耶鲁公卫学院前院长关心的健康威胁：“永久性化学品”PFAS与
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:06 | Good evening everybody, welcome. | 大家晚上好 欢迎光临 |
| 0:09 | Thank you so much for coming here | 非常感谢你来到这里 |
| 0:12 | to the Yale Center of Beijing. | 到北京耶鲁中心. |
| 0:14 | My name is Lina and I am a graduate of Yale University | 我叫莉娜 我是耶鲁大学毕业生 |
| 0:18 | and the Yale School of Public Health. | 和耶鲁大学公共卫生学院。 |
| 0:20 | So this program is very near and dear to my heart | 所以这个节目对我来说非常亲切 |
| 0:23 | because our guest today is Stan Vermind, | 因为我们今天的客人是斯坦·弗明 |
| 0:27 | who is the former Dean of the Yale School of Public Health | 前任耶鲁大学公共卫生学院院长 |
| 0:30 | and who's going to teach us a lot | 谁会教我们很多 |
| 0:32 | about a very, very important topic today. | 是关于今天一个非常重要的话题 |
展开字幕全文（999 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Good evening everybody, welcome. | 大家晚上好 欢迎光临 |
| 2 | Thank you so much for coming here | 非常感谢你来到这里 |
| 3 | to the Yale Center of Beijing. | 到北京耶鲁中心. |
| 4 | My name is Lina and I am a graduate of Yale University | 我叫莉娜 我是耶鲁大学毕业生 |
| 5 | and the Yale School of Public Health. | 和耶鲁大学公共卫生学院。 |
| 6 | So this program is very near and dear to my heart | 所以这个节目对我来说非常亲切 |
| 7 | because our guest today is Stan Vermind, | 因为我们今天的客人是斯坦·弗明 |
| 8 | who is the former Dean of the Yale School of Public Health | 前任耶鲁大学公共卫生学院院长 |
| 9 | and who's going to teach us a lot | 谁会教我们很多 |
| 10 | about a very, very important topic today. | 是关于今天一个非常重要的话题 |
| 11 | So a little bit about our center here. | 一点点关于我们的中心。 |
| 12 | Basically the center is Yale University's home in China | 基本上中心是耶鲁大学在中国的家 |
| 13 | and we have been here for almost 10 years, since 2014. | 自2014年以来,我们在这里已近十年。 |
| 14 | And this is Yale's only university-wide center | 这是耶鲁唯一的大学中心 |
| 15 | representing all 15 schools of Yale. | 代表耶鲁的所有15所学校。 |
| 16 | So it's the only center outside of the US | 所以这是美国以外唯一的中心 |
| 17 | and we happen to be in the wonderful Beijing. | 我们恰巧在美妙的北京 |
| 18 | So today, as you know, we're gonna talk about PFAS | 所以,今天,你知道, 我们要谈论PFAS |
| 19 | and microplastic or forever chemicals. | 和微塑料或永远的化学品。 |
| 20 | Professor Vermind is actually a wonderful researcher, | 弗明德教授其实是个出色的研究员 |
| 21 | pediatrician, epidemiologist, and a global health star | 儿科医生、流行病学家和全球卫生明星 |
| 22 | who has projects all over the world, | 他在世界各地有项目, |
| 23 | especially focused on low and middle income countries | 特别侧重于中低收入国家 |
| 24 | and in places like Zambia and Mozambique, Nigeria, China, | 赞比亚和莫桑比克、尼日利亚、中国, |
| 25 | on topics ranging from HIV to COVID. | 关于从艾滋病毒到COVID的题目。 |
| 26 | So today we are going to talk about PFAS as you have read | 所以今天我们来谈谈你读过的PFAS |
| 27 | and this is a very important topic for everyone, | 这对每个人都很重要 |
| 28 | mainly because we use these objects, these chemicals | 主要是因为我们使用这些物品,这些化学品 |
| 29 | in our everyday lives and now we know | 在日常生活中,现在我们知道 |
| 30 | that they also cause a lot of issues and health concerns, | 也引起了许多问题和健康问题, |
| 31 | especially in young children. | 特别是在幼儿时期。 |
| 32 | So I'm very excited and I hope this is going | 所以,我很兴奋,我希望这是去 |
| 33 | to be a wonderful discussion. | 成为一场精彩的讨论。 |
| 34 | This event is actually co-hosted | 这个活动其实是联合主办的 |
| 35 | with the Yale Health Care Club of China | 中国耶鲁保健俱乐部 |
| 36 | and the Yale Club of Beijing | 和北京耶鲁俱乐部 |
| 37 | and to introduce the Yale Health Care Club of China | 并介绍中国耶鲁保健俱乐部 |
| 38 | is Selena Zhang, so I'll let her say a few words | 是张雪莲,我让她说几句话 |
| 39 | and then we'll go on to the discussion. | 然后我们继续讨论 |
| 40 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 41 | Thanks the Yale Center of Beijing for this opportunity | 感谢北京耶鲁中心给我这个机会 |
| 42 | to give us the chance to co-host the event. | 给我们机会共同主办这个活动 |
| 43 | We are very honored to be here and actually we, | 我们非常荣幸来到这里,实际上我们, |
| 44 | since the establishment of our club, | 自从我们俱乐部成立以来 |
| 45 | we have been a long-term friend with Yale Center of Beijing | 我们是北京耶鲁中心的长期朋友 |
| 46 | and also today it's our honor to have Stan here. | 今天我们很荣幸让斯坦来 |
| 47 | We have also established long-term relationship | 我们还建立了长期的关系 |
| 48 | with Yale Public School of Health | 与耶鲁公立卫生学校合作 |
| 49 | and especially under the guidance and the support | 特别是在指导和支持下 |
| 50 | with Dr. Stan Vermont, we have grown very fast in China | 和斯坦·佛蒙特医生一起,我们在中国发展很快 |
| 51 | and we have done so many events together. | 我们一起做了这么多事 |
| 52 | So yeah, we are very happy to be here today | 所以,是的,我们今天很高兴在这里 |
| 53 | and we will leave the precious time to Stan. | 我们会把宝贵的时间留给斯坦 |
| 54 | Thank you, Lena. | 谢谢你,莉娜。 |
| 55 | Thank you, Selena. | 谢谢你,塞琳娜 |
| 56 | It's a pleasure to be back at Yale Center of Beijing | 很高兴回到北京耶鲁中心 |
| 57 | and in China. | 和在中国。 |
| 58 | This is my third trip to China this year in 2023 | 这是我今年在2023年第三次去中国旅行 |
| 59 | and it's a great pleasure each and every one of them. | 和它是一个伟大的快乐 每个人。 |
| 60 | I'm recovering from a bit of a cold and sore throat | 喉咙有点冷痛,我正在恢复 |
| 61 | 和COVID负数倍, | |
| 62 | but if I don't sound quite myself, that's why. | 但是如果我听起来不太像自己,这就是原因。 |
| 63 | So let's go ahead and sort of objectives | 所以,让我们继续前进 排序的目标 |
| 64 | of this presentation. | 本介绍。 |
| 65 | I'd like to tell you about Forever Chemicals, | 我想告诉你关于永远的化学, |
| 66 | give some plausible mechanisms for human health impacts, | 为人类健康带来一些可能的影响, |
| 67 | review PFAS, but I also thought other micro-constituents | 检查PFAS, 但我也认为其他的微观结构 |
| 68 | would be of interest to you. | 你会感兴趣的。 |
| 69 | They're not strictly speaking Forever Chemicals, | 严格地说,他们不是永远的化学品, |
| 70 | but they have long-term half-lives in nature | 但他们有 长期半衰期的性质 |
| 71 | and they're kind of related, you might say. | 可以说他们有某种亲缘关系 |
| 72 | And a little bit of, I couldn't be a pediatrician | 还有一点,我不能当儿科医生 |
| 73 | without mentioning the kids. | 不提孩子们。 |
| 74 | So we're all familiar with macro-constituents. | 所以我们都熟悉宏观结构. |
| 75 | These are natural and man-made substances | 这些是天然的和人造的物质 |
| 76 | in the environment that we can see | 我们可以看到的环境 |
| 77 | and visible products of the earth, buildings, | 以及大地和建筑物的明显产物, |
| 78 | vehicles, equipment, but also waste, plastics, pollution, | 车辆、设备、废物、塑料、污染 |
| 79 | things that we can see. | 我们可以看到的东西。 |
| 80 | So macro-constituents can be beautiful | 所以宏观结构是美丽的 |
| 81 | like the Petronas Towers of Kuala Lumpur, | 就像吉隆坡的彼得罗纳斯塔 |
| 82 | or useful like this sea of bicycles | 或者像这群自行车一样有用 |
| 83 | that I saw in Chong Ping when I was there this summer, | 我今年夏天在崇平看到 |
| 84 | but it can also be ugly, | 但它也可能是丑陋的, |
| 85 | like the great Pacific garbage patch. | 像伟大的太平洋垃圾场 |
| 86 | They say patch singular, but it's actually two of them, | 他们说是补丁单数 但其实是其中两个 |
| 87 | two areas of garbage, mostly plastics, | 两个垃圾区,主要是塑料 |
| 88 | that are floating over vast areas of the Pacific Ocean. | 漂浮在太平洋广大地区 |
| 89 | Here, oops, I didn't mean to do that. | 在这里,oops,我不是故意的。 |
| 90 | Here, the Western garbage patch off of Japan | 这里,日本的西方垃圾 |
| 91 | and the Eastern garbage patch | 和东部垃圾补丁 |
| 92 | between sort of off of Baja, California. | 在加利福尼亚州的巴哈之间 |
| 93 | And you have no idea how big these patches are. | 你不知道这些补丁有多大。 |
| 94 | If you combine them, they're about this, | 如果你把它们结合起来,他们就是这个样子, |
| 95 | they're almost as big as the United States. | 它们几乎与美国一样大。 |
| 96 | So because of the eddies of the fluid, of the waters, | 所以由于流体,水的干燥, |
| 97 | what happened, oh, there it is, | 发生了什么事,哦,这是, |
| 98 | because they're sort of just circling, circling, circling, | 因为他们只是盘旋,盘旋,盘旋, |
| 99 | and we add to them every day | 我们每天都在增加他们, |
| 100 | with our pollution that goes into the ocean. | 我们的污染 进入海洋。 |
| 101 | So these are the macro-constituents, | 这些是宏观结构 |
| 102 | things we can see, things we know are there, | 我们能看到的东西, 我们知道的东西在那里, |
| 103 | but micro-constituents, these are things like drugs. | 但微观结构,这些是药物。 |
| 104 | Drugs we take as humans, drugs that we give to our animals. | 我们把毒品当作人类 给动物的毒品 |
| 105 | Only a fraction of drugs are metabolized by our bodies. | 只有一小部分药物被我们的身体代谢。 |
| 106 | The rest gets excreted in our urine, sometimes our feces, | 其他人在尿液中排出粪便, 有时我们的粪便, |
| 107 | and a lot of drugs are thrown away, discarded. | 和很多药物 扔掉,丢弃。 |
