《经济学人》独享诺奖的物理学家与打破对称的镜像分子：带你读懂

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P1 · 《经济学人》独享诺奖的物理学家与打破对称的镜像分子：带你读懂本届诺贝尔科学奖 [C1] p01 原声 (P1)

《经济学人》独享诺奖的物理学家与打破对称的镜像分子：带你读懂本届诺贝尔科学奖 [C1] p01 原声 (P1)

发布于 2026-10-14 · 时长 10:36

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:02	Science and Technology	科学和技术
0:06	Nobel Prizes	诺贝尔奖
0:08	Thinking Outside the Box	在盒子外思考
0:11	This year's laureates pioneered neutrino astronomy, optogenetics and the study of mirror molecules.	今年的获奖者开创了中微子天文学,选样学和镜像分子的研究.
0:21	When Francis Halzen of the University of Wisconsin-Madison accepts his Nobel Prize for Physics later this year,	当威斯康辛-麦迪逊大学的弗朗西斯·哈尔岑今年晚些时候接受诺贝尔物理学奖时,
0:29	he will enjoy the rare privilege of an undivided spotlight.	他将享受无尽的聚光灯的难得特权。
0:33	Most physics laureates must share the stage with a collaborator or rival.	大多数物理学奖获得者都必须与合作者或对手分享舞台.
0:39	Dr Halzen will be the first since 1992 to claim all the glory for himself.	哈尔岑博士将是1992年以来第一个为自己宣称所有荣耀的人.
0:45	The prize citation, unveiled on Tuesday, credits his decisive contributions to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory,	周二揭幕的奖项引文归功于他对冰立方神经天文台的决定性贡献
0:53	a particle detector spanning a cubic kilometre of ice near the South Pole,	一颗粒子探测器在南极附近横跨了立方公里的冰层,

展开字幕全文（105 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	Science and Technology	科学和技术
2	Nobel Prizes	诺贝尔奖
3	Thinking Outside the Box	在盒子外思考
4	This year's laureates pioneered neutrino astronomy, optogenetics and the study of mirror molecules.	今年的获奖者开创了中微子天文学,选样学和镜像分子的研究.
5	When Francis Halzen of the University of Wisconsin-Madison accepts his Nobel Prize for Physics later this year,	当威斯康辛-麦迪逊大学的弗朗西斯·哈尔岑今年晚些时候接受诺贝尔物理学奖时,
6	he will enjoy the rare privilege of an undivided spotlight.	他将享受无尽的聚光灯的难得特权。
7	Most physics laureates must share the stage with a collaborator or rival.	大多数物理学奖获得者都必须与合作者或对手分享舞台.
8	Dr Halzen will be the first since 1992 to claim all the glory for himself.	哈尔岑博士将是1992年以来第一个为自己宣称所有荣耀的人.
9	The prize citation, unveiled on Tuesday, credits his decisive contributions to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory,	周二揭幕的奖项引文归功于他对冰立方神经天文台的决定性贡献
10	a particle detector spanning a cubic kilometre of ice near the South Pole,	一颗粒子探测器在南极附近横跨了立方公里的冰层,
11	which draws on the efforts of 450 researchers in 14 countries.	利用14个国家的450名研究人员的努力。
12	But according to Ulf Danielsen, a physicist at Uppsala University and secretary to the Nobel Committee for Physics,	但据乌普萨拉大学物理学家、诺贝尔物理学委员会秘书乌尔夫·丹尼尔森(Ulf Danielsen)说,
13	without his scientific vision it would have been impossible.	没有他的科学远见,那是不可能的。
14	Detecting neutrinos requires scientific vision in spades.	检测中微子需要黑桃中的科学视觉.
15	Being electrically neutral, hence the neutra, and physically diminutive, hence the eno,	电中和,因此是中微子, 物理上的微弱,因此是异微子,
16	they are, in effect, immune to both the electromagnetic force and gravity,	它们实际上对电磁力和重力都免疫
17	allowing them to pass through most particle detectors unobserved.	允许它们通过大多数无法观察的粒子探测器。
18	Their dealings with regular matter are largely limited to interactions via the aptly named weak nuclear force.	它们与正常物质的交往主要限于通过被适当命名为弱核力量的互动。
19	Ghostly though they are, neutrinos are also abundant throughout the universe.	中微子虽然是幽灵,但在整个宇宙中也是丰富的。
20	They are a by-product of fission as well as fusion reactions, making the sun a powerful nearby source.	它们是裂变和聚变反应的副产品,使太阳成为附近强大的来源.
