new understanding.	读书越多,读书越容易,得到新理解的奖励就越多.
422	Eventually the process is more pleasurable than it is challenging, but as with physical exercise,	最终,这个过程比挑战性更令人愉快,但是与身体锻炼一样,
423	the converse is true as well.	反之亦然。
424	The less you read, the more difficult it is to read,	你读得越少越难读
425	and the rockier the path to acquiring knowledge.	和获得知识的道路,
426	Social media offers instant gratification.	社会媒体提供即时满足。
427	John Hutton是UT西南医疗中心的儿科教授
428	compares scrolling TikTok to a lab rat pushing a button and getting a dose of cocaine.	把卷轴TikTok比作实验室老鼠按下按钮,然后得到一剂可卡因.
429	Eventually all you want to do is push the button.	最终你只想按下按钮。
430	2004.	2004 (英语).
431	The average attention span on a screen was	屏幕上的平均注意力范围是
432	two and a half minutes, Gloria Mark, a psychologist at UC Irvine, told me.	2分半钟后加州大学Irvine分校的心理学家Gloria Mark告诉我
433	By 2012 it had dropped to	到2012年,这一数字下降到
434	75 seconds.	75秒钟。
435	Five years ago it fell to about 47 seconds.	5年前,它下降到约47秒。
436	We became accustomed to having content change rapidly, Mark said.	马克说,我们习惯了快速改变内容。
437	Watching videos is a more passive form of engagement than reading.	观看视频是一种比阅读更被动的接触形式.
438	Hutton recently collected brain images of children, all three to five years old,	Hutton最近收集了3到5岁孩子的脑部影像
439	as they took in stories in different formats.	他们用不同格式写故事
440	When children watched an animated video of a story,	当孩子们观看一个故事的动画视频时,
441	they used the region of the brain associated with imagination about half as much as they did when	他们使用大脑区域与想象力有关大约一半是当他们
442	static illustrations while listening to an audio recording.	静态插图,同时收听音频录音.
443	Children also used their cerebellum,	孩子们还用脑膜
444	a part of the brain associated with learning, less when watching a video.	大脑的一部分与学习有关, 在观看视频时更少。
445	They don't really have to use their imagination as much because things are happening on the screen,	他们真的不用像想象力一样多因为屏幕上发生的事情
446	Hutton told me.	赫顿告诉我的
447	The brain's just doing less work to understand and learn from what they're seeing	大脑只是做的工作更少理解和学习他们看到的
448	in the animated compared to the illustrated.	在动画中与插图进行对比。
449	The paradox is that although video contains	矛盾的是,虽然视频包含
450	more information than text, not just language but sounds and moving images,	不只是语言,还有声音和移动的图像,
451	it does not stimulate deeper thinking.	它不会刺激更深入的思考。
452	To the contrary, video thrusts so much	恰恰相反,视频推力太大了
453	information at the viewer at once that it's difficult to focus on any one piece of it.	即刻在观众处获得信息,很难集中关注其中的任何一部作品.
454	The frames keep changing regardless of how much the viewer has noticed or comprehended.	无论观众注意到或理解多少,帧都不断变化.
455	Few people pause and rewind to reflect on what they might have missed.	很少有人停下来反弹思考自己可能错过了什么。
456	Young people today have never experienced a world without ubiquitous short-form video.	今天的年轻人从未体验过一个没有无处不在的短片世界.
457	In other studies, Hutton found that children who had more screen time and spent less time reading	在其他研究中,Hutton发现那些屏幕时间多,阅读时间少的孩子.
458	had less well-developed white matter in areas associated with executive function and language.	在与行政职能和语言有关的领域,白物质的开发程度较低。
459	This suggests that they were less accustomed to using those skills.	这表明他们不太习惯使用这些技能。
460	Benjamin Powers在Haskins全球扫盲中心告诉我,学生是小学毕业的。
461	school with a poor ability to maintain focus and a low tolerance for mental exertion.	学校缺乏保持重点的能力,对精神锻炼的容忍度很低。
462	In classrooms, this shows up as students who can decode or retrieve information,	在课堂上,这显示的学生谁可以解码或检索信息,
463	but struggle with comprehension that requires inference, synthesis or holding ideas in mind	但与理解斗争, 这需要推论, 综合或坚持思想
464	across longer texts, he said.	他说,在较长的文本。
465	In a 2024 survey of 3rd to 8th grade teachers, more than 80%	在2024年对三至八年级教师的调查中,80%以上
466	said that their students' reading stamina had declined since 2019.	表示其学生的阅读力自2019年起下降.
467	Scores on the ACT's reading and English sections have been falling for the past seven years.	ACT的读数和英语部分的得分在过去7年中一直在下降.
468	They're now at their lowest level in more than three decades.	它们现在处于三十多年来的最低水平.
469	SAT reading and writing scores have declined too, even as administrators have shortened and	SAT的读写成绩也有所下降,即使管理员缩短了,
470	simplified the passages assessing reading comprehension skills.	简化评估阅读理解技能的段落。
471	When these students	当这些学生
472	get to college, their professors find that they have to teach them how to comprehend a text,	他们的教授发现他们必须教他们如何理解一个文本,
473	in other words, how to think.	换句话说,如何思考。
474	Quote, I'm teaching in German, so we've always been used to teaching	引文使用德语教学,所以我们一直习惯于教学
475	them how to read, which is something that people in English departments are now realising that they	他们如何阅读, 这是人们在英语系现在意识到他们
476	have to do, Jonathan Fine, a German studies professor at Brown University, told me.	我必须这么做布朗大学的德国研究教授乔纳森·法恩告诉我
477	Before you can even get to what's the larger point, it's, is this ironic?	在你还没说清楚什么才是大问题,这是讽刺吗?
478	What a metaphor	何等为喻.
479	might mean?	可能意味着?