| 108 | Then we have food supplements. | 然后我们有食物补充。 |
| 109 | Some people call them nutraceuticals, | 有人称他们为神经病, |
| 110 | nutrition supplements like vitamins and others, | 营养补充剂,如维生素等, |
| 111 | the things you buy at the health food store, | 在健康食品店买的东西, |
| 112 | and caffeine, nicotine, fragrances, | 和咖啡因,尼古丁,香料, |
| 113 | pet products and supplements, | 宠物产品和补充品, |
| 114 | all of these can end up in the environment. | 所有这些都可能最终发生在环境中. |
| 115 | Things we use on our bodies like sunscreen agents | 我们用在身体上的东西 像防晒霜剂 |
| 116 | or lotions, shampoos, soaps, deodorants, | 或乳液、香精、肥皂、除臭剂, |
| 117 | toothpaste, cosmetics. | 牙膏 化妆品 |
| 118 | We don't swallow our toothpaste, | 我们不吃牙膏 |
| 119 | we use it and then we spit it out, right? | 我们用它 然后我们吐出来,对不对? |
| 120 | So when it's spit it out, it gets in the water supply. | 所以当吐出后,就会进入供水中. |
| 121 | A fire retardants, I'll be telling you about those | 一个阻燃剂,我会告诉你这些 |
| 122 | in a little while, polybrominated diphenyl ethers. | 不久,多溴联苯醚。 |
| 123 | Sometimes they're called penta octane deca, | 有时它们被称为五辛烷十烷 |
| 124 | and they're PBDEs, try to say that five times fast. | 他们是多溴联苯醚,尝试说5倍快。 |
| 125 | PBDEs, PBDEs, I can't do it. | 多溴二苯醚,多溴二苯醚,我不能做到这一点。 |
| 126 | And organophosphate substitutions for these. | 和有机磷酸酯替代这些。 |
| 127 | And pesticides, which are bactericides, herbicides, | 还有杀虫剂,是杀菌剂,除草剂, |
| 128 | fungicides, insecticides, all sorts of chemicals | 杀菌剂、杀虫剂、各种化学品 |
| 129 | that we put on our plants to protect them from bacteria, | 保护植物免受细菌感染, |
| 130 | fun, plant killing, you know, killing, | 好玩,植物杀人,你知道,杀人 |
| 131 | killing weeds, fungi and insects. | 杀死杂草、真菌和昆虫 |
| 132 | And then there are of course the industrial chemicals | 当然还有工业化工 |
| 133 | and industry requires a lot of chemicals | 工业需要大量化学品 |
| 134 | to make the products that we use. | 制作我们使用的产品。 |
| 135 | And some of the chemicals are integrated | 有些化学物质已经融为一体 |
| 136 | into the product itself, and that ends up | 进入产品本身,最后 |
| 137 | in the environment when you discard the product. | 在环境中,当你丢弃产品。 |
| 138 | Others of them are side products of the manufacturing, | 其他的都是制造业的副产品, |
| 139 | and they get discarded into the environment | 他们被丢弃到环境中 |
| 140 | more or less right away. | 或多或少马上 |
| 141 | And some of them accidentally get in. | 他们中有些人不小心进来了 |
| 142 | For example, you've got a lubricant on machinery. | 例如,你有一个润滑剂在机械上。 |
| 143 | But as the machinery is running, | 但是随着机器的运行 |
| 144 | the lubricant ends up in the environment, | 润滑剂会进入环境 |
| 145 | either aerosolized or it ends up being washed | 要么被喷雾,要么被冲洗 |
| 146 | when they wash the machinery, or it leaches out | 当他们洗机器,或它漏掉 |
| 147 | and it's cleaned up by the cleaning crew, | 被清洁人员清理干净了 |
| 148 | but it ends up in the environment. | 但它最终会进入环境。 |
| 149 | And some of these industrial chemicals | 还有一些工业化学品 |
| 150 | are these forever chemicals that we're talking about. | 这些永远的化学物质,我们谈论。 |
| 151 | And we have bisphenol A, BPA, phthalates, | 我们有双酚A,BPA,邻苯二甲酸酯, |
| 152 | and these relatives of PFAS, PFOS and PFA. | 以及全氟辛烷磺酰氟、全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛烷磺酰氟的这些亲缘关系。 |
| 153 | So these are all things in common use. | 这些都是常用的东西。 |
| 154 | Now, this is the emphasis of today's discourse, | 这就是今天讨论的重点 |
| 155 | which is the forever chemicals, the PFAS. | 这是永远的化学物质,PFAS。 |
| 156 | And just to tell you what a PFAS is, | 告诉你PFAS是什么 |
| 157 | there's how many carbons here? | 这里有多少碳? |
| 158 | Two, four, six, eight. | 二四六八门. |
| 159 | Eight carbons. | 八碳s. |
| 160 | And this eight carbon backbone, | 这八个碳骨干, |
| 161 | and in this case, fluorines on the edges | 而在这种情况下, 氟在边缘 |
| 162 | and an oxygen, hydrogen, you can have different moieties | 和氧气,氢气, 你可以有不同的杂质 |
| 163 | with different chemicals. | 与不同的化学品。 |
| 164 | But this eight carbon backbone, | 但是这八个碳骨干, |
| 165 | Mother Nature didn't create this, okay? | 大自然不是创造的,好吗? |
| 166 | Mother Nature doesn't have eight carbon backbones. | 大自然没有八个碳骨干. |
| 167 | This is human created. | 这是人类创造的。 |
| 168 | And because of the novelty dating from the 1940s, | 由于1940年代的新颖之处 |
| 169 | we don't have a million years of coevolution | 我们没有百万年的共进主义 |
| 170 | with these products and bacteria that break them down. | 与这些产品和细菌 打破它们。 |
| 171 | So because of this lack of natural products | 因为缺乏天然产品 |
| 172 | that have adapted to eat this product, | 已经适应吃这个产品, |
| 173 | there is nothing that breaks it down. | 没有什么能打破它。 |
| 174 | So it goes in the environment, stays in the environment, | 所以它进入环境 留在环境中 |
| 175 | and we call it a forever chemical | 我们称之为永远的化学 |
| 176 | because as far as we know, it's forever. | 因为我们知道,这是永远的。 |
| 177 | There is no breakdown product. | 没有分解产品。 |
| 178 | We're unaware of anything | 我们什么都不知道 |
| 179 | that will break this down in nature. | 这会打破这个自然。 |
| 180 | So it will simply be recycled within nature | 因此,它只是 自然界的循环 |
| 181 | and picked up by other organisms, including ourselves. | 并被其他生物,包括我们自己捡起来。 |
| 182 | Now these were transformative discoveries | 现在这些是变革性的发现 |
| 183 | that changed manufacturing and product development. | 这改变了制造业和产品开发。 |
| 184 | And many products were as a consequence of these chemicals. | 许多产品都是这些化学品的结果。 |
| 185 | So they were popular. | 所以他们很受欢迎。 |
| 186 | People said they were a breakthrough. | 人们说他们是一个突破。 |
| 187 | They were seen as a good thing. | 他们被视为一件好事。 |
| 188 | And we call them per and polyfluoroalkyl substances. | 我们称之为每个和多氟烷基物质。 |
| 189 | So they were used to make water, grease, | 所以他们用来制造水和油脂, |
| 190 | and stain repellent clothing. | 和防污的衣服, |
| 191 | So when I clumsily spill my coffee on my pants, | 所以当我轻轻地把咖啡洒在裤子上 |
| 192 | I'm dreading what the result will be | 我害怕结果会是什么 |
| 193 | when I go get some water | 当我去得到一些水 |
| 194 | because maybe I have stain resistant pants | 因为我有防污裤子 |
| 195 | and the next thing you know, it's clean. | 接下来的事情,你知道, 它是干净的。 |
| 196 | Maybe my sofa is stain resistant. | 或许我的沙发是防污的 |
| 197 | I clean it with water, it's clean. | 吾以水洗之,无毒. |
| 198 | It's coffee, it should be brown. | 这是咖啡,应该是棕色的。 |
| 199 | Oh, it's fine. | 哦,没关系。 |
| 200 | So they're popular items, right? | 所以它们很受欢迎 对吧? |
| 201 | You like it when it's stain resistant. | 你喜欢它防污 |
| 202 | And if you have water resistant clothing | 如果你有耐水服饰 |
| 203 | and you're going hiking or you're in a job | 你要么去远足 要么去工作 |
| 204 | where you're constantly being exposed to rain, | 在那里,你不断暴露 在雨, |
| 205 | an outdoor job. | 户外工作 |
| 206 | And grease repellent coatings. | 还有防油涂层 |
| 207 | No stick cookware. | 没有棒的厨具。 |
| 208 | You make your egg and you just tip the pan | 你做你的鸡蛋,你只是小费锅 |
| 209 | and there it is on your plate instead of scraping it off. | 它就在你盘子里 而不是把它刮掉 |
| 210 | Now the US military said this here | 现在美军说在这里 |
| 211 | that Forever Chemicals are essentially | 永远的化学品本质上 |
| 212 | essential for military preparedness | 对军事准备至关重要 |
| 213 | because there were Congress persons saying | 因为有人说 |
| 214 | we should ban PFAS use to the US government. | 我们应该禁止美国政府使用PFAS。 |
| 215 | And the military people came in and said, | 军方进来说 |
| 216 | no, our torpedoes work better, | 不,我们的鱼雷工作更好 |
| 217 | our missiles work better with these substances. | 我们的导弹能用这些物质 |
| 218 | So they're powerful forces in industry, in government, | 因此,他们是强大的力量 在工业,在政府, |
| 219 | 不想摆脱PFAS。 | |
| 220 | But this is what worries us in public health, | 但这是我们担心的 公共卫生, |
| 221 | persistent in the body and the environment | 在身体和环境中长期存在 |
| 222 | at least for decades and maybe for hundreds of years, | 至少几十年,也许几百年, |
| 223 | maybe thousands of years. | 也许几千年。 |
| 224 | We don't know yet because it's only been around | 我们不知道,因为只有周围 |
| 225 | since the late 1940s. | 从1940年代末开始 |
| 226 | So we know they don't degrade in 80 years, that we know. | 所以我们知道它们不会在80年后退化, 我们知道。 |
| 227 | And based on the chemist's judgment, | 根据化学家的判断 |
| 228 | they probably won't degrade for hundreds or thousands. | 他们可能不会降解 数百或数千。 |
| 229 | Now here are some products that contain PFAS. | 现在这里有一些包含PFAS的产品. |
| 230 | Some grease-resistant paper, | 一些防油纸, |
| 231 | fast food containers and wrappers, | 快速食品容器和包装, |
| 232 | microwave popcorn bags. | 微波爆米花包装袋. |