21	Around 65 billion solar neutrinos pass through an area the size of a human fingernail each second.	大约650亿个太阳中微子穿过一个人类指甲大小的区域
22	The solar reactions that produce neutrinos also give off other particles, including protons.	产生中微子的太阳反应也释放出其他粒子,包括质子.
23	Sometimes, however, protons arrive at Earth with energies many millions of times greater than those from the sun.	然而,有时质子到达地球时的能量比太阳的能量大数百万倍.
24	This suggests they come from even more powerful sources much farther away.	这说明它们来自更强大的来源更远。
25	What these natural particle accelerators actually are and how they produce such energetic particles is largely unknown.	这些天然粒子加速器到底是什么以及它们如何产生这种能量粒子基本上还不清楚
26	Protons are charged and are thus deflected by magnetic fields on their journey to Earth,	质子在进入地球的旅程中被磁场偏转,
27	making their point of origin hard to reconstruct.	他们的起源点很难重建
28	The same processes that accelerate these protons, however, should produce high-energy neutrinos too.	然而,加速这些质子的同样过程也应产生高能中微子.
29	In the 1980s, Dr. Halzen was among those who realised that neutrinos' reluctance to interact with matter	20世纪80年代哈尔岑博士也意识到中微子不愿与物质互动
30	allowed them to travel unimpeded for vast distances and act as ideal messages from otherwise invisible objects.	允许他们无阻地行走很远的路程,并作为来自其他看不见物体的理想信息。
31	Still, there was the problem of how to detect them.	然而,还存在如何发现它们的问题。
32	Previous neutrino detectors had relied on building large vats of perchloroethylene, a dry cleaning fluid,	以往的中微子探测器依赖于制造大瓶四氯乙烯,一种干洗液,
33	and waiting for rare interactions between neutrinos and the atoms in the fluid.	等待流体中的中微子和原子之间的罕见相互作用。
34	Although a similar approach could be applied to the hunt for rarer extrasolar neutrinos,	虽然在捕捉较稀有的超溶质中微子时可以采用类似的方法,
35	a significantly bigger detector than had been built before would be needed to have a chance of catching one.	需要比以前建造的探测器大得多的探测器才能抓住它。
36	Thus did the idea for IceCube crystallise.	冰块晶体的构思也是这样
37	Construction began in 2004 and was completed in 2011.	2004年开工建设,2011年竣工.
38	Within two years, it picked up 28 high-energy cosmic neutrinos, opening a new window onto the cosmos.	在两年内,它收集了28个高能宇宙中微子,打开了宇宙上的新窗口.
39	Asked on Tuesday what this window might reveal, Dr. Halzen, reached by phone, responded,	周二,有人问这个窗口会透露什么, Halzen博士,通过电话,回答,
40	The real excitement is that I cannot answer that question yet.	真正令人兴奋的是,我还不能回答这个问题。
41	The winners of the prize for Physiology or Medicine could be permitted more bullishness	生理学或医学奖的获奖者可以被允许更加胆小
42	in outlining the potential benefits of their research.	概述研究的潜在好处。
43	Carl Deisseroth of Stanford University, Peter Hegemann of the Humboldt University of Berlin,	斯坦福大学的卡尔·戴瑟罗斯,柏林洪堡大学的彼得·赫格曼,
44	and Georg Nagel of the University of Würzburg were recognised for laying the foundations of optogenetics.	维尔茨堡大学的格奥尔格·纳格尔(Georg Nagel)因奠定了奥托本体学的基础而获得认可.
45	This permits neuroscientists to use light to instantaneously activate individual brain cells,	这允许神经科学家利用光瞬间激活单个脑细胞,
46	making it possible to work out exactly what particular cells are doing.	从而可以确定具体细胞正在做什么。
47	That enables researchers to investigate both basic neurobiology and the neural basis of illness.	这使得研究人员能够同时调查基本的神经生物学和疾病的神经基础.
48	The story begins in the 1990s with Dr. Hegemann.	故事开始于1990年代的赫格曼博士.
49	At the time, he was studying how a genus of single-cell algae known as Clamidomonas responds to light.	当时,他正在研究被称为Clamidomonas的单细胞藻类的基因如何对光作出反应.