480	Just trying to get the very words and grammar to get them to notice everything	只是想让这些话和语法让他们注意到一切
481	so that they can hopefully then make the larger connections.	希望他们能建立更大的联系
482	This may sound like an exaggeration,	这听起来像是夸张,
483	but higher education will almost certainly have to become more remedial.	但是,高等教育几乎肯定会成为更多的补救。
484	In a study of English and	在英语和英语研究中
485	education majors at two regional universities in Kansas, published in 2024, researchers asked	2024年出版的堪萨斯州两所大专院校研究人员问
486	students to read the first seven paragraphs of Dickens's Bleak House.	学生们阅读狄更斯的Bleak House的前七段.
487	The novel follows members	小说跟随成员
488	of the Jandis family through a lengthy legal dispute over their inheritance.	透过长期的法律纠纷继承他们的财产
489	It begins,	开始
490	quote, London.	引用,伦敦。
491	And it would not be wonderful to meet a megalosaurus 40 feet long or so,	遇到长约40英尺的巨龙并不妙
492	waddling like an elephant-dying lizard up Hoburn Hill.	在霍伯恩山上像一只大象快死了的蜥蜴
493	The researchers quoted students' attempts	研究人员引用了学生的尝试
494	to parse the passage, quote, So it's like, um, the mud was all in the streets, and we were,	来解析这个段落,引用, 所以,它就像,嗯,泥在所有的街道上,我们是,
495	no, so everything's been, like, kind of washed around, and we might find megalosaurus bones,	不,所以一切都一样, 那种冲洗周围, 我们可能会发现巨龙骨骼,
496	but he says they're waddling, um, all up the hill, one student said.	但他说,他们横行,嗯, 全部在山上,一个学生说。
497	At least a quarter of	至少有四分之一的
498	interpreted the figures of speech literally, leading to the inference that dinosaurs walked	从字面上诠释了语音的数字导致恐龙行走的推断
499	the streets of 19th century London.	19世纪伦敦的街道
500	Dickens continues by describing the Lord Chancellor	狄更斯继续描述大法官
501	as he is, quote, Addressed by a large advocate with great whiskers, a little voice, and an	引用他的话说,他是一个大律师, 长着大胡子,小嗓子,
502	interminable brief, another student interpreted this passage as, quote, Describing him in a room	另一位学生将这段话解释为,
503	with an animal, I think?	我想是跟动物在一起吧?
504	Great whiskers?	大胡子吗?
505	A cat?	猫?
506	That students would struggle with unfamiliar	学生会和不熟悉的人争吵
507	references is not surprising, but the researchers gave them access to the entire internet.	但研究者允许他们访问整个互联网。
508	They	他们
509	could have looked up Meiklemusterm or Lord Chancellor or Lincoln's Inn Hall if they had	可以查一下梅克勒默斯特姆或者大法官或者林肯酒店
510	chosen to do so.	选择这样做。
511	Students didn't even know how to go about figuring out what they didn't understand,	学生们甚至不知道如何去找出他们不明白的,
512	or they didn't bother.	或者他们不烦恼。
513	Most of them did not realise that the passage takes place in a court	他们多数人没有意识到通道是在法庭上进行的
514	of law.	对法律的承认
515	Only 5% had an accurate, detailed understanding of what they'd read.	只有5%的人对所读的内容有准确,详细的了解.
516	These	这些
517	adults' ability to answer logic questions, reason effectively, and analyse patterns declined	成人有效回答逻辑问题和分析规律的能力下降
518	from 2006 to 2018.	从2006年到2018年.
519	American adults also tend to have a smaller vocabulary than those with an	美国成年人的词汇也往往比
520	equivalent level of education did half a century ago.	半个世纪前的同等教育水平
521	Recent studies suggest that the Flynn effect,	最近的研究显示弗林效应
522	the steady rise in IQ between generations since the 1930s, has reversed over the past two decades.	自1930年代以来,几代人之间的智商稳步上升,在过去20年中出现了逆转。
523	Average IQ skills are declining by about three points a decade, Elizabeth Dworak,	平均智商技能每十年下降三个百分点伊丽莎白·德沃拉克
524	a research psychologist at Northwestern's medical school, told me.	西北医学院的研究心理学家告诉我
525	The cognitive shifts aren't all	认知转变并不是全部
526	negative.	负.
527	Dworak's research finds that American adults are improving in certain forms of spatial	Dworak的研究发现,美国成年人在某些空间形式上有所改进.
528	reasoning.	论证。
529	Post-literate culture could convey advantages that we don't yet understand.	后识字文化可以传达我们尚不理解的优点.
530	In Plato's Phaedrus, Socrates famously argues that the advent of writing, quote,	在柏拉图的"费德鲁斯"中,苏格拉底著名地认为,写作的出现,引文:
531	will create forgetfulness in the learner's souls because they will not use their memories.	将会在学习者的灵魂中产生遗忘,因为他们不会使用自己的记忆.
532	They will trust the external written characters and not remember of themselves.	他们将信任外部写作的人物,而不记得自己.
533	He was right.	他说的对
534	But as writing eroded individuals' memories, the media theorist Andre Meir has	媒体理论家安德烈·迈尔(Andre Meir)
535	observed, it improved society's collective memory.	它改善了社会的集体记忆。
536	Could the generations growing up with their brains	世世代代能否用大脑成长
537	hooked to endless video feeds be developing some kind of novel, as yet undetectable cognitive	迷上了无尽的视频素材正在开发某种小说至今无法察觉的认知
538	brilliance?	聪明?