| 233 | You know how popcorn doesn't stick | 你知道爆米花不会粘的 |
| 234 | to your microwave popcorn bag. | 给您的微波爆米花包。 |
| 235 | That's a good thing, but it's thanks to PFAS. | 这是好事,但这要归功于PFAS. |
| 236 | Pizza boxes, candy wrappers, | 披萨盒,糖果包装, |
| 237 | you don't want your candy to stick to the wrapper, | 你不想让你的糖果 粘在包装, |
| 238 | you can't get the candy out. | 你不能把糖果拿出来。 |
| 239 | That's happened to me, it's irritating. | 这发生在我身上,很刺激 |
| 240 | Half my candy ends up on the wrapper. | 我一半的糖果都放在包装上 |
| 241 | I like it, it's a slide right up. | 我喜欢,它是一个幻灯片右上。 |
| 242 | Non-stick cookware I mentioned, stain-resistant coatings, | 我提到的非棍子厨具 防污涂层 |
| 243 | carpets of whole three other factors, | 其他三个因素的地毯, |
| 244 | water-resistant coatings, cleaning products | 耐水涂层、清洁产品 |
| 245 | and personal care products like shampoos, dental floss, | 以及个人护理产品,如假发、牙线, |
| 246 | cosmetics like nail polish and eye makeup, | 比如指甲油和眼妆 |
| 247 | paints, varnishes, sealants and firefighter turnout gear. | 油漆、清漆、密封剂和消防员投票工具。 |
| 248 | You know, the stuff they put on before they go to the fire | 你知道,他们放的东西 他们去火前 |
| 249 | and firefighting foams. | 还有消防泡沫 |
| 250 | So, are these helpful, useful products? | 那么,这些有用的产品是有用的吗? |
| 251 | Of course they are. | 当然 |
| 252 | Now, Teflon was introduced in 1946. | 现在,特夫隆于1946年被引入. |
| 253 | And the PFOA used by DuPont to make Teflon | 杜邦制造特福隆用的PFOA |
| 254 | and PFOS, these are relatives of PFAS, | 和全氟辛烷磺酸,这些是全氟辛烷磺酸的亲缘关系, |
| 255 | was used by 3M Corporation to make Scotchgard. | 被3M公司用来制造苏格兰酒 |
| 256 | And the manufacture and importation of both of these | 和这两个的制造和进口 |
| 257 | have been, PFOS and PFOA have been banned in the US. | 美国已经禁止全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛烷磺酰氟。 |
| 258 | But they're still all around the world. | 但他们仍然在世界各地。 |
| 259 | Now, DuPont no longer makes or uses PFOA, | 现在,杜邦不再制造或使用PFOA, |
| 260 | but Chemours is a spin-off corporation of DuPont | 但是Chemours是杜邦的附属公司 |
| 261 | and they make a replacement called GenX. | 他们做了一个叫GenX的替补。 |
| 262 | In the United States, we don't have federal regulation | 在美国,我们没有联邦条例 |
| 263 | of PFAS, so that means the states can regulate it | 也就是各州可以管理它 |
| 264 | if they want to. | 如果他们想的话 |
| 265 | And six states now have regulated it. | 而现在已有6个州对此进行了规范. |
| 266 | So, six states have thought of PFAS as dangerous enough | 六个州认为PFAS足够危险 |
| 267 | that they would like to regulate. | 他们想管理。 |
| 268 | And 56 states have not regulated, 54 states, | 还有56个州没有管理,54个州, |
| 269 | 44 states have not regulated. | 44个州没有管制。 |
| 270 | My math is not good tonight. | 今晚我的数学不好 |
| 271 | So, serious drinking water contamination | 所以,严重的饮用水污染 |
| 272 | has been reported in China. | 在中国已有报告。 |
| 273 | And if you're interested in this, | 如果你有兴趣的话 |
| 274 | you can look up the article by Liu | 你可以看刘少奇的文章 |
| 275 | and per and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, | 和全氟烷基物质,PFAS, |
| 276 | in Chinese drinking water risk assessment | 中国饮用水风险评估 |
| 277 | and geographic distribution. | 和地理分布。 |
| 278 | It's published in the Environmental Science Europe Journal | 发表在环境科学欧洲杂志上 |
| 279 | in 2021 and it's online. | 2021年上线. |
| 280 | I downloaded it a couple of days ago and it's online | 几天前我下载了它 在网上 |
| 281 | and you can get it without difficulty. | 你可以不难地得到它。 |
| 282 | Now, some of the data from Liu, | 现在,一些数据来自刘, |
| 283 | they obtained PFAS data from 526 drinking water samples, | 他们从526个饮用水样本中获得了PFAS数据, |
| 284 | 66 cities in China with almost half a billion inhabitants | 中国66个城市近5亿人口 |
| 285 | in these 66 cities. | 在这66个城市里 |
| 286 | And in more than one in five of the studied cities, | 在五分之一以上的城市里 |
| 287 | representing about 100 million people, | 代表大约1亿人, |
| 288 | PFAS concentrations exceeded the level | PFAS 浓度超过水平 |
| 289 | by the state of Vermont, | 佛蒙特州, |
| 290 | which is one of the earlier states that banned PFAS | 是较早禁止PFAS的州之一 |
| 291 | or regulated PFAS. | 或受管制的PFAS。 |
| 292 | They can't ban PFAS because it's in the environment | 他们不能禁止PFAS,因为它在环境中 |
| 293 | everywhere, they just ban the new use | 到处都是,他们只是禁止新的用途 |
| 294 | and then they have environmental standards, | 然后他们有环境标准, |
| 295 | guidelines above which they deem a public health problem. | 他们认为以上是公共卫生问题。 |
| 296 | Now, human exposure to PFAS | 现在,人类接触PFAS |
| 297 | were estimated using total daily intakes | 估计日摄入总量 |
| 298 | from a document called the Exposure Factors Handbook | 从名为《接触因素手册》的文件中 |
| 299 | of the Chinese population, | 中国人民, |
| 300 | which has actually estimated water intake, | 它实际上估计了水摄入量, |
| 301 | food intake from different populations all around China. | 中国各地不同人群的食物摄入量. |
| 302 | Actually, it's a very interesting book. | 其实,这是本很有趣的书。 |
| 303 | And East China, which is where we are now, | 而东华,这就是我们现在的位置, |
| 304 | and the Southwest regions are at relatively higher risk | 西南地区的风险相对较高 |
| 305 | of having high PFAS, which makes sense. | 有高的PFAS,这是有道理的。 |
| 306 | Where is the manufacturing? | 生产在哪里? |
| 307 | Where is the consumption? | 消费在哪里? |
| 308 | Where is the population the densest? | 人口密度最高的地方在哪里? |
| 309 | Now, some cities in the Yangtze River Basin, | 现在,长江流域的一些城市, |
| 310 | Zhejiang, Zhujia, Lian, Yungang, | 浙江诸暨人,莲,云冈人. |
| 311 | and others have exceeded European Union | 其他国家已超过欧洲联盟 |
| 312 | and US health guidance. | 和美国卫生指导。 |
| 313 | So this team of Chinese scientists | 所以这个中国科学家团队 |
| 314 | is trying to ring the alarm bell | 想要敲响警钟 |
| 315 | as to PFAS concerns in your country. | 关于《方案》对贵国的关切。 |
| 316 | Now, what about human health? | 现在,人的健康呢? |
| 317 | That's the only thing I know about. | 这是我唯一知道的 |
| 318 | Everything else I've shown you | 其他一切我都给你看了 |
| 319 | is what my engineers have taught me. | 那是我的工程师教我的 |
| 320 | So we've learned that PFAS is associated | 所以我们知道PFAS是有联系的 |
| 321 | with a variety of cancers, | 患有各种癌症, |
| 322 | testicular, kidney, liver, and pancreatic, | 睾丸 肾脏 肝脏 胰脏 |
| 323 | increased cholesterol, | 胆固醇增加, |
| 324 | harmful effects to developing fetus | 对胎儿发育的有害影响 |
| 325 | and breastfeeding infants, | 和哺乳婴儿, |
| 326 | low infant birth weights, | 婴儿出生体重低; |
| 327 | effects on the immune system and thyroid gland, | 对免疫系统和甲状腺的影响, |
| 328 | and weight gain in humans. | 和体重的增加 人类。 |
| 329 | And I was happy when I came to Beijing | 我来到北京时很开心 |
| 330 | because my colleague, Professor Hu Yifei, | 因为我的同事胡一飞教授 |
| 331 | is going to be working on some of the childhood effects | 正在研究一些 童年影响 |
| 332 | and taking a look in her Beijing pediatric cohort | 看着她的北京儿科 |
| 333 | study, she'll be looking at this question | 学习,她会看着这个问题 |
| 334 | with one of her students. | 和她的一个学生 |
| 335 | And so what links, these look like very diverse | 所以,什么链接, 这些看起来像非常多样化 |
| 336 | health problems, don't they? | 健康问题,不是吗? |
| 337 | But what system in the body might link them, do you think? | 但身体里有什么系统可以把它们联系起来 你觉得呢? |
| 338 | What is the heart and cholesterol and infant weight | 心脏、胆固醇和婴儿体重是什么? |
| 339 | and the immune system, the thyroid, | 和免疫系统,甲状腺, |
| 340 | and the testicles and weight gain, | 以及睾丸和重物, |
| 341 | what do they have in common? | 他们有什么共同点? |
| 342 | Yeah, you could say that because I wouldn't agree | 是啊,你可以这么说 因为我不同意 |
| 343 | with either big question, which is the endocrine, | 无论是大问题, 内分泌, |
| 344 | the endocrine system. | 内分泌系统。 |
| 345 | So we'll get to that in a minute. | 所以,我们会得到在一分钟。 |
| 346 | So what we have here is EPA health advisories | 我们这里有环保局的健康建议 |
| 347 | are at 0.07 micrograms per liter. | 每升0.07毫克。 |
| 348 | There's no maximum containment level for drinking water. | 饮用水没有最高封存水平. |
| 349 | It's not listed as a hazardous waste | 它不列为危险废物 |
| 350 | with these two big groups. | 和这两个大团体。 |
| 351 | And different nations have different PFAS values. | 不同的国家有不同的PFAS价值。 |
| 352 | So the point I'm making is we don't have | 所以我想说的是 我们没有 |
| 353 | a global consensus on PFAS. | 全球共识。 |
| 354 | We don't have global guidelines | 我们没有全球准则 |
| 355 | that WHO has recommended. | 卫生组织的建议。 |
| 356 | We don't have the European countries | 我们没有欧洲国家 |
| 357 | and the Americans and the Australians and the Chinese | 美国人、澳大利亚人、中国人 |
| 358 | and the Indians are not all agreeing. | 而印度人并不都认同 |