50	He found that their reactions were faster than the equivalent response in a human eye.	他发现他们的反应比人类眼中的对应反应快.
51	In a human retina, one protein molecule detects light and then indirectly triggers another,	在人视网膜中,一个蛋白质分子检测到光,然后间接触发另一个,
52	known as an ion channel, to create an electrical signal.	称为离子通道,以创建电信号.
53	Dr. Hegemann hypothesised that in his algae that convolted process was being compressed.	海格曼博士假设,在他的藻类中,这个扭曲的过程正在被压缩.
54	Testing his guess with the tools then available proved hard until the blossoming science of genomics came to his rescue.	用当时可用的工具测试他的猜想证明是很难的直到基因组学的开花科学来到他手中
55	A team of Japanese researchers had produced a map of the DNA of Clamidomonas,	一组日本研究人员绘制了克拉米多莫纳斯DNA图,
56	showing that it included two genes resembling those for light-sensitive proteins in some other organisms.	显示它包括两个基因, 类似一些其它生物中光敏蛋白的基因。
57	This insight was confirmed when Dr. Hegemann enlisted Dr. Nagel's assistance.	当Hegemann医生请纳格尔医生协助时,这一见解得到了证实。
58	Dr. Nagel inserted the DNA of the two newly identified genes into some frogs' eggs,	纳格尔博士将两个新发现的基因的DNA插入了一些青蛙的蛋中,
59	which then turned out the desired proteins in quantities large enough to test.	然后,结果想要的蛋白质数量足够大,可以测试。
60	Just as Dr. Hegemann had predicted, they turned out to be light-stimulated ion channels.	正如赫格曼博士所预言的那样,它们变成了光刺激离子通道.
61	Realising what they had, doctors Nagel and Hegemann then tried inserting one of the genes	纳格尔医生和赫格曼医生尝试插入一个基因
62	for a protein now known as channel rhodopsin II into kidney cells harvested from hamsters and from human embryos.	用于一种蛋白质,现在被称为通道rhodopsin II 进入肾细胞从仓鼠和人类胚胎中获取。
63	That worked too.	这也很有效。
64	They had, in other words, discovered a way of making mammal cells light-sensitive.	换句话说,他们发现了一种使哺乳动物细胞对光敏感的方法。
65	不过,是Dysaroth博士想把Rhodopsin II频道放进去的
66	into cells whose raison d'etre is the transmission of electrical signals, neurons.	进入细胞,其理由就是传递电信号,神经元.
67	When the idea was tested, cultured rat neurons not only responded when exposed to light,	当这个想法被测试时,培养出来的老鼠神经元不仅在暴露在光线下时做出反应,
68	but could also pass signals on to their neighbours.	也可以向邻居传递信号
69	The paper announcing this finding was published in 2005, but other researchers were also exploring similar ideas.	宣布这一发现的论文于2005年发表,但其他研究人员也在探索类似的想法.
70	Three years earlier, Gero Miesenböck, then at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre in New York,	三年前, Gero Miesenböck, 然后在纽约纪念斯隆·凯瑟琳癌症中心,
71	had done similar work using a light-sensitive protein from a fruit fly.	利用果蝇的光敏蛋白做了类似的工作。
72	Dr. Miesenböck, as some have observed, might have serious reason to be miffed.	正如有些人所观察到的,Miesenböck博士可能有充分的理由被遮掩。
73	Edward Boyden, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,	爱德华·博伊登,麻省理工学院神经科学家,
74	who collaborated with Dr. Dysaroth when he was a PhD student at Stanford, was another surprising omission.	他和Dysaroth博士在斯坦福大学当博士生时合作是另一个令人惊讶的遗漏
75	Regardless of details of priority, though, the subject has since exploded.	然而,不管其是否具有优先性,问题自那以后都发生了。
76	Dr. Dysaroth's lab led the way first by repeating what had been done in cultured rat cells in living mouse brains,	Dysaroth博士的实验室率先重复了老鼠大脑中培养出来的老鼠细胞
77	and then by inventing the trick of using extremely thin optical fibres to illuminate and thus stimulate groups of neurons.	然后发明了使用极薄光纤来照明从而刺激神经元组的技巧.
78	In combination, these tricks let the researchers control the movements of a mouse's whiskers.	组合起来,这些把戏让研究者控制了老鼠的胡子的运动.