539	Perhaps.	也许吧
540	But for now, the decline of reading seems to be ushering in a less rational,	但现在, 阅读的下降似乎带来了一个不太理性,
541	analytical and sophisticated mode of thinking.	分析和复杂的思维方式。
542	It's difficult to see any advantages in that.	很难看出有什么好处
543	In 1982, Walter J. Ong observed that modern civilization was entering a phase of,	1982年,Walter J. Ong观察到现代文明正进入一个阶段,
544	quote, secondary orality, in which a once-literate society reverts back to some of the conventions	引文,次要的或有性,其中一度识字的社会又回到一些公约。
545	of pre-literate cultures.	识字前的文化。
546	Because spoken words disappear as soon as they're uttered,	因为口头话一说就消失
547	oral cultures value repetition to aid memory.	口头文化重视重复,以帮助记忆。
548	Bards in oral societies make use of stock phrases	口语社会中的酒吧使用库存短语
549	和Mnemonics 来追踪他们的思维。
550	They traffic in epithets and, quote,	他们用迷信和,引用
551	enthusiastic description of physical violence, in Ong's words, because conflict is more memorable	对肉体暴力的热情描述用Ong的话来说因为冲突更难忘
552	than dispassionate discussion.	比冷静的讨论。
553	Speakers can't edit their words the way writers can, so they press on	演讲者不能像作家那样编辑自己的词所以他们按着
554	without admitting their mistakes.	不承认他们的错误。
555	If they later contradict themselves, they don't expect the	如果后来他们自相矛盾, 他们不会期望
556	audience to recall their earlier statements.	观众回顾他们先前的发言。
557	Meaning depends on the identity of the speaker,	意思取决于发言者的身份,
558	not on any concept of objective truth.	而不是任何客观真理的概念。
559	It is unlikely that Donald Trump has familiarised	唐纳德·特朗普不可能熟悉
560	himself with orality and literacy, but if he did, he might recognise himself in Ong's description.	他拥有真实性和识字能力,但如果他有的话,他可能在Ong的描述中认出自己.
561	Trump's communication style is perfectly suited to an oral society.	特朗普的交流风格完全适合口头社会.
562	He employs epithets, quote,	他用铭文,
563	Low-energy Jeb, Little Marco, Sleepy Joe, that are easy to remember and repeat.	低能Jeb,小马可,沉睡乔,这很容易被记住和重复.
564	He contradicts	他自相矛盾
565	himself as though there is no record of his previous statements.	他自己似乎没有记录他以前的发言。
566	Even his writing is almost	他的写作也差不多了
567	indistinguishable from his speech.	与其言语无异.
568	It makes sense.	说得通
569	Trump reportedly prefers dictation to	据报道,特朗普更喜欢写作
570	composition.	组成。
571	His online posts are full of idiosyncratically placed punctuation,	他的网上帖子充满了典型的插图
572	capital letters and exclamation points.	大写字母和感叹点。
573	Many are memes with a little text.	许多是带有小文字的迷因。
574	One featured an image	一个是图像
575	of an American warship hitting an Iranian airplane with a laser beam, and included the phrase,	美国军舰用激光束击中伊朗飞机,包括这句话,
576	Lasers, Bing, Bing, Gone.	激光,宾,宾,走了。
577	Trump is our first post-literate president.	特朗普是我们第一位识字后总统.
578	It is difficult to	这很难
579	imagine him being elected leader of a country where information is primarily spread through text.	想象他当选国家领导人,
580	Ahead of the 2024 election, an NBC News poll of 1,000 voters found that Joe Biden had a 49-point	在2024年选举前,NBC新闻民意调查有1000名选民发现乔·拜登得49分.
581	lead among respondents who read newspapers.	在阅读报纸的答卷人中起带头作用。
582	Trump has pioneered a style of communication that	特朗普开创了一种沟通的风格
583	exploits our distracted, disputatious age, quote.	利用我们分心的有争议的年龄,引用。
584	So many people, particularly in the academic and	这么多人,特别是在学术和
585	journalistic circles, think of him as a political revolutionary, Roderick Hart, a communications	记者圈,把他当做政治革命家,罗德里克·哈特,通信
586	professor emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin, told me.	德克萨斯大学奥斯丁分校的荣誉教授告诉我
587	And I see him much more as a	我更觉得他是一个
588	rhetorical revolutionary.	修辞革命.
589	In the 1985 book No Sense of Place, the media theorist Joshua Merowitz	在1985年的"无意识的地方"一书中,媒体理论家约书亚·梅洛维茨
590	observed that television and other electronic media inundated Americans with new kinds of	注意到电视和其他电子媒体淹没了美国人,他们有新型的
591	information about their prospective leaders.	关于他们未来领导人的信息。
592	Print media gave the public access only to	印刷媒体只允许公众访问
593	politicians' polished remarks.	政客们的言辞很细腻
594	Video let Americans see their president's sweat, sneeze, and stammer.	视频让美国人看到他们总统的汗水,打喷嚏,和结巴.
595	Voters began to focus on, quote, dating criteria instead of resume criteria, he told me.	选民开始关注,引用,约会标准而不是恢复标准,他告诉我.
596	Quote,	引文为
597	More than in the past, authorities today must often look and sound good rather than write and	与过去相比,当局今天的面貌和声色必须经常好,而不是写作,
598	Merowitz wrote in No Sense of Place.	梅洛维茨在"没有地方感"中写道.
599	He predicted that the decline of print and rise of electronic	他预测,印刷品的减少和电子软件的兴起
600	media would ultimately push people toward populist leaders.	媒体最终会把人们推向民粹主义领袖。
601	They would shun authority and	他们会逃避权威
602	institutions in favor of the candidate who made good television.	支持好电视的人选
603	He published his book soon after	他出版书后不久
604	Ronald Reagan, a former actor, had won re-election, quote.	前演员罗纳德·里根(Ronald Reagan)曾获得连任,引文如下.
605	I re-read the book recently and I kept	我最近重读了这本书,我一直
606	Holy shit, this is even more true than when I wrote it, Merowitz said.	天啊,这比我写的更真实,梅洛维茨说。
607	Social media platforms give Americans unprecedented opportunities to watch their	社会媒体平台为美国人提供了前所未有的机会来观看他们
608	representatives every move.	代表一切行动。
609	Their algorithms reward simplistic, inflammatory,	他们的算法奖励简单,煽动性,
610	emotionally resonant content over complexity, nuance, and rigor.	情感共鸣的内容相对于复杂,细微,和刚性。
611	Ideas that comport with	想法与
612	folk theories of politics.	民间政治理论.
