耶鲁教授带你云享“一天吃一顿，一顿吃一天”的节日盛宴
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:04 | All right, hello everybody, welcome. | 大家好 欢迎光临 |
| 0:06 | My name is Devin Lau, | 我叫刘德文 |
| 0:07 | I'm the Associate Director for Yale Center Beijing. | 我是耶鲁中心北京的副主任. |
| 0:10 | Thank you for those of you guys in China | 感谢你们在中国的人 |
| 0:12 | who are waking up early for this talk, | 他们为这个演讲而早起, |
| 0:15 | but very excited to see everybody. | 但很高兴见到大家 |
| 0:18 | And here, at least at Yale, we've officially ended classes | 在这里,至少在耶鲁, 我们正式结束了课程 |
| 0:22 | and so we're getting ready to head | 我们准备出发了 |
| 0:25 | into the holiday season ourselves. | 进入节日 |
| 0:27 | And so this is sort of a kickoff holiday party of sorts | 所以,这是某种 踢球节日聚会 之类的 |
展开字幕全文（1035 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | All right, hello everybody, welcome. | 大家好 欢迎光临 |
| 2 | My name is Devin Lau, | 我叫刘德文 |
| 3 | I'm the Associate Director for Yale Center Beijing. | 我是耶鲁中心北京的副主任. |
| 4 | Thank you for those of you guys in China | 感谢你们在中国的人 |
| 5 | who are waking up early for this talk, | 他们为这个演讲而早起, |
| 6 | but very excited to see everybody. | 但很高兴见到大家 |
| 7 | And here, at least at Yale, we've officially ended classes | 在这里,至少在耶鲁, 我们正式结束了课程 |
| 8 | and so we're getting ready to head | 我们准备出发了 |
| 9 | into the holiday season ourselves. | 进入节日 |
| 10 | And so this is sort of a kickoff holiday party of sorts | 所以,这是某种 踢球节日聚会 之类的 |
| 11 | for us. | 为了我们 |
| 12 | We have a good friend of Yale Center Beijing here, | 北京耶鲁中心的一位好朋友 |
| 13 | Paul Friedman, who really needs no introduction | 保罗·弗里德曼,他真的不需要介绍 |
| 14 | for this crowd, but I will give one anyway. | 为了这群人,但我还是会给你的 |
| 15 | And today we'll be talking about holiday feasts, | 而今天我们将谈论节日宴会, |
| 16 | looking primarily at Christmas, | 主要看圣诞节, |
| 17 | this time of year in the West. | 今时西方. |
| 18 | And yeah, so I think this will be a really fun talk. | 是的,所以我认为这将是 一个非常有趣的谈话。 |
| 19 | And then there will be some time for questions | 然后会有时间问问题 |
| 20 | for those of you guys | 你们这些家伙 |
| 21 | who would like to ask questions at the end. | 谁想问最后的问题。 |
| 22 | So Professor Paul Friedman is Professor of History at Yale, | 保罗·弗里德曼教授是耶鲁大学历史系教授 |
| 23 | where he has taught since 1997 | 自1997年以来他一直任教于 |
| 24 | and has served as the Chair | 并担任过主席 |
| 25 | of the History Department as well. | 也是历史部的 |
| 26 | His primary interests are initially in the field | 他的主要兴趣最初是在外地 |
| 27 | of medieval European history. | 中世纪欧洲历史 |
| 28 | And over the course of time has sort of shifted | 随着时间的推移, 已经转变了 |
| 29 | a lot of his more recent interests | 许多他最近的兴趣 |
| 30 | into the history of food and cuisine, | 进入食物和美食的历史, |
| 31 | and of which he's written many books and articles lately. | 最近他写了很多书和文章 |
| 32 | 他首先在2007年编辑了"食物"(Food),"味道的历史"(The History of Taste,). | |
| 33 | which won a prize from the International Association | 获国际协会奖 |
| 34 | of Culinary Professionals | 烹饪专业人员 |
| 35 | and has been translated into 10 languages. | 并被翻译成10种语言。 |