| 359 | So we're still learning. | 所以我们还在学习。 |
| 360 | And some states are adopting more stringent endpoints now | 有些州现在采取更严格的终点 |
| 361 | because they're more worried. | 因为他们更担心 |
| 362 | So, you know, there are oldies with goodies like cast iron. | 所以,你知道,有老人 有像铸铁这样的好东西。 |
| 363 | So cast iron, which also is pretty good at not sticking, | 所以,铸铁, 也相当擅长不粘, |
| 364 | doesn't have PFAS because the way they cast the iron, | 没有PFAS 因为他们投铁的方式, |
| 365 | the steel, if you will, | 钢,如果你愿意, |
| 366 | is such that PFASs are not necessary. | 因此,没有必要制定行动建议。 |
| 367 | And copper, if you use copper like Revere ware, | 和铜,如果你使用 铜像里维尔沃雷, |
| 368 | and there's a copper base that also is not using PFAS, | 还有一个铜基 也没有使用PFAS, |
| 369 | but it's gaining some of the same benefits | 但它得到了一些相同的好处 |
| 370 | of not being stick. | 没有被坚持。 |
| 371 | Now exposure routes, drinking contaminated water, | 现在暴露路线,饮用水污染, |
| 372 | it can be municipal, it can be well, | 它可以是市政, 它可以是很好, |
| 373 | it can even be bottled. | 它甚至可以装瓶。 |
| 374 | Eating fish caught from water contaminated by PFAS | 食用被PFAS污染的水捕获的鱼 |
| 375 | or PFAS in particular, | 或特别是行动建议, |
| 376 | accidentally swallowing contaminated soil or dust, | 无意中吞噬了被污染的土壤或尘埃, |
| 377 | eating food that was packaged in materials with PFAS | 食用用PFAS材料包装的食物 |
| 378 | and using some consumer products like non-stick cookware, | 并使用一些消费产品,如非棒的烹饪器械, |
| 379 | stain-resistant carpeting, water repellent clothing. | 防污地毯,防水服装 |
| 380 | Now here's some good news. | 现在有个好消息 |
| 381 | Only small amounts of PFAs can get through skin. | 只有少量的PFA才能通过皮肤. |
| 382 | Showering, bathing, washing dishes | 洗澡、洗澡、洗碗 |
| 383 | is not getting increased exposure in any substantial way. | 并没有以任何实质性方式增加接触。 |
| 384 | So you don't have to go around being totally paranoid. | 所以,你不必到处走 完全偏执。 |
| 385 | That's PFAS contamination in the United States. | 美国的PFAS污染。 |
| 386 | It's concentrated where the population density | 它集中在人口密度 |
| 387 | is the greatest, where manufacturing is the most intensive, | 是最大的, 在制造业是最密集的, |
| 388 | and you can see that it's nationwide. | 你可以看到它是全国的。 |
| 389 | Now fire retardants include polybromelated diphenyl ethers | 现在阻燃剂包括多溴化二苯醚 |
| 390 | and these are considered persistent organic pollutants. | 这些被认为是持久性有机污染物。 |
| 391 | They're not forever chemicals. | 它们不是永远的化学物质。 |
| 392 | They do break down, but they take a very, very long time. | 它们确实崩溃了,但它们需要很长的时间。 |
| 393 | They're used in furniture, carpets, vehicles, electronics, | 它们被用于家具,地毯,车辆,电子, |
| 394 | and they show up in sediment, water, and air. | 它们出现在沉积物、水和空气中。 |
| 395 | Very easy to detect them. | 非常容易发现它们。 |
| 396 | Penta and octoforms have been phased out, | 五角星和八角星已经淘汰, |
| 397 | but the deca is still used. | 但十进制仍然被使用 |
| 398 | And these so-called organophosphate substitutes | 这些所谓的有机磷酸盐替代品 |
| 399 | are showing up in blood too. | 血流成河 |
| 400 | Now we think they can cause fertility problems | 现在我们认为它们会引起生育问题 |
| 401 | and are linked to poor cognitive function in children. | 并且与儿童认知功能不良有关。 |
| 402 | A nickname is Tris. | 一个绰号是Tris. |
| 403 | You may have heard of Tris. | 你可能听说过Tris |
| 404 | And these leaching out of products, | 而这些沥出的产品, |
| 405 | getting into blood by drinking, eating, | 喝酒、吃饭、进血 |
| 406 | touching, or inhaling, children and pets have more exposure | 接触或吸入儿童和宠物的接触量增加 |
| 407 | because they have more hand-to-mouth activity, | 因为他们有 更多的手对嘴活动, |
| 408 | children do, and pets are on the ground all the time. | 孩子们会的 宠物总是躺在地上 |
| 409 | Now the concern is that these are endocrine disruptors. | 现在的问题是,这些是内分泌干扰物。 |
| 410 | Endocrine disruptors. | 内分泌干扰剂 |
| 411 | It's the endocrine system that pulls together | 是内分泌系统凝聚在一起 |
| 412 | some of those diseases I was telling you about. | 我跟你说过的一些疾病 |
| 413 | There may be a carcinogenicity, | 可能有致癌性, |
| 414 | may cause liver, thyroid, and neurodevelopmental function, | 可能导致肝脏、甲状腺和神经发育功能, |
| 415 | and it accumulates in the body. | 它会积累在体内。 |
| 416 | This is an interesting reference | 这是有趣的参考文献 |
| 417 | that I just found this morning. | 我今早才发现的 |
| 418 | It's PBDE and PFAS. | 是多溴联苯醚和多溴联苯醚。 |
| 419 | So they studied the fire retardants | 他们研究了阻燃剂 |
| 420 | and the forever chemicals during pregnancy | 孕期的化学品 |
| 421 | and maternal depression, | 和产妇抑郁症, |
| 422 | published in Environment International. | 发表于环境国际。 |
| 423 | And what they said was there was a very strong correlation | 他们说有很强的关联性 |
| 424 | between blood levels of the PBDE and oral blood. | 多溴二苯醚的血液水平与口服血液之间。 |
| 425 | Or the PFAS with pregnancy-related depression. | 或者PFAS 与妊娠有关的抑郁症。 |
| 426 | Now it'll take a lot more research to prove that, | 现在需要更多的研究来证明 |
| 427 | but it certainly was an interesting hypothesis | 但它当然是一个有趣的假设 |
| 428 | being generated. | 正在生成。 |
| 429 | And that's why I'm talking about chemicals | 这就是为什么我谈论化学 |
| 430 | that are not forever chemicals, but they're related, | 并不是永远的化学物质, 但它们是相互关联的, |
| 431 | so I think you should know something about them. | 所以我觉得你应该了解他们 |
| 432 | Now the endocrine system, as almost all of you know, | 现在,内分泌系统, 几乎所有人都知道, |
| 433 | are the glands that produce | 是产生腺体的 |
| 434 | and secrete hormones in our body, | 还有我们体内的分泌激素 |
| 435 | regulating growth, metabolism, | 调节生长,代谢, |
| 436 | sexual development and function, | 性发展和功能, |
| 437 | and also the emotions. | 还有情感 |
| 438 | And the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, | 还有垂体腺 下丘脑 |
| 439 | the thyroid gland, parathyroid, adrenal gland, | 甲状腺 甲状腺 肾上腺 |
| 440 | pineal body, or pineal body as it's sometimes pronounced, | 松体,或者松体 因为它有时被宣告, |
| 441 | and reproductive glands like the ovaries and testes | 以及卵巢和睾丸等生殖腺 |
| 442 | and the pancreas. | 和胰脏。 |
| 443 | These are the endocrine system at work. | 这些是工作上的内分泌系统。 |
| 444 | So endocrine disrupting compounds | 所以内分泌干扰化合物 |
| 445 | is a synthetic chemical that either mimics | 是一种合成化学物质,要么模仿 |
| 446 | or blocks hormones. | 或阻塞荷尔蒙。 |
| 447 | So it can either mimic a hormone, | 所以可以模仿荷尔蒙 |
| 448 | it can resemble a hormone, or it can block a hormone. | 它可以像激素, 或者可以阻断激素。 |
| 449 | So it either can facilitate exaggeration | 这样也可以方便夸张 |
| 450 | of an endocrine signal, | 内分泌信号, |
| 451 | or it can inhibit an endocrine signal. | 或者可以抑制内分泌信号 |
| 452 | So different PFAS compounds | 不同的PFAS化合物 |
| 453 | and other endocrine disrupting compounds | 及其他干扰内分泌的化合物 |
| 454 | can do one or the other. | 可以做一个或者另一个。 |
| 455 | And some of them are environmental, | 有些是环保的, |
| 456 | like oak leaf trees have endocrine disruptive compounds. | 就像橡叶树有干扰内分泌的化合物 |
| 457 | They're natural. | 它们很自然 |
| 458 | But nobody lives in an oak leaf tree bed. | 但没有人住在橡树树床上 |
| 459 | Nobody sleeps with oak leaves scattered on their pillows. | 枕头上散落着橡树叶 没人会睡觉 |
| 460 | I mean, you know, none of us are exposed to oak leaves | 我的意思是,你知道, 我们没有人接触橡树叶 |
| 461 | in any substantial way. | 以任何实质性的方式。 |
| 462 | Decaying matter, plant matter, | 衰变物质 植物物质 |
| 463 | also can produce some of these. | 也可以产生其中的一些。 |
| 464 | And plants with natural products called phytoestrogens. | 还有天然产品的植物 叫做植物学 |
| 465 | And you can read about phytoestrogens. | 你可以读到关于植物群。 |
| 466 | 有许多植物具有植物estrogens. | |
| 467 | And there's some funny vegetables | 还有一些有趣的蔬菜 |
| 468 | that if you eat a ridiculous, | 如果你吃一个可笑的, |
| 469 | like if I eat carrots all day long for the next three days, | 就像我整天吃胡萝卜 在接下来的三天, |
| 470 | my body will turn yellow. | 我的身体会变黄 |
| 471 | Because I'm eating all these carrots. | 因为我在吃这些胡萝卜 |
| 472 | People will think I'm jaundiced. | 人们会认为我被愚弄了 |
| 473 | But my eyes won't turn yellow. | 但我的眼睛不会变黄 |
| 474 | 这就是Jaundice的区别 | |
| 475 | from hypercarotidemia versus jaundice, real jaundice. | 超焦血症和真黄油 |
| 476 | The eyes turn yellow in jaundice, | 眼睛变黄了 |
| 477 | but not with eating too many carrots. | 但不是吃太多胡萝卜 |
| 478 | That's an obscure point for medicine. | 这是医学的一个模糊点。 |
| 479 | Now, we have all of these compounds, | 现在,我们拥有所有这些化合物, |
| 480 | household cleaners, personal care products, | 家庭清洁工、个人护理产品、 |
| 481 | pharmaceuticals, pesticides, processed foods, | 药品、农药、加工食品、 |
| 482 | plastics, industrial chemicals, | 塑料、工业化学品、 |