613	All leaders are equally corrupt.	所有领导人同样腐败。
614	Immigrants steal jobs.	移民偷工作
615	Policy problems have easy, common-sense solutions.	政策问题有简单、常识的解决方法。
616	Prevail over the findings of subject matter experts.	事由专家调查结果摘要。
617	Politicians on the right and the left have figured out how to exploit these new platforms.	左右政治人物已经知道如何利用这些新平台.
618	Rehan Salam, the president of the conservative-leaning Manhattan Institute,	里汉·萨拉姆保守派的曼哈顿研究所所长
619	described to me how this plays out.	向我描述了事情的结局
620	Quote,	引文为
621	You name an enemy and you polarize the public, he said.	他说,你给敌人起名,把公众分化
622	You don't allow for nuance,	你不允许细微的,
623	because nuance is just a confusion when you're in a struggle for power.	因为细微的细微,只是你为了权力而斗争时的困惑.
624	Politicians who promote the distrust of institutions and elites do batter under	煽动对机构和精英的不信任的政治人物在
625	such circumstances.	这样的情况。
626	Quote, You create this fantasy that actually it's all really,	引文为你创造了这个幻想其实这一切都是真的,
627	really simple, and one charismatic person can just achieve these wins that are visually compelling	很简单,一个有魅力的人可以实现这些胜利,这些胜利在视觉上很有吸引力
628	and emotionally compelling, Salam said.	萨拉姆说,在情感上是有说服力的。
629	This is precisely the kind of demagogic figure the	这恰恰是那种迷惑人心的
630	founders hoped a well-read populace would see through.	创始人希望一个读得通的民众能看穿。
631	Quote, When you think about our	引文为当你想到我们
632	order, how it was meant to work, it absolutely cuts against that, Salam said.	Salam说,这是怎样运作的, 它绝对削减了这一点。
633	Marcel McLuhan once said, The liberal world by definition is literate.	马塞尔·麦克卢汉曾经说过,自由世界的定义是识字的.
634	The inverse appears to be true as well.	反之似也.
635	If Trump is the first post-literate president,	如果特朗普是第一位识字后总统,
636	he won't be the last.	他不会是最后一个。
637	The political strategist David Plouffe, an architect of Barack Obama's	政治战略家大卫·普卢夫,巴拉克·奥巴马的建筑师
638	presidential campaigns, recently argued that candidates should focus each day on content	总统竞选活动,
639	He advised shrinking every idea into something short enough for screen-addled voters to concentrate	他建议把每个想法都缩小为足够短的东西,让屏幕上的选民集中精力
640	on.	继续
641	Quote, If it can't be communicated in an Instagram post or 10-second TikTok, go back to	引文为如果无法在Instagram的帖子或10秒的TikTok中传达,请回到
642	the drawing board, Plouffe wrote in a New York Times op-ed.	Plouffe在《纽约时报》上写道:
643	That may well be good advice on how	这可能是一个很好的建议
644	to campaign for office in the post-literate era.	在后文革时期竞选官职.
645	As a way to practice informed self-government,	作为实行知情自治的一种方式,
646	it portends disaster.	它预示着灾难
647	I haven't even mentioned artificial intelligence yet.	我还没提到人工智能呢
648	A number of digital technologies have hijacked attention and made focused reading all but	一些数字技术吸引了人们的注意力,并集中阅读,但
649	impossible.	绝对不可能
650	Generative AI is the first tool to threaten the continued existence of writing.	基因AI是第一个威胁写作继续存在的工具.
651	Writing is hard.	写作难.
652	Orwell likened the experience to a, quote, long bout of some painful illness.	Orwell把这次经历比作长篇痛苦的病
653	AI promises a simple remedy.	大赦国际承诺提供简单的补救办法。
654	The trouble is that writing is not merely the act of transcribing	问题在于写作不仅仅是转写
655	fully formed thoughts.	完全形成的思想。
656	If it were, it wouldn't be hard.	如果是的话,就不会很难了.
657	Writing is the way people figure out	写作是人们想出的方法
658	and how to convey those thoughts to someone who doesn't already share them.	以及如何把那些想法传达给还没有分享这些想法的人。
659	Cal Newport, a computer science professor at Georgetown University, argues that the	乔治敦大学计算机科学教授Cal Newport认为,
660	process of writing forces people to think in an orderly, linear fashion.	写作的过程迫使人们以有序,线性的方式思考.
661	It exposes flabby	它暴露了柔软
662	thoughts and shoddy reasoning, and the time and focus it takes to form thoughts into words,	思考和恶心的推理, 和时间和焦点它需要将思想形成文字,
663	sentences and paragraphs allow the author to make new connections and discover new insights.	句子和段落允许作者建立新的联系并发现新的见解.
664	This feels true to me.	这对我来说是真实的。
665	My job is to write.	我的工作是写作
666	With apologies to Orwell, the prospect of a painful	对奥威尔表示歉意痛苦的前景
667	illness fills me with less dread than a blank page, but there's satisfaction in the struggle.	疾病让我更害怕而不是一页空白, 但有满足在斗争。
668	The writing process is how I refine and formalise incorrect ideas and gain new understanding.	写作过程是我如何完善和正式整理不正确的思想,并获得新的理解.
669	By evaluating my arguments and discarding those that aren't convincing, I find the ones that are.	通过评价我的论点和抛弃那些不令人信服的, 我发现那些是。
670	Writing is hard because the writer is learning.	写作很困难,因为作家在学习.
671	If AI eliminates the challenge,	如果AI消除挑战,
672	it also eliminates the learning.	它也消除了学习。
673	Early studies have suggested that this is exactly what happens	早期的研究表明这恰恰是发生
674	when people use AI to write.	当人们用AI写作时.