| 36 | This began a series of studies about the role of food | 这开始了一系列关于食物作用的研究 |
| 37 | in shaping culture and historical trends. | 在塑造文化和历史趋势方面。 |
| 38 | So his book, Out of the East, Spices | 所以他的书,出东方,香料 |
| 39 | and the Medieval Imagination, | 和中世纪的想象, |
| 40 | looked at the desire for spices in the Middle Ages | 看着中世纪对香料的渴望 |
| 41 | and how it led to European exploration and conquest. | 以及它如何导致欧洲的探索和征服。 |
| 42 | And then a string of books on more recent trends, | 然后是一系列关于最近趋势的书籍, |
| 43 | including 10 Restaurants That Changed America, | 包括10家改变美国的餐馆, |
| 44 | which looked at U.S. food history, | 研究美国食品史 |
| 45 | including looking at Chinese cuisine | 包括看中国菜 |
| 46 | adapted to American tastes, | 适应美国口味, |
| 47 | as well as American cuisine, How I Got This Way, | 还有美国菜,我怎么得到这条路, |
| 48 | and his most recent book, Why Food Matters. | 以及他最近出版的书《为什么食物重要》 |
| 49 | So very excited to have a dear friend of ours here again, | 很高兴再次有我们亲爱的朋友在这里 |
| 50 | and looking forward to having a virtual holiday party | 期待有一个虚拟节日派对 |
| 51 | of sorts here. | 有点像这里。 |
| 52 | So without further ado, I'll turn things over to Paul. | 所以,不做进一步的事, 我会把事情交给保罗。 |
| 53 | Thank you, Devin, and good morning, everyone. | 谢谢你,德文,大家早上好 |
| 54 | Thank you for coming to this talk. | 谢谢你来参加这次演讲 |
| 55 | It's gonna feature a lot of peculiar food, | 会有不少奇特的食物 |
| 56 | peculiar in the sense that much of it is served | 奇怪的是,它的大部分是服务于 |
| 57 | only around this time of year, | 每年这个时候 |
| 58 | and peculiar because these dishes have a lot of sugar. | 怪怪的 因为这些菜有很多糖 |
| 59 | Americans like sweet things, as do people in Britain. | 美国人喜欢甜美的东西,英国人也一样. |
| 60 | But yeah, I mean, some of the, | 但是,是的,我是说,一些, |
| 61 | what I'm gonna show and discuss | 我要展示和讨论 |
| 62 | will be familiar to some of you, | 你们中有些人会很熟悉 |
| 63 | and some of these things will be kind of odd. | 有些东西会有点奇怪 |
| 64 | So really, what I'm talking about | 所以,真的,我说的 |
| 65 | is the food associated with the Christmas holidays, | 与圣诞节有关的食物, |
| 66 | but it's important to emphasize that these holidays | 但必须强调这些节日 |
| 67 | have had, I mean, for a very long time, 100 years, | 很久以来 100年了 |
| 68 | a gradual reduction in their religious content. | 逐步减少宗教内容。 |
| 69 | That's not true for everyone. | 这对每个人都不是 |
| 70 | But the food associated with Christmas | 但与圣诞节有关的食物 |
| 71 | shouldn't be thought of in the way that, say, | 不应该被考虑的方式,说, |
| 72 | the foods associated with cycles of the year in China might be. | 与中国当年周期相关的食物可能就是如此。 |
| 73 | These are not foods that have a certain kind of rhythm | 这些不是有某种节奏的食物 |
| 74 | or ancestral tradition. | 或祖传传统. |
| 75 | They sort of pose that way, but as we'll see, | 他们的姿势有点像 但我们会看到 |
| 76 | many of them have much more recent origins | 他们中许多人都有更近的起源 |
| 77 | than people think. | 比人们想的要多 |
| 78 | The important point is that people, | 重要的是,人们, |
| 79 | in many parts of the world, | 在世界许多地方, |
| 80 | regardless of the degree to which | 不论在何种程度上 |
| 81 | they are practicing religions, Christian religions, | 他们信奉宗教 基督教 |