| 483 | animal and veterinary sources, | 动物和兽医来源, |
| 484 | air deposits of fire retardants. | 空气中的阻燃剂。 |
| 485 | They're all on this list. | 他们都在这个名单上。 |
| 486 | So if you go to the Environmental Protection Agency | 如果你去环保局 |
| 487 | of the US government, | 美国政府, |
| 488 | there's a list of endocrine disruptors, | 有一个列表 内分泌干扰, |
| 489 | and there are more than 12,000 chemicals. | 还有超过12,000种化学品。 |
| 490 | Now, most of them that you are exposed to | 现在,大多数你接触到的 |
| 491 | in very low amounts | 数额极低 |
| 492 | are not going to overwhelm your endocrine system. | 不会超过你的内分泌系统。 |
| 493 | But if you have a strange diet or a certain type of job, | 但是,如果你有 奇怪的饮食或某种类型的工作, |
| 494 | and you're exposed to a lot of these, | 你接触到很多这些, |
| 495 | it could disrupt your endocrine system. | 可能会扰乱你的内分泌系统 |
| 496 | And they have this endocrine disruptor screening program. | 他们有内分泌干扰检查计划 |
| 497 | So some products contain this statement in the US, | 所以有些产品 在美国有这个声明, |
| 498 | do not use if you're pregnant or breastfeeding, | 怀孕或哺乳时不要用 |
| 499 | do not expose children under five years of age. | 不暴露5岁以下儿童。 |
| 500 | That often indicates that the product contains | 这往往表明产品含有 |
| 501 | endocrine disrupting compounds. | 内分泌干扰化合物. |
| 502 | And in California, they have a warning | 在加利福尼亚,他们有一个警告 |
| 503 | that is required to be put on such products | (b) 需要将这些产品上加装; |
| 504 | that it says, | 它说, |
| 505 | this product may contain a chemical | 该产品可能含有一种化学品 |
| 506 | known to the state of California | 加利福尼亚州 |
| 507 | to cause cancer or birth defects | 致癌或先天缺陷 |
| 508 | or other reproductive harm. | 或其他生殖伤害。 |
| 509 | So some places are trying to alert consumers, | 有些地方想提醒消费者 |
| 510 | but most consumers, I think it's fair to say, | 但大多数消费者,我认为说, |
| 511 | are clueless about endocrine disrupting compounds. | 对干扰内分泌的化合物一无所知 |
| 512 | Now, endocrine disrupting compounds | 现在,内分泌干扰化合物 |
| 513 | are especially harmful for children. | 对儿童特别有害。 |
| 514 | They can cause dyslipidemia, | 可能会引起血滑症 |
| 515 | obesity, compromised renal function, | 肥胖,肾功能受损, |
| 516 | and less vigorous or dysfunctional immune responses. | 和较不有力或功能失调的免疫反应。 |
| 517 | I've read several papers about children | 我读过好几篇关于孩子的论文 |
| 518 | who have high levels of endocrine disrupting compounds | 内分泌干扰化合物含量高的 |
| 519 | who don't respond to vaccines as vigorously | 他们对疫苗的反应并不强烈 |
| 520 | as a normal child would. | 就像一个正常的孩子一样 |
| 521 | And you can exacerbate asthma risk. | 你可以加剧哮喘的风险。 |
| 522 | Because asthma, of course, is an autoimmune phenomenon | 当然,哮喘是一种自体免疫现象 |
| 523 | where the lungs are receiving signals | 肺部接收信号的地方 |
| 524 | that sort of result in hyper constriction. | 导致过度收缩 |
| 525 | And if you disrupt the endocrine system, | 如果你扰乱内分泌系统 |
| 526 | that can be exacerbated. | 这可能会加剧。 |
| 527 | 现在,幼年的menarche。 | |
| 528 | Menarche may not be an English language word | Menarche 可能不是一个英语单词 |
| 529 | that's familiar to all of you. | 这是大家熟悉的。 |
| 530 | So that's the time when a girl gets her period, | 因此,这时候 一个女孩得到她的月经, |
| 531 | starts her menses. | 开始她的月经。 |
| 532 | So menarche, when I was a boy, | 我小的时候,很温柔 |
| 533 | was typically at about 13 years of age. | 年龄一般在13岁左右。 |
| 534 | But by the time, I was in the 1950s. | 但到那时,我在1950年代. |
| 535 | By the time the 1970s came around | 1970年代的时候 |
| 536 | and I was in medical school, | 我在医学院, |
| 537 | menarche was more like 11 years, | 更像是11年, |
| 538 | two years faster than when I was a kid. | 比我小时候快两年 |
| 539 | And by the time I reach Beijing in November of 2023, | 到2023年11月我到达北京时 |
| 540 | a lot of papers are coming out with menarche | 有很多报纸会刊出 |
| 541 | at nine, 10, eight. | 在九、十、八点 |
| 542 | So it is a phenomenon of the late 20th century, | 所以这是20世纪后期的一种现象, |
| 543 | early 21st century, that girls all around the world | 21世纪初,全世界女孩 |
| 544 | are having their periods at a younger age. | 年幼时有期。 |
| 545 | And it is widely thought, | 人们普遍认为, |
| 546 | and here's some references here. | 这里有些参考文献 |
| 547 | Rapazzo is in International Journal of Environmental | 拉帕佐在《国际环境杂志》上 |
| 548 | Research and Public Health, 2017, | 研究和公共卫生,2017年, |
| 549 | a nice systematic review. | 一个很好的系统审查。 |
| 550 | I had a few, I have a few of this article. | 我有一些,我有一些这篇文章。 |
| 551 | I brought some photocopies. | 我带来了一些影印件。 |
| 552 | I put them out front, maybe some of you got a copy. | 我把它们放在前面,也许你们有些人有副本。 |
| 553 | But you can get it online. | 但你可以上网 |
| 554 | And there's a toxicology report. | 还有毒理学报告 |
| 555 | So, you know, what is the effect of a girl | 所以,你知道,什么是 效果一个女孩 |
| 556 | having her period earlier? | 她早点来了吗? |
| 557 | We don't really know. | 我们不知道 |
| 558 | Is this harmful? | 这有害吗? |
| 559 | Well, for one thing, she can get pregnant earlier. | 首先 她可以早点怀孕 |
| 560 | So if she's raped or abused or something, | 所以,如果她被强奸或虐待什么的, |
| 561 | she can get pregnant earlier. | 她可以早点怀孕 |
| 562 | But there may be psychological effects. | 但可能会有心理影响. |
| 563 | You become a woman when you're nine years old, | 你九岁就变成女人了 |
| 564 | instead of 13 or 14. | 而不是13或14个。 |
| 565 | So there are all sorts of potential issues here. | 所以这里有各种各样的潜在问题。 |
| 566 | And if what many of us suspect, | 如果我们中很多人怀疑什么 |
| 567 | which is that this is due to endocrine disrupting compounds, | 这是因为内分泌干扰化合物, |
| 568 | by far the best hypothesis. | 这是目前为止最好的假设 |
| 569 | Nobody else has a good hypothesis of why this has happened. | 其他人对为什么会发生这种情况没有很好的假设。 |
| 570 | People say good nutrition. | 人说好营养. |
| 571 | Well, there were plenty of people that had good nutrition | 有很多人营养很好 |
| 572 | in the 1940s and 1930s, had perfectly good nutrition. | 在1940年代和1930年代, 营养完全良好。 |
| 573 | But they didn't have their periods of nine, | 但他们没有9岁 |
| 574 | they had their periods when they were 14. | 他们14岁时有月经 |
| 575 | So anyway. | 总之 |
| 576 | Now, there are many other micro constituents, | 现在,还有许多其他的微成分, |
| 577 | including things like plastics, | 包括塑料等东西, |
| 578 | microplastics and microbeads. | 微塑与微珠. |
| 579 | So plastics disintegrate into the land and into the oceans. | 因此塑料会分解成陆地和海洋. |
| 580 | And if they get into the oceans, | 如果他们进入海洋, |
| 581 | or the lakes or the rivers, | 或湖泊,或河流, |
| 582 | they're ingested by aquatic organisms, | 它们被水生生物吞噬 |
| 583 | because they're breaking down into microplastics. | 因为他们正在分解成微塑胶 |
| 584 | And microplastics just get eaten | 和微塑料只是被吃 |
| 585 | and filtered by the fish and other creatures. | 被鱼和其他生物过滤 |
| 586 | So many | 这么多 |
| 587 | personal compounds, | 个人化合物, |
| 588 | personal use compounds, | 个人用途化合物, |
| 589 | contain microbeads like exfoliates | 含有类似叶片的微生物 |
| 590 | or body washes or toothpastes. | 或身体洗涤或牙膏。 |
| 591 | If you buy a toothpaste | 如果你买了牙膏 |
| 592 | that says special whitening ingredient, | 上面写着特殊的白化成分 |
| 593 | that's all often these microbeads. | 这都是这些微生物。 |
| 594 | Because microbeads will not hurt your enamel. | 因为微生物不会伤害你的蛋白质 |
| 595 | But most other, | 不过其他的 |
| 596 | most other products will scratch your enamel. | 大多数其它产品会刮伤你的蛋白质。 |
| 597 | So the dentists don't want you to use these, | 所以牙医不希望你用这些 |
| 598 | but microbeads won't. | 但微生物不会。 |
| 599 | So they're allowed. | 所以他们被允许。 |
| 600 | And body washes, my body wash is the best on the market. | 和身体洗涤,我的身体洗涤是最好的市场。 |
| 601 | You'll be cleaner. | 你会更干净的。 |
| 602 | Well, sometimes microbeads are a gentle, | 嗯,有时微珠是温柔的, |
| 603 | a gentle scrubbing action. | 一个温柔的洗涤动作。 |
| 604 | And exfoliates are, | 叶片是, |
| 605 | are products sold specifically to take skin off. | 是专门出售用来脱皮的产品。 |
| 606 | And humans who ingest seafood like me, | 还有吃我这种海鲜的人 |
| 607 | because I'm of Norwegian descent, | 因为我是挪威后裔 |
| 608 | so I eat a lot of seafood, | 所以我吃了很多海鲜, |
| 609 | also take in up to 11,000 tiny, | 最多可达11,000微米 |
| 610 | tiny pieces of plastic every year, | 每年有一小块塑料 |
| 611 | just by eating our fish. | 只是吃我们的鱼。 |
| 612 | And in the U.S. since 2017, | 而在2017年起的美国, |
| 613 | it's been illegal to sell personal care products, | 卖个人护理产品是违法的 |
| 614 | PCPs with plastic microbeads. | 含有塑料微生物的五氯苯酚。 |
| 615 | But at the rest of the world, | 但在世界其他地方, |
| 616 | it's much of the rest of the world is perfectly legal. | 世界上大部分地方都完全合法 |