675	The process is easier, the product is often better than what	过程容易,产品往往比什么更好
676	someone could compose on their own, but it comes at the expense of mental development.	一个人可以自己作曲,但这样做牺牲了精神发展。
677	One study in Brazil determined that undergraduates who used AI for studying	巴西的一项研究确定,使用AI学习的本科生
678	performed significantly worse on a surprise test than those who studied without AI.	在一次突袭测试中的表现比那些没有AI的学习者要糟糕得多.
679	The students trailed their peers even on questions that demanded reflection and effort instead of	学生们甚至跟随同龄人面对需要思考和努力的问题
680	specific knowledge.	具体知识。
681	Another study of hundreds of individuals in Britain found that frequent AI use	另一项对英国数百人的研究发现,AI经常使用.
682	for cognitive tasks is negatively associated with critical thinking abilities.	对于认知任务来说,与批判性思维能力是消极的.
683	Modern life demands	现代生活的要求
684	a lot of tedious writing.	很多乏味的写作。
685	Some of it can surely be offloaded to machines without too great a cost,	有些可以被卸载到机器上而不需要花费太多的费用
686	but a career spent studying the historical adoption of new technologies has convinced	但研究新技术历史的事业
687	Newport that it's almost impossible to automate away one problem without creating others.	新港公司几乎不可能自动解决一个问题而不产生另一个问题。
688	Over and over, people think they're using a tool to bypass a single tiresome task.	一遍又一遍,人们以为他们用工具绕过一个单一的厌倦任务.
689	And then there's all these unexpected second order impacts, he told me.	他告诉我,接下来是意外的第二次撞击
690	Email was supposed to be a more convenient substitute for faxes, phone calls and meetings.	电子邮件本来是更方便地代替传真、电话和会议。
691	Instead, responding to emails became an immense time suck of its own.	反之,对电子邮件的回复成为了它自己的一个巨大时代。
692	These unforeseen consequences end up transforming intellectual life.	这些不可预见的后果最终会改变知识生活.
693	The skill of deep thinking will likely become rarer and rarer in a world where much of the	在这样一个世界上,深思熟虑的技巧可能越来越少见。
694	population uses AI to avoid writing.	人们使用AI来避免写作.
695	It will also become more and more important.	它还将变得越来越重要。
696	AI is creating a	AI正在创建
697	superabundance of text.	文本的超丰富性。
698	It has led to a three-fold increase in the number of books released on	这导致出版的书籍数量增加了三倍。
699	Amazon each month since 2022 when ChatGPT was launched.	自2022年ChatGPT推出以来,亚马逊州每月发行一次.
700	Over the same period, scientific	同一时期,科学
701	journal submissions have also surged.	期刊提交量也激增。
702	Many were written at least in part by artificial intelligence.	许多人至少部分是人工智能写的。
703	AI produces crisp professional prose.	AI制作精致的专业散文.
704	Presented with human and AI-produced text side by side,	与人工和人工智能共同制作的文本,
705	even MFA candidates have been shown to prefer the work of the machines.	甚至外交部的考生也表现出更喜欢机器的工作。
706	If AI writing is pleasing and convincing, however, it is also unoriginal, often inaccurate, or both.	但是,如果大赦国际的著作令人愉快和令人信服,那么它也是不原始的,常常是不准确的,或者两者兼而有之。
707	People will therefore need their powers of discernment and comprehension more than ever.	因此,人们比以往任何时候都更需要其辨别和理解的能力。
708	They will need to know what they think and how to make their own judgements.	他们需要知道自己的想法以及如何作出自己的判断。
709	These are the exact skills that the use of AI threatens to erode.	这些是使用AI可能侵蚀的确切技能.
710	What's at risk is nothing less than the ability to think for oneself.	危在旦夕的就是能为自己着想
711	If people become over-reliant on AI to write for them, they could lose the capacity to	如果人们过度依赖人工智能为他们写作,他们可能丧失能力。
712	interrogate or even develop their own views.	审问甚至形成他们自己的观点.
713	These are quintessentially human capacities.	这些基本上是人的能力。
714	If we gave those up, the NYU philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah told me,	如果我们放弃这些,纽约大学哲学家夸梅·安东尼·阿皮亚告诉我,
715	we'd stop being the kind of humans that we are.	我们不再像人类一样
716	We'd be very different creatures.	我们会是完全不同的生物。
717	126 years ago, The Atlantic published an essay by Arthur Reed Kimball describing,	126年前,"大西洋"发表了一篇亚瑟·里德·金博尔的散文,描述:
718	quote, one of the most serious of the unchallenged changes of modern American life.	引文现代美国生活中最严峻的变革之一
719	The ability of the nation's citizens to write well and think deeply was under attack.	全国公民写作和思考的能力受到攻击。
720	The enemy of eloquence and sustained attention?	口才和持续关注的敌人?
721	The报.
722	In The Invasion of Journalism, Kimball argued that the Daily Paper, with its sports pages	在"新闻的入侵"中,金波尔认为"日报"及其体育网页
723	its miscellaneous items and slang, was eclipsing the book and the literary magazine.	它的杂物和俗语掩盖了这本书和文学杂志
724	Even those who claimed to read the newspaper to learn of pressing events in Washington	甚至那些声称阅读报纸的人也了解华盛顿的紧急事件
725	or Europe, he argued, will turn first, quote, to some interesting story,	或者欧洲,他辩称, 将首先,引用, 一些有趣的故事,
726	perhaps a curious bicycle adventure, perhaps the capture of a clever burglar.	也许是一场好奇的自行车冒险也许是抓获了一个聪明的小偷
727	Before the newspaper, the novel was seen as a threat to good reading habits and moral stature.	在报社之前,这部小说被视为对良好阅读习惯和道德地位的威胁.