| 82 | many people observe certain festive rituals | 很多人都遵守节日礼仪 |
| 83 | associated with Christmas, | 与圣诞节有关, |
| 84 | and food and drink are among those rituals. | 食物和饮料都是这些仪式的一部分。 |
| 85 | The origin of these rituals | 这些仪式的起源 |
| 86 | is, in the first instance, Germany. | 首先是德国 |
| 87 | 19th century Germany. | 19世纪德国. |
| 88 | In the second instance, 19th century Britain, | 二审 19世纪英国 |
| 89 | and particularly the writer Charles Dickens. | 特别是作家查尔斯·狄更斯 |
| 90 | And in the third instance, for much of the 20th, | 第三,对于20年代的大部分 |
| 91 | and so far in the 21st century, the United States. | 而在21世纪至今,美国。 |
| 92 | How much of these so-called traditions are real? | 这些所谓的传统有多少是真实的? |
| 93 | Well, I don't think that's a constructive question, | 好吧,我不认为 这是一个建设性的问题, |
| 94 | because whether they really go back very far, | 因为他们是否真的 回去非常远, |
| 95 | they are deliberately archaic. | 它们是故意过时的。 |
| 96 | In other words, the archaism I'm defining | 换句话说,我定义的古老主义 |
| 97 | as an artificial revival of an imagined past, | 作为想象中的过去的人工复兴, |
| 98 | where genuineness doesn't really matter. | 真实并不重要 |
| 99 | So Christmas food in the United States, | 美国的圣诞食品 |
| 100 | Britain, and elsewhere tends to be archaic | 英国和其他地方 往往都是古老的 |
| 101 | in that much of it's neither as historically rooted | 在其中的大部分 既不是历史根基 |
| 102 | in the past as is supposed. | 过去如所料 |
| 103 | And that the traditions it evokes | 以及它唤起的传统 |
| 104 | are kind of unique to Christmas. | 是圣诞节的特有种。 |
| 105 | In other words, they're not features of other festivals. | 换句话说,它们并不是其他节日的特色. |
| 106 | So here is a drink called eggnog, | 这里有一个叫蛋酒的饮料, |
| 107 | which is basically milk with beaten eggs, | 基本上就是牛奶和被打鸡蛋, |
| 108 | a lot of sugar, and some kind of liquor, | 很多糖,还有酒 |
| 109 | rum, brandy, whiskey, and then with cinnamon | 朗姆酒 白兰地 威士忌 还有肉桂 |
| 110 | or nutmeg grated on top of it. | 或坚果粘在它的上面。 |
| 111 | This is traditional in that in Britain and America | 这在英国和美国是传统的 |
| 112 | in the 18th and 19th century, | 在18和19世纪, |
| 113 | people drank a lot of drinks that involved alcohol and milk. | 人们喝了很多酒 包括酒精和牛奶 |
| 114 | Eggnog can be warm or usually now it's served cold. | Eggnog 可以是温暖的,或者通常现在它被服务于冷. |
| 115 | This is really a descendant of drinks | 这真的是饮料的后裔 |
| 116 | that we see in the 18th century called syllabubs or flips. | 我们在18世纪看到的 叫做音节或翻转。 |
| 117 | They're a way of getting sugar and alcohol together, | 它们是把糖和酒放在一起的方法 |
| 118 | which is a favorite kind of Anglo-American combination. | 这是英美组合中最喜欢的一种 |
| 119 | Another old tradition is Christmas pudding | 另一种传统是圣诞布丁 |
| 120 | or plum pudding as it's sometimes called. | 或者梅花布丁,有时也叫它 |
| 121 | This is a sort of schematic illustration, | 这是某种图示图, |
| 122 | but you have to imagine an extremely dense cake | 但你得想象一个非常密集的蛋糕 |
| 123 | with some kind of frosting ladled over it. | 上面沾满了冰霜 |
| 124 | The cake is soaked in some kind of liquor, usually brandy. | 蛋糕浸泡在某种酒中,通常是白兰地. |
| 125 | It may have sat around aged for a couple of weeks | 它可能已经老了几个星期 |
| 126 | or even a month. | 甚至一个月。 |