| 617 | And the next challenge is glitter, | 下一个挑战就是闪耀 |
| 618 | which are just small pieces of plastic. | 这些只是小块塑料。 |
| 619 | So glitter is used for all sorts of things, | 所以闪光是用来做各种事情的 |
| 620 | celebrations, weddings, happy things. | 庆祝,婚礼,快乐的东西。 |
| 621 | You have glitter. | 你有闪光。 |
| 622 | And you even see it in, | 你甚至看到它在, |
| 623 | in, in cosmetics nowadays. | 在化妆品里 |
| 624 | And now here's a larval perch. | 现在,这里是一个幼虫坑。 |
| 625 | What's a perch? | 何为彼施. |
| 626 | per(学名:Perch)为 this魚 small形目 freshwater科 small属的鱼类,是有关这种大淡水鱼的小鱼类. | |
| 627 | It was very common in my home state of Wisconsin | 这在我家乡威斯康辛州很常见 |
| 628 | when I grew up as a kid. | 当我从小长大 |
| 629 | I used to go fishing. | 我曾经去钓鱼。 |
| 630 | I'd fly, I'd, I'd get perch. | 我会飞的,我会飞的,我会飞的 |
| 631 | Very tasty. | 好吃极了,你觉得呢? |
| 632 | And there are perch relatives all over the world. | 而世间有百灵亲. |
| 633 | And so this is a larval perch, the baby perch. | 这是幼虫的腹部,婴儿的腹部。 |
| 634 | And look at all the beads. | 及观一切珠. |
| 635 | Now, those beads are not recognized | 现在,这些珠子不认得了 |
| 636 | 由perch的系统。 | |
| 637 | It's, it's GI system. | 这是,这是GI系统。 |
| 638 | They're not, they're not food. | 他们不是,他们不是食物。 |
| 639 | So they just sit there. | 所以他们只是坐在那里。 |
| 640 | And when the perch grows up to be a fish perch, | 当鱼笼长成鱼笼 |
| 641 | instead of a larval perch, | 而不是一个幼虫perch, |
| 642 | then the beads are still there and maybe a lot more beads. | 然后,珠子还在那里 也许更多的珠子。 |
| 643 | Microplastics and microfibers. | 微塑料和微纤维. |
| 644 | Did you know that, that microfibers are made of plastic | 你知道,微纤维是塑料做的吗? |
| 645 | and chemical-covered non-plastics? | 和化学覆盖的非塑料? |
| 646 | So a lot of the products, nylon, rayon, | 所以很多产品,尼龙,瑞昂, |
| 647 | all of these polyester products, | 所有这些聚酯产品, |
| 648 | like the stuff I'm wearing, I guess, | 就像我穿的东西,我想, |
| 649 | maybe the stuff you're wearing, | 也许你穿的东西, |
| 650 | have a lot of plastics in them. | 里面有许多塑料 |
| 651 | I did not know this a year ago. | 我一年前不知道这一点。 |
| 652 | I'm trying to educate myself about this. | 我试图教育自己 关于这一点。 |
| 653 | It was mind-boggling how many plastics | 多么令人惊奇的塑料 |
| 654 | have an origin from our clothing. | 从我们的衣服里找到的 |
| 655 | I didn't know this. | 我不知道这一点。 |
| 656 | So I figured if I didn't know it, | 所以我想如果我不知道的话 |
| 657 | maybe you didn't know it and I could share it with you. | 也许你不知道 我可以跟你分享 |
| 658 | So what happens is it breaks off clothes in the water | 事情是这样的,就是在水里脱掉衣服 |
| 659 | when you wash it and it's discharged through the drain water. | 当你把它洗掉,然后从排水口排出。 |
| 660 | And you never see it because it's in the washing machine. | 你从没见过它,因为它在洗衣机里。 |
| 661 | Or even if you're doing it by hand, | 或纵以手作. |
| 662 | it goes down the drain. | 它会下水道。 |
| 663 | You don't see it. | 汝不见. |
| 664 | They're microfibers. | 他们是微纤维。 |
| 665 | Now one fleece jacket alone | 现在单挑一件夹克 |
| 666 | can shed 250,000 pieces of fiber per wash. | 每洗一洗就可丢掉25万块纤维 |
| 667 | Here's a tangle of microfibers | 这是微纤维的缠圈 |
| 668 | that were filtered from drain water. | 是从排水中过滤出来的 |
| 669 | Standard load of laundry. | 标准负荷的洗衣。 |
| 670 | The human hair is about 70 microns. | 人类的头发约为70微米. |
| 671 | The naked eye can see about half of a human hair. | 肉眼可以看到大约一半的人毛. |
| 672 | A red blood cell is about eight microns. | 红血球约为8微米. |
| 673 | And microfibers vary between three and 60 microns. | 而微纤维在3至60微米之间变化. |
| 674 | So only a fraction of them are visible. | 所以只有一小部分是可见的。 |
| 675 | Most of them are invisible. | 其多为无形. |
| 676 | Another category, bisfinite phenol A or BPA | 另一种类别,双极酚A或溴代苯A |
| 677 | are used in clear, hard plastics. | 用于清晰的硬塑料。 |
| 678 | Polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins since the 1950s. | 1950年代起的聚碳酸酯塑料和环氧树脂. |
| 679 | They have weak hormone-like properties. | 它们的激素性能很弱 |
| 680 | So they're also potential endocrine disruptors. | 因此它们也是潜在的内分泌干扰物. |
| 681 | Some U.S. states have laws to prohibit BPA | 一些美国州有法律禁止BPA |
| 682 | from being used in baby bottles and products | 用于婴儿瓶和产品 |
| 683 | because we don't know what effect it'll have in babies. | 因为我们不知道它对婴儿有什么影响 |
| 684 | So why are we using plastic baby bottles? | 我们为什么要用塑料婴儿瓶? |
| 685 | We should be using glass baby bottles. | 我们应该用玻璃婴儿瓶 |
| 686 | Or breast milk is even better. | 或者母乳会更好 |
| 687 | And many manufacturers have made substitutions. | 并且许多制造商也制造了替代品. |
| 688 | So a lot of manufacturers are changing their product line | 所以很多制造商都在改变他们的产品线 |
| 689 | to make sure there's no BPA. | 以确保没有BPA。 |
| 690 | Now removal is difficult. | 现在移除是困难的。 |
| 691 | Replacement products have to either be corrosion-resistant | 替代产品必须耐腐蚀 |
| 692 | to withstand high temperatures. | 能够承受高温 |
| 693 | Use for sterilization processing. | 用于绝育处理。 |
| 694 | Be chemically compatible with foods. | 与食物化学相容. |
| 695 | Not add odor or taste, | 不增加气味和味道, |
| 696 | which was the big advantage of the BPAs. | 这是BPA的优势。 |
| 697 | So reducing exposure by using glass baby bottles, | 因此,通过使用玻璃婴儿瓶减少接触, |
| 698 | stainless water bottles, | 不锈水瓶, |
| 699 | food products not in cans rather than plastic. | 食品不是罐头而是塑料制品。 |
| 700 | I have tried to stop drinking from plastic. | 我试图停止喝塑料。 |
| 701 | Just as I have. | 就像我一样 |
| 702 | So in the hotel, I take my tea | 所以在酒店,我拿我的茶 |
| 703 | kettle and I boil the water | 水壶和我煮水 |
| 704 | and then I pour it into my glasses | 然后我把它倒进我的眼镜 |
| 705 | and I drink that instead. | 我喝这个代替。 |
| 706 | Now I'm not protecting myself from PFAS | 现在,我不是在保护自己不受PFAS的伤害 |
| 707 | because that might come from this water or that water, | 因为可能来自水或水, |
| 708 | but there are plenty of things | 但有很多东西 |
| 709 | that I am protecting myself from | 我是在保护自己 |
| 710 | by not drinking or eating from plastic goods. | 不喝不吃塑料制品 |
| 711 | But let me tell you, it's almost impossible. | 但我告诉你 这几乎是不可能的 |
| 712 | It's very, very difficult to avoid plastic. | 非常,非常难避免塑料。 |
| 713 | But I do it whenever I can, | 但我只要能做到这一点, |
| 714 | which still is a small, small thing. | 这还是一件小事 |
| 715 | Phthalates, phythalates 我们称之为各地的化学。 | |
| 716 | Not the forever chemical, but the everywhere chemical | 不是永远的化学,而是各地的化学 |
| 717 | because they're in so many different products. | 因为他们在很多不同的产品。 |
| 718 | They don't last as long as PFAS, thank God. | 他们不会持续到PFAS,感谢上帝。 |
| 719 | They're in soft plastic toys. | 他们在软塑料玩具。 |
| 720 | They're in vinyl flooring and wall covering. | 它们在阴道地板和墙壁覆盖。 |
| 721 | New car smell is a phthalate smell. | 新车味是一种邻苯二甲酸盐味. |
| 722 | Detergents, lubricating oils, food packaging, | 洗涤剂、润滑油、食品包装 |
| 723 | pharmaceuticals, blood bags and tubing in the hospitals. | 药品 血袋 医院的管子 |
| 724 | And about 75% of personal care products, | 大约75%的个人护理产品, |
| 725 | cosmetics, fragrances, nail polish, hair sprays, | 化妆品 香料 指甲油 头发喷雾 |
| 726 | soaps, shampoos have these phthalates. | 肥皂,香皂有这些邻苯二甲酸盐. |
| 727 | Now, what about a phthalate? | 现在,什么是邻苯甲酸盐? |
| 728 | Why are we concerned? | 我们为什么要担心? |
| 729 | Well, it's still that endocrine disruptor function | 内分泌干扰器的功能 |
| 730 | that we're concerned about. | 我们很担心 |
| 731 | Now, many manufacturers in the US and Europe | 现在,美国和欧洲的许多制造商 |
| 732 | are taking phthalates out of products | 正在从产品中取出邻苯二甲酸酯 |
| 733 | because customers have complained. | 因为顾客抱怨过 |
| 734 | Do I have to have these phthalates in the product? | 产品中必须含有这些邻苯吗? |
| 735 | How critical are they? | 他们有多重要? |
| 736 | They're so ubiquitous. | 他们无处不在。 |
| 737 | So Avon, Johnson & Johnson, Revlon, even Disney. | 因此,阿文,约翰逊&约翰逊,雷弗龙,甚至迪士尼. |
| 738 | They make a lot of toys, Disney. | 他们做了很多玩具,迪士尼。 |
| 739 | And if you want to check if phthalates are in products, | 如果你想检查邻苯二甲酸酯是否在产品中 |
| 740 | you can go to this website, ewg.org, skin deep. | 你可以去这个网站,ewg.org,皮肤深。 |
| 741 | And there's a phthalates action plan summary | 还有邻苯二甲酸盐行动计划摘要 |
| 742 | from the US Environmental Protection Agency. | 美国环境保护局的 |
| 743 | They did it about 11 years ago. | 大约在11年前 |
| 744 | You can read about that. | 你可以读到这一点。 |
| 745 | And the Department of Environmental Health Policy | 环境卫生政策部 |
| 746 | is testing for public water supplies | 正在测试公共供水 |
| 747 | and regulating under the Safe Drinking Water Act | 根据《安全饮水法》进行管理; |