728	Thomas Jefferson thought that one of the greatest obstacles to educating women was their passion	托马斯·杰斐逊认为教育妇女的最大障碍之一是她们的激情
729	for fiction, which seduced them away from, quote, wholesome reading.	用来诱导他们远离引用健康阅读
730	Once a woman has fallen for	一旦一个女人爱上了
731	novels, he wrote, quote, nothing can engage attention unless dressed in all the figments of	他写了些小说引用的话除非穿好衣服才能引起人们的注意
732	fancy.	华丽。
733	Those inclined to dismiss the present assault on reading point to this venerable tradition,	那些倾向于在阅读时否认目前攻击行为的人指出了这种可敬的传统,
734	decrying some new technology or medium as distracting and debasing the American people.	谴责某些新技术或媒体以分散美国人民的注意力和贬低他们的地位
735	Perhaps, 126 years from now, this essay will seem like the latest such exercise in hand-wringing.	也许,126年后,这篇文章将似乎是手摇手摇的最新练习。
736	Looking back at these laments, I noticed that the people most invested in the old modes	回顾这些哀叹,我注意到,人们最投入于旧模式
737	are usually the quickest to predict that all will be lost.	通常最能预测一切将会消失。
738	By some measures, at least,	至少通过一些措施,
739	books continue to thrive.	书籍继续繁荣。
740	Last year, print book sales were higher than they were a decade ago.	去年,印刷书销量比十年前高。
741	Barnes and Noble opened more than 60 new stores.	巴恩斯和诺贝尔开设了60多家新店.
742	Almost 400 independent bookshops sprung up in	近400家独立书店出现
743	Substack has seen an explosion of subscriptions for long-form writing.	Substack出现了为长式写作而订阅的爆炸.
744	Dua Lipa 和 Reese Witherspoon 等名人利用他们的名声和影响力发起
745	wildly successful book clubs.	极成功的读书俱乐部。
746	Audio books have become a billion-dollar industry.	音书已成亿元产业.
747	But the optimists overlook a crucial thread in the data.	但乐观主义者忽略了数据中的一个关键线索。
748	Text is thriving among a dwindling	文字在不断减少中兴旺
749	proportion of the population.	人口比例。
750	Just 20% of adults accounted for more than 80% of all books read	仅20%的成年人占所有阅读书籍的80%以上
751	last year.	去年的事了说吧
752	It's becoming a kind of niche hobby, like stamp collecting or growing orchids,	它正在成为一种特殊爱好比如收集邮票或种植兰花
753	Leo Price, a historian of reading at Rutgers University, told me.	雷奥·普莱斯(Leo Price)是罗格斯大学的阅读史学家,他告诉我.
754	Readers spend more time reading each day than they did two decades ago.	读者每天的阅读时间比20年前还要多.
755	They appear to be even more passionate about print than their predecessors.	他们似乎比前辈更热衷于印刷。
756	But the people devoted to text, who derive cultural understanding and intellectual	但是,致力于文字的人, 他们获得文化理解和知识
757	connection from the written word, and now part of a subculture, the fact that you are reading this	从文字上连起来,现在成为亚文化的一部分, 你读这个
758	almost certainly makes you a member of it.	几乎肯定让你成为其中的一员。
759	Now that being a reader is optional,	现在作为一个读者是可选的,
760	it can function as an identity marker.	它可以发挥身份标记的作用。
761	When you see someone on the train reading printed matter,	当你看到火车上有人读印刷品
762	it feels like a statement.	感觉就像一个声明。
763	Perhaps inevitably, such statements have become the stuff of online	或许这些言论必然成为网络内容,
764	ridicule.	笑话
765	Brandish a book too ostentatiously in public and you might find yourself accused of,	白兰地在公众面前太激动你可能会发现自己被指控
766	quote, performative reading.	引用,表演读物.
767	The label presumes the person is only trying to telegraph that they are	标签上假设这个人只是试图电报他们
768	or possess superior literary taste.	或拥有优秀的文学品味。
769	Why else would they lug a book around?	不然他们为什么要把一本书卷起来?
770	We've been here before.	我们以前来过这里
771	When society first transitioned from morality to literacy,	当社会从道德向识字转变时,
772	only a small minority could read.	只有一小部分人能够阅读。
773	As the only individuals who possessed this valuable skill,	作为拥有这一宝贵技能的唯一个人,
774	they occupied a privileged position and were paid handsomely for their work.	她们占据着特权地位,工作报酬很高。
775	At the Library of Alexandria, scholars in residence lived in the city's royal complex.	在亚历山德里亚图书馆,居住着的学者住在该市的皇家建筑群中.
776	Today, reading is again clustered among a small minority of the population.	今天,阅读再次集中在少数人口。
777	But being a person of letters confers less status than it once did.	但身为信民,地位不如从前.
778	The remaining readers are marginalized, mocked, and in many ways irrelevant.	其余的读者则被边缘化,被嘲笑,在许多方面都无关紧要.
779	For most people, a life of letters is an economic dead end.	对大多数人来说,信的生活是经济上的死胡同.
780	Employment at newspapers has fallen by	报社的就业率下降
781	75% in the past two decades.	过去20年里75%
782	Job openings for academics in the humanities are likewise in	人文科学专业的学术职位空缺情况
783	decline, and fewer and fewer of the remaining positions are tenure-track.	其余职位中,使用权轨道越来越少。
784	In 2024, only 8%	2024年,只有8%
785	college graduates earned a bachelor's degree in a humanities discipline.	大学毕业生在人文学科获得学士学位.