| 127 | It has a lot of dried fruit in it and spices. | 里面有很多干果和香料 |
| 128 | Again, like eggnog, this is not something | 再说一遍,像蛋酒一样,这不是什么 |
| 129 | that people eat any other time of year. | 人们吃其他时间 每年。 |
| 130 | So it's a traditional-ish dish. | 故为传统菜. |
| 131 | It's old, all right. | 其旧矣. |
| 132 | I mean, it's older than say bubble tea or avocado toast, | 我的意思是,它比说泡茶 或鳄梨面包, |
| 133 | but they even have a kind of vaguely | 但他们甚至有某种模糊的 |
| 134 | medieval European aesthetic in that the combination | 中世纪欧洲美学的组合 |
| 135 | of spices with sugar is something that goes back | 含糖的香料是可以追溯的 |
| 136 | to European upper-class traditions | 欧洲上层传统 |
| 137 | as far back as the 13th century. | 早在13世纪 |
| 138 | But really they were created, these dishes and others, | 但实际上,它们是创造出来的, 这些盘子和其他的, |
| 139 | in the 19th century. | 在19世纪。 |
| 140 | So these archaic novelties evoke the Middle Ages, | 所以这些古老的新事物 引起了中世纪的注意 |
| 141 | not only in their ceremonial aspects, | 不仅在礼仪方面, |
| 142 | but in the plethora of spices and exotic ingredients | 但以香料和异物为原料 |
| 143 | regarded with particular favor by the medieval upper classes. | 被中世纪上层阶级特别看好 |
| 144 | And as Devin mentioned, the Middle Ages | 正如德文提到的,中世纪 |
| 145 | is my major research focus has been during my career. | 这是我职业生涯中的主要研究重点 |
| 146 | So the medieval aura of Christmas fair | 所以中世纪的圣诞盛宴 |
| 147 | is due to a number of factors. | 由若干因素造成的。 |
| 148 | Many European public festivals, | 许多欧洲公共节日, |
| 149 | such as Holy Week processions in Seville | 例如塞维利亚的圣周游行 |
| 150 | really do go back to the Middle Ages. | 真的回到了中世纪。 |
| 151 | And beginning about 200 years ago, | 从200年前开始 |
| 152 | so I would say around 1800, | 所以我会说1800年左右 |
| 153 | it was discovered that borrowing from the medieval period | 人们发现从中世纪时期借款 |
| 154 | provides a jolly Christmas religious patina | 提供一个快乐的圣诞 宗教帕蒂娜 |
| 155 | that is in contrast to the austere solemnity | 这与严酷的庄严相对 |
| 156 | of Lent or Easter in the spring. | 在春天的伦特或复活节。 |
| 157 | Most important is that the objects and symbols | 最重要的是物体和符号 |
| 158 | of Christmas celebrations today | 今天的圣诞节庆祝活动 |
| 159 | were developed at the height of romanticism | 在浪漫主义的巅峰时期发展起来的 |
| 160 | in the early to mid 19th century. | 在19世纪早期到中期. |
| 161 | So particularly Victorian England | 特别是维多利亚英格兰 |
| 162 | had a fondness for the medieval aesthetic, | 喜欢中世纪的美学 |
| 163 | which is an odd accompaniment to the fact | 这是与事实的奇异关联 |
| 164 | that it saw the rapid industrialization of England, | 它看到了英国的快速工业化, |
| 165 | but perhaps it's not so odd. | 但也许没那么奇怪 |
| 166 | Perhaps it is a compensatory things, | 这或许是一种补偿, |
| 167 | but architectural designs | 但建筑设计 |
| 168 | like the Houses of Parliament in London, | 就像伦敦的议会大厦 |
| 169 | the Tower of Big Ben, railroad stations | 大本塔 火车站 |
| 170 | were made to look like medieval buildings, | 被造型 像中世纪的建筑, |
| 171 | medieval cathedrals. | 中世纪大教堂. |
| 172 | So whether revived or invented, | 所以无论复活还是发明 |
| 173 | Christmas foods made popular in the 19th century | 19世纪流行的圣诞食品 |