| 748 | in the United States. | 在美国。 |
| 749 | Pharmaceuticals, another list of chemicals | 药品,另一个化学品清单 |
| 750 | that get into the environment at high rates. | 高速度进入环境。 |
| 751 | People throw away drugs that they haven't used | 人们扔掉他们没有使用的毒品 |
| 752 | into the sink or toilet. | 进入水槽或厕所。 |
| 753 | And public sewer systems and septic systems | 还有公共下水道系统和化粪池系统 |
| 754 | end up at wastewater treatment plants, don't they? | 最后在废水处理厂,不是吗? |
| 755 | People throw the drugs into the trash. | 人们把毒品扔进垃圾桶 |
| 756 | And these medications, those medications | 这些药,那些药 |
| 757 | that are applied externally | 外部应用 |
| 758 | are discharged during showering, bathing, and hand washing. | 在洗澡、洗澡和洗手时出院。 |
| 759 | So I had a little rash from my jogging, | 所以我慢跑时有点疹子 |
| 760 | and I used a hydrocortisone cream. | 我用的是氢丙酮奶油。 |
| 761 | So that's fine. | 所以,这是罚款。 |
| 762 | Then my rash went away. | 然后,我的皮疹消失了。 |
| 763 | But where did the hydrocortisone product go? | 但氢丙酮产品去哪了? |
| 764 | When I took a bath or shower, it went into the water. | 当我洗澡或淋浴时,它会掉进水里. |
| 765 | And if I washed my clothes, it went into the water. | 如果我洗了衣服,它会掉进水里 |
| 766 | So, you know, use your imagination. | 所以,你知道,用你的想象力。 |
| 767 | Now here's a real shocker. | 现在有一个真正的震惊者。 |
| 768 | If any of you are physicians, you may be aware of this, | 如果你们中有人是医生 你们可能会知道 |
| 769 | but most of you who are not physicians | 你们大半不是医生, |
| 770 | probably don't know this. | 也许不知道这一点。 |
| 771 | But we only metabolize a fraction | 但我们只是代谢了一小部分 |
| 772 | of the drugs that we put in our body. | 我们放进体内的毒品 |
| 773 | Sometimes the bioavailability is very high | 有时生物利用率很高 |
| 774 | and we'll metabolize 90% of the product, | 我们会代谢90%的产品, |
| 775 | and we only excrete 10% of it. | 我们只排出10%的粪便 |
| 776 | Sometimes the bioavailability is not very high, | 有时生物利用率并不高 |
| 777 | and it's the other way around. | 和它的另一边。 |
| 778 | We only metabolize 10% of it, and we excrete 90%. | 我们只代谢了10%,我们排出90%。 |
| 779 | Just a little aside, | 稍微靠边 |
| 780 | would any of you care to guess anesthetic gases | 你们谁愿意猜测麻醉气体 |
| 781 | that we then inhale to be put to sleep for surgery? | 然后我们吸气 睡觉做手术? |
| 782 | How much of that gas is metabolized by our body | 多少气体被我们的身体所代谢 |
| 783 | and puts us to sleep, and how much of it is exhaled? | 使我们入睡,其中有多少是吸入的? |
| 784 | Anybody want to guess, is it 95% of it used? | 有人想猜吗 95%是用过的吗? |
| 785 | Is 50% of it used? | 50%是用过的? |
| 786 | Is 5% of it used? | 5%是用过的吗? |
| 787 | 5% is used. | 使用5%。 |
| 788 | 95% we simply blow out again. | 95%,我们只是再次爆炸。 |
| 789 | And interestingly, anesthetic gases, | 有趣的是,麻醉气体, |
| 790 | some of them are potent greenhouse gases. | 其中一些是强烈的温室气体。 |
| 791 | So enlightened anesthesiologists and environmentalists | 如此开明的麻醉师和环境学家 |
| 792 | have worked with industry now for gas recapture systems. | 已经与工业合作 天然气回收系统。 |
| 793 | So instead of venting these gases, | 因此,与其排放这些气体, |
| 794 | they're now being re-harvested and processed | 他们现在被重新收割和加工 |
| 795 | so they don't end up in the environment | 这样他们就不会在环境中 |
| 796 | contributing to global warming. | 造成全球变暖。 |
| 797 | That was not anything to do with this talk, | 这和这次谈话无关 |
| 798 | but sort of an analogous issue. | 但有点类似问题 |
| 799 | Now how do we reduce pharmaceuticals in the environment? | 现在怎样减少环境中的药品? |
| 800 | We have to educate the public | 我们要教育公众 |
| 801 | to dispose of medications properly. | 正确处置药物。 |
| 802 | That's how we reduce it. | 这就是我们如何减少它。 |
| 803 | Because in the US, we have drug take-back events | 因为在美国,我们有毒品回收事件 |
| 804 | that are announced, and people can dispose | 宣布,人们可以处理 |
| 805 | in an authorized collection box at a pharmacy | 在一个药店授权的收藏箱里 |
| 806 | or at these drug take-back events. | 或在这些毒品收回事件。 |
| 807 | And collected drugs are ultimately incinerated, | 收集的药物最终被焚毁 |
| 808 | which is a way to just get rid of them in the environment. | 这是在环境中摆脱他们的方法。 |
| 809 | And trash notifications to remind people | 和垃圾通知提醒人们 |
| 810 | not to throw away their pharmaceuticals in the trash | 不要把药扔进垃圾桶里 |
| 811 | are often written in English, Spanish, and Chinese | 经常用英文、西班牙文和中文写成 |
| 812 | in the US, the three most common languages. | 在美国,三种最常见的语言。 |
| 813 | And if possible, you can reduce the amount that you ingest, | 如果可能的话 你可以减少摄入量 |
| 814 | medications and nutraceuticals or dietary supplements. | 药物和营养素或膳食补充剂。 |
| 815 | Only take the medications that are appropriate. | 只服适当之药. |
| 816 | Don't take medications longer than you need to. | 别吃药太久了 |
| 817 | And have your doctor review the medications | 让你的医生检查药物 |
| 818 | and supplements that you take. | 并补充你需要的。 |
| 819 | I have friends who take dietary supplements every day | 我有朋友每天吃减肥药 |
| 820 | that they don't need. | 他们不需要。 |
| 821 | They have a balanced diet. | 他们的饮食平衡 |
| 822 | They don't need supplements. | 他们不需要补充 |
| 823 | Women might need iron if they're menstruating. | 女人要是月经要用铁 |
| 824 | They might need vitamin D. | 他们可能需要维生素D。 |
| 825 | But otherwise, most people don't need anything. | 但除此以外,大多数人不需要任何东西. |
| 826 | A balanced diet, you don't need to take these things. | 平衡的饮食,你不需要服用这些东西。 |
| 827 | On the other hand, very large industries | 另一方面,非常大的工业 |
| 828 | are trying to sell a lot of products, | 想要卖很多产品 |
| 829 | and all this stuff ends up in the environment | 所有这些东西都发生在环境中 |
| 830 | one way or the other. | 一种或另一种方式。 |
| 831 | And what do we contribute from pharmaceuticals, | 我们从药品中能贡献什么 |
| 832 | I spelled it wrong, and personal care products? | 我拼错了,还有个人护理产品? |
| 833 | In way back 15 years ago, | 早在15年前, |
| 834 | the average person in the US used nine a day. | 美国的平均人每天用9个 |
| 835 | The most recent number is 15. | 最近的数字是15。 |
| 836 | So that's 15 pharmaceuticals or personal care products | 15种药品或个人护理产品 |
| 837 | per person per day, which includes drugs, | 每人每天,包括毒品, |
| 838 | supplements, lotions, soaps, gels, powders, | 补充剂、乳液、肥皂、凝胶、粉末、 |
| 839 | clothes, sprays, toothpaste, makeup, medications. | 衣服、喷雾剂、牙膏、化妆品、药品 |
| 840 | So think about every product or medication | 想想所有的产品或药物 |
| 841 | you use this week, and it's a lot. | 你用这周,这是很多。 |
| 842 | I did it as an exercise the other day, | 前几天我做运动的时候 |
| 843 | and I got up to 14. | 我得到了14岁。 |
| 844 | And I'm not a big consumer really, | 我也不是个大消费者 |
| 845 | and I usually don't use makeup. | 我通常不化妆 |
| 846 | That's a joke. | 开个玩笑 |
| 847 | So remember, everything goes somewhere. | 所以,记住,一切去的地方。 |
| 848 | Do you need to use all these things? | 你需要用这些东西吗? |
| 849 | Can you substitute something less toxic to the environment? | 你能代替对环境毒性较低的东西吗? |
| 850 | And especially, can you reduce antibacterials that you use? | 特别是,你能减少你使用的抗菌药吗? |
| 851 | We don't like people taking antibiotics | 我们不喜欢吃抗生素 |
| 852 | when they're not necessary. | 当它们没有必要的时候。 |
| 853 | We don't like people using antibacterial creams | 我们不喜欢别人用抗菌霜 |
| 854 | when they're not necessary, | 当它们没有必要的时候 |
| 855 | because it introduces antibiotics into the environment, | 因为它将抗生素引入环境, |
| 856 | which can stimulate drug-resistant mutations | 可以刺激抗药突变 |
| 857 | in bacteria and selection. | 在细菌和选择。 |
| 858 | So microconstituents are everywhere. | 故微形体无处不在. |
| 859 | All municipal sewage in the world | 世界所有城市污水 |
| 860 | contains microconstituents. | 包含微结构。 |
| 861 | Different geographic areas will differ | 不同的地理区域将不同 |
| 862 | with respect to the types, quantities, | 关于类型、数量、 |
| 863 | and relative abundance, of course. | 当然还有相对的丰富 |
| 864 | Microconstituents can be transported by water, | 微结构物可以通过水运输, |
| 865 | food, touch, and air. | 食物,触摸,还有空气 |
| 866 | They are found in all tested waterways, | 它们存在于所有经过测试的水道中, |
| 867 | and are found in drinking water, both tap and bottle. | 水龙头和瓶子里都有 |
| 868 | Presence of a microconstituent | 存在微观结构 |
| 869 | doesn't necessarily mean it's harmful. | 不一定意味着它有害。 |
| 870 | And that's why we have an environmental health sciences | 这就是为什么我们有 环境卫生科学 |
| 871 | department at the Yale School of Public Health. | 耶鲁大学公共卫生学院系. |
| 872 | That's why the U.S. has an environmental protection agency. | 因此美国设有环境保护机构. |
| 873 | That's why China has its | 这就是为什么中国有它 |
| 874 | environmental protection administration, | 环境保护行政部门, |