786	That year, both English	当年,两英文
787	and history departments awarded 40% fewer degrees than they did in 2012.	历史系授予的学位比2012年减少40%。
788	There's a fear among	有一种恐惧
789	historians, whispered during panels and conferences, that they will be the final generation to	历史学家们在小组讨论和会议上低声说,他们将是最后一代人。
790	systematically examine the past.	系统地审查过去。
791	The notion of a popular literary figure appearing on the	一个流行文学人物的概念出现在
792	cover of a print Newsweekly read by millions of Americans is impossible to imagine today.	今天是无法想象的。
793	There is no such figure, and there are no such widely read Newsweeklies.	没有这样的数字,也没有如此广泛阅读的新闻周刊。
794	Instead, many Americans	相反,许多美国人
795	are proudly post-literate.	是骄傲的后识字。
796	The president has spoken about his taste for bullet-pointed briefings,	总统说过他喜欢弹指的通报
797	and aides have said he likes pictures and charts.	助手们说他喜欢照片和图表
798	The world's richest men brag about getting their	全世界最富有的人都吹嘘着要得到他们
799	information from ex-posts, podcasts, and conversations with chatbots.	来自前帖子,播客的信息,以及与聊天员的对话.
800	Young people who seek wealth and	寻求财富和
801	influence are encouraged to mimic them.	鼓励影响力模仿它们。
802	Cultural and economic power tends to flow to people who	文化和经济力量往往流向
803	are skilled at using the most popular communications technology.	熟练地使用最流行的通信技术。
804	Today, those people are streamers,	今天,这些人是流星客,
805	podcasters, and influencers.	播客,还有影响者。
806	Joe Rogan commands the kind of audience that journalists could only	Joe Rogan 指挥的观众只能是记者
807	dream of.	梦想着
808	He has more than 14 million followers on Spotify and more than 20 million subscribers	他在Spotify有超过1400万的追随者和超过2000万的订户
809	(原始内容存档于2017-09-29). On YouTube.
810	MrBeast, a YouTuber who stages elaborate stunts such as a real-life squid game,	怪兽先生,一个YouTuber 他精心策划的特技,比如现实生活中的鱿鱼游戏,
811	regularly gets hundreds of millions of views.	经常获得数亿人的观看。
812	iShowSpeed 等电子游戏流媒体
813	Burnt Peanut are among the most popular media figures in the country.	烧花生是全国最受欢迎的媒体人物之一.
814	These personalities	这些人格
815	shape what young people aspire to and talk about, and even how they speak.	塑造年轻人渴望和谈论的东西,甚至他们说话的方式。
816	Books used to be an	书曾经是一个
817	essential source of knowledge, memory, wisdom, and morality.	知识、记忆、智慧和道德的基本来源。
818	They were written by older generations	是老一代写的
819	and passed down to the young in a vertical transmission of culture, the social psychologist	社会心理学家
820	Jonathan Haidt told me.	乔纳森海特告诉我的
821	Now, information moves horizontally, from young person to young person.	现在,信息横向移动,从年轻人到年轻人。
822	This dynamic makes figures such as MrBeast and the Burnt Peanut the guardians of American culture.	这种动态使得"野兽先生"和"烧花生"等人物成为美国文化的守护者.
823	The decline of reading didn't turn the world upside down, it turned the world sideways.	阅读的衰落并没有使世界颠倒,它让世界陷入了困境.
824	Young people want to pursue jobs that will catapult them into the elite,	年轻人想找工作把他们推向精英阶层
825	which today means that people coming of age want to be influencers.	也就是说,今天, 年老的人想要成为影响者。
826	A 2023 Morning Consult poll	2023年晨调查
827	found that almost 60% of Gen Z respondents said they would be a social media personality if they	发现近60%的Gen Z受访者说,如果他们是社交媒体的人格
828	Amanda Kordalewski of the American Association of School Librarians is also a librarian in Oklahoma	美国学校图书馆馆员协会的Amanda Kordalewski也是俄克拉荷马州的图书馆员。
829	where she has set up recording studios for students.	在那里她为学生建立了录音室。
830	Podcasting is the hottest, most popular thing.	播客是最热门最受欢迎的
831	I could buy a million microphones and there would	我可以买一百万个麦克风,然后
832	still be a waitlist to get into the audio labs, she told me.	她告诉我,她还是个要进入音频实验室的等候员
833	Everybody wants to be an influencer.	每个人都想成为一个影响者。
834	In September, Syracuse University launched its Center for the Creator Economy and will	9月,锡拉丘兹大学启动了其创造经济中心,并将
835	soon offer its inaugural minor for aspiring influencers.	很快,它就为有志向的影响力者提供了它的创始小品。
836	This center speaks directly to the aspirations of current and prospective students.	这个中心直接讲到现在和未来的学生的愿望。
837	Mark J. Lodato, the dean of the university's Newhouse School of Public Communication,	马克·J·洛达托(Mark J. Lodato),该校新屋公共传播学院院长,
838	said in a press release,	在一份新闻稿中说,
839	It's about meeting them where they are and preparing them to lead in the world that's coming.	就是要在他们所在的地方与他们相遇,让他们准备好在即将到来的世界中领导.
840	The arrival of that world isn't yet a certainty.	那个世界的到来还不确定
841	Some people have noticed what we're giving up and they're choosing a different path.	有些人注意到我们放弃的东西他们选择了另一条路
842	Nearly two dozen states have banned cell phones during the school day.	近20个州在校日禁用手机.
843	After Texas' ban went into effect at the start of this past academic year,	德克萨斯州的禁令在本学年初生效后
844	a Dallas school district saw 200,000 more library books checked out compared with the year before,	a 达拉斯校区与前一年相比,图书馆的书籍检查量增加了20万份,
845	a nearly 25% increase.	a 增加近25%。
846	Rex O'Vall, a high school English teacher in the Chicago suburbs and a	Rex O'Vall,芝加哥郊区的高中英语教师,
847	member of the National Council of Teachers of English, told me he's seen pushback against	国家英语教师委员会成员告诉我他看到反弹
848	excerpts.	节选。
849	Some teachers are adding whole books back into their curriculum.	一些教师将整本书重新纳入课程。
850	克利夫兰公共图书馆执行长Felton Thomas, Jr.