79	Optogenetics has now been the subject of thousands of papers.	光学现已成为数千篇论文的主题.
80	It is being used in animals to investigate depression, schizophrenia, blindness, deafness, dementia, addiction and anxiety.	在动物中,它被用来调查抑郁症、精神分裂症、失明、聋哑、痴呆、成瘾和焦虑。
81	There is even an attempt to use it to restore vision in people with a form of blindness called retinitis pigmentosa.	甚至有人试图用它来恢复患有一种名为视网膜炎色素萨的失明症者的视力.
82	Great oaks from little acorns grow, or in this case, little algae.	小橡树的大橡树生长,或在此情况下,小藻.
83	The prize for chemistry, as is often the way, also took its cue from the study of life.	化学奖就像常有的方法一样,也从生命的研究中汲取了它的启示.
84	Many molecules essential to biology are chiral, capable of existing in two mirror image forms	许多对生物学至关重要的分子都是手性,能够以两种镜像形式存在.
85	that should at least theoretically exist in the universe in equal quantities.	至少理论上应该存在于宇宙中数量相等。
86	And yet nature is ruthlessly selective.	然而,自然是无情的选择性的。
87	When it comes to living organisms, amino acids are generally left-handed, sugars are right-handed.	对于活生物体,氨基酸一般是左撇子,糖是右撇子.
88	It is for progress towards understanding how much asymmetry might have come about	它是为了在了解可能实现多少不对称方面取得进展。
89	that Henri Cargon of the University of Paris Saclay and Kenzo Soai of the Tokyo University of Science received calls from Stockholm.	巴黎萨克莱大学的Henri Cargon 和东京科学大学的Kenzo Soai 接到斯德哥尔摩的电话
90	Chemists had been able to selectively produce molecules with a given chirality before.	化学家们曾经能够有选择地生产具有一定气质的分子。
91	All such reactions, however, depended on a chiral catalyst, often made up of an unequal mix of left- and right-handed molecules.	然而,所有这些反应都依赖于手性催化剂,通常由左手和右手分子的不平等混合而成.
92	The assumption was that the ratio of left-to-right-handed molecules in the reactions' products would match the ratio in the catalyst itself.	其假设是反应产物中左手分子与右手分子的比例会与催化剂本身的比例相匹配.
93	This posed a problem.	这造成了问题。
94	If the reaction could match only the asymmetry of the catalyst, how then could large-scale asymmetry emerge?	如果反应只能与催化剂的不对称相匹配,那么如何出现大规模的不对称?
95	In 1986, Dr Cargon refuted this assumption by finding that chiral catalysts could outperform this benchmark.	1986年,卡多恩博士反驳了这个假设,认为手性催化剂可以超过这个基准.
96	Starting with a catalyst in which left-handed molecules were three times as abundant as right-handed ones,	从一个催化剂开始左手分子是右手分子的三倍
97	he could engineer reactions that produced a solution with a six-fold imbalance.	他可以设计出一种反应产生一个六倍不平衡的解决方案。
98	A meaningful improvement, but still too small to transform the near-total symmetry of inanimate matter into the near-total chirality displayed by life.	一个有意义的改进,但仍然太小,无法将无生命物质的近乎完全的对称性转化为生命所表现出的近乎完全的奇特性.
99	It was Dr Soai who bridged the gap.	是苏伊医生缩小了差距
100	In work published in 2003, he demonstrated that solutions with a minuscule imbalance of chiral molecules could be engineered so as to produce catalysts with increasing chirality.	在2003年出版的作品中,他证明了手性分子微小不平衡的解决方案可以被设计出来,以产生具有越来越大的心性催化剂.
101	This self-amplification could produce rapid change.	这种自我放大可以产生迅速的变化.
102	Repeating a reaction only three times, for example, allowed Dr Soai to achieve a 630,000-fold increase in the asymmetry of the solution.	例如,只重复了三次反应,使得苏艾博士在溶液的不对称性上实现了63万倍的增长.
103	The Soai reaction, as it has come to be known, is not the way that life's chirality emerged.	苏艾反应,正如人们所知道的那样,不是生命的奇异性出现的方式.
104	For one thing, the reagents that Dr Soai used could not have existed four billion years ago.	首先,苏艾博士使用的试剂不可能在40亿年前存在.
105	But as a member of the prize committee explained, it was nonetheless the first time that anyone had created chirality from a non-chiral combination of molecules since the dawn of life those billions of years before.	但正如大奖委员会成员所解释的,这是自生命黎明以来,任何人第一次从非基因组合的分子中创造出几十亿年前的奇异性。

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