| 875 | because we need groups like this | 因为我们需要这样的团体 |
| 876 | to do and interpret needed research, | 进行和解释必要的研究, |
| 877 | to try to find out what's dangerous, what's not. | 试着找出什么是危险的,什么不是。 |
| 878 | Because it's unrealistic to say, | 因为说不现实 |
| 879 | I want to get rid of microconstituents. | 欲除微结. |
| 880 | It's not possible. | 这是不可能的。 |
| 881 | So we have to figure out which ones are dangerous, | 所以我们要找出哪些是危险的 |
| 882 | and try to get rid of those. | 试着摆脱这些。 |
| 883 | Now, I want to end, well, plastic recycling, by the way, | 现在,我想结束 塑料回收,顺便说一句, |
| 884 | threes and sevens are the worst products. | 三七产品最差. |
| 885 | So if you can avoid buying things | 如果你能避免买东西 |
| 886 | that have threes and sevens on them, you'll do well. | 上面有3和7,你会做得很好。 |
| 887 | This is the universal codes being used all over the world. | 这是全世界通用的密码。 |
| 888 | You'll see it on Chinese products, American products, | 你会看到它在中国产品, 美国产品, |
| 889 | European products, African products. | 欧洲产品,非洲产品。 |
| 890 | The easiest to recycle are ones, twos, and fives. | 最易回收的是一,二,五. |
| 891 | So one, two, five, good. | 所以一,二,五,不错。 |
| 892 | Three, seven, not good. | 三,七,情况不妙. |
| 893 | And if it's black plastic, you just throw it away, | 如果它是黑色的塑料, 你就把它扔掉, |
| 894 | because it's got recycled electronic waste, | 因为它有回收的电子废物, |
| 895 | and it's not going to be recycled again. | 它不会再被回收了 |
| 896 | Now, here's a positive slide. | 现在,这里是一个积极的幻灯片。 |
| 897 | Finally, so at your level, personal family, | 最后,在你的层面,个人家庭, |
| 898 | we can try to reduce unnecessary consumption | 我们可以尝试减少不必要的消耗 |
| 899 | and unnecessary waste. | 和不必要的浪费。 |
| 900 | We can avoid all forever chemicals. | 我们可以永远避免化学物质 |
| 901 | We really need to get PFAS out of our society, | 我们真的需要让PFAS离开我们的社会, |
| 902 | because we now know that they can cause disease, | 因为我们现在知道 他们可以引起疾病, |
| 903 | and we now know that they're around forever, | 现在我们知道他们永远在身边, |
| 904 | virtually forever. | 几乎永远。 |
| 905 | We need to properly dispose pharmaceuticals, | 我们需要妥善处置药品, |
| 906 | spelled correctly. | 拼写正确。 |
| 907 | We need pollution prevention, cleanup, | 我们需要污染预防,清理, |
| 908 | including correct recycling, | 包括正确的再循环, |
| 909 | and we have to take political action | 我们必须采取政治行动 |
| 910 | to insist on safe drinking water. | 坚持安全饮水. |
| 911 | Safe drinking water, I believe, | 我相信,安全饮水, |
| 912 | is responsibility of our government. | 是我们政府的责任 |
| 913 | Because we cannot guarantee safe drinking water. | 因为我们不能保证安全饮水。 |
| 914 | I don't control the reservoirs and aquifers | 我不控制水库和蓄水层 |
| 915 | and the sources of water for the Beijing | 和北京的水源 |
| 916 | or the New York City water supply. | 或纽约市供水。 |
| 917 | The government does that for me. | 政府这样做是为了我。 |
| 918 | I elect officials to protect me. | 我选举官员来保护我 |
| 919 | It's part of their function. | 这是他们的一部分功能。 |
| 920 | So we need to exert political action. | 因此,我们需要采取政治行动。 |
| 921 | Now, government and industry are not off the hook. | 现在,政府和工业并没有摆脱困境。 |
| 922 | They are responsible regulation and enforcement | 他们是负责的监管和执法 |
| 923 | and adherence. | 和坚持。 |
| 924 | And they can have regulations and enforce themselves | 他们可以制定条例 执行自己 |
| 925 | if they are responsible. | 如果他们有责任的话 |
| 926 | Pollution prevention and cleanup, | 污染预防和清理; |
| 927 | upgrading wastewater treatment plants, | 改造废水处理厂, |
| 928 | because wastewater treatment plants | 因为废水处理厂 |
| 929 | need advanced treatment processes | 需要的高级治疗程序 |
| 930 | to process a lot of these chemicals. | 处理很多这些化学品。 |
| 931 | And they can process a lot of the chemicals, | 他们可以处理很多化学品, |
| 932 | but they need advanced processes, | 但他们需要先进的程序, |
| 933 | which the older plants don't have. | 更古老的植物没有它 |
| 934 | Placement and use of landfills. | 填埋场的放置和使用。 |
| 935 | There are places that are better to put a landfill | 有些地方最好放垃圾填埋场 |
| 936 | and places that are worse. | 和那些更糟的地方。 |
| 937 | Some landfills are put in places that are disaster. | 一些垃圾填埋场被放置在灾难的地方. |
| 938 | Because the landfill just leeches right into a stream. | 因为垃圾填埋场只是水蚤 直接进入溪流。 |
| 939 | And green chemistry, oops. | 和绿色化学,ops。 |
| 940 | Green chemistry, what is green chemistry? | 绿色化学,绿色化学是什么? |
| 941 | That is the design of chemical products and processes | 这就是化学产品和工艺的设计 |
| 942 | that reduce or eliminate the use | 减少或消除使用 |
| 943 | or generation of hazardous substances. | 或生成危险物质。 |
| 944 | So green chemistry, the so-called father of green chemistry | 所以绿色化学,所谓的绿色化学之父 |
| 945 | is a man named Paul Anastas. | 一个叫保罗·阿纳斯塔斯的人 |
| 946 | He won the Volvo Prize in Environmental Health Sciences | 他获得了沃尔沃环境卫生科学奖 |
| 947 | about two years ago, three years ago. | 大约两年前,三年前。 |
| 948 | And that's considered the Nobel Prize | 这被认为是诺贝尔奖 |
| 949 | for Environmental Science. | 环境科学。 |
| 950 | And I'm proud to say he's a member of our faculty. | 我很自豪地说他是我们教职员 |
| 951 | He's at Yale School of Public Health | 他在耶鲁公共卫生学院 |
| 952 | and has a joint appointment | 并有联合预约 |
| 953 | with the Yale School of Environment. | 与耶鲁环境学院. |
| 954 | And I learned a lot about these issues | 我学到了很多关于这些问题的知识 |
| 955 | from Paul and readings that he guided me to | 他从保罗那里降示的经典,以及他引导我的经典, |
| 956 | when I was dean. | 当我是院长。 |
| 957 | So what happens is you've got a product chemical | 发生的事情是,你有一个产品化学 |
| 958 | that helps you with lubrication of equipment in a factory. | 帮助你润滑设备 在工厂。 |
| 959 | And eventually that chemical ends up in the environment. | 最后,这种化学物质最终会进入环境。 |
| 960 | Either because it's being used | 要么是因为有人用它 |
| 961 | and then it dribbles onto the floor and it's cleaned up | 然后它滑到地板上 清理干净 |
| 962 | or somebody cleans the machine and it's cleaned up | 或有人清理机器 并清理干净 |
| 963 | or it gets aerated. | 或者会发热 |
| 964 | And it might be very toxic, toxic to humans, | 它可能很有毒 对人类有毒 |
| 965 | toxic to animals, toxic to plants, whatever. | 对动物有毒 对植物有毒 随便什么 |
| 966 | But if a green chemist gets ahold of this and works on it, | 但是如果一个绿色的化学家 得到这个和它的工作, |
| 967 | they may be able to develop a product | 他们也许能够开发产品 |
| 968 | that retains the qualities needed for lubrication | 保留润滑所需的品质 |
| 969 | but substantially diminishes the toxicity. | 但却大大降低了毒性。 |
| 970 | That is green chemistry. | 这是绿色化学。 |
| 971 | And that is a very noble profession | 这是非常崇高的职业 |
| 972 | because nobody expects us to get rid of chemicals. | 因为没有人希望我们 摆脱化学物质。 |
| 973 | Chemicals are here. | 化学品来了 |
| 974 | We don't live our lifestyles without chemicals. | 我们的生活方式不是没有化学物质的 |
| 975 | But if we can reduce the toxicity of the chemicals we use, | 但是如果我们能减少我们使用的化学物质的毒性 |
| 976 | that's a win-win situation. | 那是双赢的局面 |
| 977 | So the field of green chemistry takes these compounds | 因此,绿色化学领域 取这些化合物 |
| 978 | and changes or manipulates them in experimental ways. | 以实验方式改变或操纵它们。 |
| 979 | Sometimes you can do computer modeling | 有时候你可以做电脑模特 |
| 980 | and use AI to estimate whether taking the fluorine off | 并使用人工智能来估计是否脱氟 |
| 981 | and putting something else on, | 并穿上别的东西, |
| 982 | putting on a hydroxy group on, | 戴上一个羟基组, |
| 983 | will that change the quality that's favorable | 这会改变 质量是有利的 |
| 984 | in the chemistry and will that reduce the toxicity? | 在化学中,并会减少毒性? |
| 985 | A big part of toxicity is persistence in the environment | 毒性的一大部分是环境中的持久性 |
| 986 | and you can sometimes put a chemical moiety | 你有时可以把 化学忧郁症 |
| 987 | that if the compound encounters water | 如果化合物遇到水 |
| 988 | or encounters some other substance, | 或者遇到一些其他物质, |
| 989 | it will cause it to break in half. | 它会使它分裂成一半。 |
| 990 | But in the use of the product, it retains its strength | 但是,在使用产品时,它保留了自己的力量 |
| 991 | because it's not in contact with water. | 因为它不与水接触。 |
| 992 | Stuff like that. | 像这样的东西。 |
| 993 | Clever, creative chemical strategies. | 聪明,有创意的化学策略. |
| 994 | And that's just our school's logo and in front of the school | 那是我们学校的标志 在学校门口 |
| 995 | and when we're working hard on COVID, | 当我们努力研究COVID时 |
| 996 | somebody put a little thank you heart. | 有人会谢谢你的心 |
| 997 | So I like that one. | 所以我喜欢这个。 |
| 998 | And Xie Xie, thank you for your tip. | 谢X,谢 tip的提示. |
| 999 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
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