851	said that its youngest patrons have joined senior citizens in preferring print books	说它最年轻的赞助商和老年公民一起喜欢印刷书
852	to digital copies.	到数字拷贝。
853	If these acts of defiance against the post-literate culture seem futile,	如果这些蔑视后识字文化的行为看来是徒劳的,
854	the holdouts lose nothing by trying.	抗议者通过尝试一无所获。
855	I was raised in the post-literate era.	后文革时期我长大.
856	I was born shortly after the dot-com bubble burst	我出生后不久点-com泡泡爆裂
857	and entered first grade around the time the iPhone was released.	并大约在iPhone发布时进入一年级.
858	In seventh grade, I got my first phone and promptly made an Instagram account.	七年级的时候,我得到了我的第一部手机并迅速做了一个Instagram账户。
859	If you make an internet reference, any internet reference, I will, regrettably,	如果你做一个互联网参考, 任何互联网参考, 我将很遗憾,
860	almost always get it.	几乎总是得到它。
861	Most of my knowledge of the world premised on reading comes from what I've read in books.	我对以阅读为前提的世界的知识大多来自我从书中读到的东西.
862	I had the advantage of growing up in a family of readers.	我有一个在读者家庭长大的优势。
863	My dad read to me almost every night, all the way through middle school.	我爸几乎每晚都读给我听一直读到中学
864	As the father of a moody daughter, he often didn't know what words to say to me.	作为忧郁的女儿的父亲,他常常不知道该对我说什么.
865	When we read together, he could borrow someone else's.	我们一起看书时他可以借别人的
866	My older sisters couldn't wait to recruit me into their book club.	我姐姐迫不及待想把我招进他们的读书俱乐部
867	Our favourite was the boxcar children, about four orphaned siblings	我们最爱的就是拳车孩子,大约四个孤儿兄弟姐妹
868	who create a home in an abandoned train car.	他们用一辆废弃的火车车创建了家
869	In the book, the children have scarcely found food and shelter	在书里,孩子们很少找到食物和住所
870	before the two sisters decide to teach their younger brother to read.	在两个姐妹决定教弟弟读书之前.
871	They carve wood chips into letters and use blackberry juice for ink.	他们将木片刻成字母,用黑莓汁做墨水.
872	When I turned ten, my mum passed down her childhood copies of Rabbit Hill and Johnny Tremaine.	我十岁的时候,我妈妈把兔子山和约翰尼·特莱梅恩的童年拷贝给传下来了
873	She had written her signature on the inside cover when she got them.	她拿到后在内衣封面上写了签名
874	I added my own.	我加了我自己的东西
875	During high school, I got it in my head that I should read the classics.	高中期间,我脑子里想着应该读经典.
876	My teachers kept recommending their favourite books.	我的老师一直推荐他们最喜欢的书
877	I wanted to share in their knowledge and understand their references.	我想分享他们的知识,并理解他们的参考资料。
878	I slogged through Jane Eyre and fell for Anna Karenina.	我穿过简·艾瑞爱上安娜·卡列妮娜
879	Although I was alone while reading, I didn't feel that way.	虽然我在读书时独自一人,但并没有这种感觉.
880	These books contained the wisdom of generations.	这些书包含了几代人的智慧.
881	As James Baldwin said in a 1963 life profile just a week after he appeared on the cover of Time,	正如詹姆斯·鲍德温在1963年的生活简介中所说就在他出现在"时代"的封面一周后,
882	Quote,	引文为
883	You think your pain and your heartbreak are unprecedented in the history of the world.	你认为你的痛苦和心碎是世界历史上前所未有的.
884	But then you read.	但你读了
885	It was Dostoevsky and Dickens who taught me that the things that tormented me most	是陀思妥耶夫斯基和狄更斯教我的最折磨我的东西
886	were the very things that connected me with all the people who were alive	就是那些把我和所有活着的人联系起来的东西
887	or who had ever been alive.	或曾经活着的人。
888	End quote.	终引文.
889	I felt like I was part of an unbroken chain of knowledge and culture.	我觉得自己是知识和文化连锁的一部分
890	In the years since, I'm not quite sure when, the habit slipped.	之后的几年里,我不确定什么时候, 习惯滑落。
891	The change was subtle.	变化微妙.
892	I became busier.	我变得更忙。
893	I started scrolling on my phone before bed instead of reading.	我开始在睡觉前在手机上滚动而不是看书
894	My attention began to wander every few pages.	我每几页的注意力都开始消失
895	What did it matter if I read less?	如果我读少了又有什么关系?
896	No one was checking on my progress.	没人在查我的进展
897	And the books would always be there, I could pick them up later.	书会一直在那里,我等会再拿
898	When the Library of Alexandria disappeared,	当亚历山大图书馆消失时,
899	the knowledge inscribed on its scrolls was lost forever.	它的卷轴上所刻的知识,将永远消失。
900	我们只能猜Eratosthenes和Euclid还能写些什么
901	The text turned to dust.	文变成尘.
902	That won't happen today.	这今天不会发生。
903	All of the words of the Great Library could be stored on a single computer chip.	Great Library的所有文字都可以存储在一台计算机芯片上.
904	Nowadays, even the most obscure academic monographs are scanned and digitised.	如今,即使是最模糊的学术专著也被扫描和数字化。
905	Google Books and the Internet Archive represent libraries of unfathomable proportions.	Google Books and 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2013-03-05. 代表的图书馆比例不可估量.
906	We can navigate to them with a few keystrokes,	我们可以用一些键盘来引导他们
907	not a perilous journey across the Mediterranean.	不是穿越地中海的险途
908	There's little risk of their texts succumbing to humidity or mice.	它们的文字不会屈从于湿度或老鼠
909	But the threat of apathy remains.	但冷漠的威胁依然存在。
910	What we're losing is the ability and inclination to read those texts.	我们失去的是阅读这些文本的能力和倾向。
911	An astonishing wealth of information and wisdom is being bequeathed to us.	给我们留下了惊人的丰富信息和智慧。
912	What we'll do with this inheritance is up to us.	我们的遗产由我们决定

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