| 174 | had to be appropriate to an overall medieval setting, | 必须适合整个中世纪的环境, |
| 175 | even if strict accuracy | 即使严格准确 |
| 176 | would have forbidden things like turkey, | 会禁止火鸡之类的东西 |
| 177 | the mainstay of the English Christmas dinner, | 英国圣诞晚宴的支柱 |
| 178 | which is originally a new world bird | 它原本是一只新世界鸟 |
| 179 | and so unknown to the European middle ages. | 和如此未知 欧洲中世纪。 |
| 180 | The medieval aesthetic is particularly noticeable | 中世纪的美学特别显著 |
| 181 | with regard to sweets. | 关于甜品。 |
| 182 | Gingerbread, and sometimes their gingerbread | 姜饼,有时还有姜饼 |
| 183 | is made into shapes like gingerbread men, | 像姜饼一样的形状, |
| 184 | but it is a flat, again, spicy and sweet pastry, | 但它是一个平地,再次,辣和甜的糕点, |
| 185 | sugar dusted, spiced cookies from Germany | 来自德国的糖粉味饼干 |
| 186 | that are known as Pfeffernusse, | 被称为费弗努斯 |
| 187 | a very dense cake with spices, almonds, | 一个很稠密的蛋糕,有香料和杏仁, |
| 188 | and dried fruit called Panforte | 和叫潘福特的干果, |
| 189 | that is a specialty of Tuscany, | 那是托斯卡纳的特产 |
| 190 | American fruit cake, which we're gonna come back to. | 美式水果蛋糕,我们会回来的 |
| 191 | These are Swedish saffron buns known as Lusikater, | 这些是瑞典红花包 被称为Lusikater, |
| 192 | so all of these things involve spices, | 所以所有这些东西都包含香料, |
| 193 | here, saffron, but in American fruit cake | 在这里,红花,但在美国水果蛋糕 |
| 194 | and Tuscan Panforte and German Pfeffernusse and so forth, | 还有托斯坎·潘福特和德国的普费弗努斯等等 |
| 195 | ginger, cinnamon, cloves, | 姜,肉桂,丁香, |
| 196 | all of this from the middle ages | 这些都是中年的 |
| 197 | where these things were expensive, prestigious, | 在那里,这些东西是昂贵的,有声望的, |
| 198 | and credited with medically favorable effects. | 并得到了医学上有利的效果。 |
| 199 | Marzipan is another, so marzipan is almond paste, | 玛兹潘是另一个 所以玛兹潘是杏仁面 |
| 200 | again, with lots of sugar, | 再说一遍,加了很多糖 |
| 201 | and it can be shaped into little animals. | 它可以被塑造成小动物。 |
| 202 | Here, it was just marzipan shaped as if they were apricots. | 这里,它只是马兹潘形状 仿佛它们是杏仁。 |
| 203 | This is another medieval combination of sugar, | 这是另一种中世纪糖的结合, |
| 204 | honey, and ground almonds, | 蜂蜜和地面杏仁, |
| 205 | here, associated with Christmas, | 在这里,与圣诞节, |
| 206 | but not confined just to Christmas. | 但不仅限于圣诞节 |
| 207 | Another similar kind of product | 另一种类似的产品 |
| 208 | that does go back to the middle ages is Spanish, | 这确实可以追溯到中世纪 是西班牙语, |
| 209 | so in Spain, there's a product called a sort of candy, | 因此,在西班牙,有一个产品 叫做一种糖果, |
| 210 | really, called Turan, and there are two kinds of Turan. | 真的,叫图兰,还有两种图兰。 |
| 211 | You see them here. | 你看到他们在这里。 |
| 212 | The top layer and the third layer | 顶层和第三层 |
| 213 | are so Turan of the town of Gijona, | 吉约纳镇的图兰 |
| 214 | and the ones with the nuts showing through | 和那些有坚果的 |
| 215 | is Turan from the city of Alicante, | 是阿利坎特市的图兰, |
| 216 | so Turan de Alicante looks like Italian nougat. | 所以图兰·德·阿利坎特看起来像意大利诺瓦特 |
| 217 | The soft, crumbly Turan de Gijona is unique to Spain. | 柔软,坚硬的图兰德吉乔纳是西班牙的特有种. |
| 218 | These, interestingly enough, | 这些,有趣的是, |
| 219 | reflect the influence of Islamic confectionary traditions, | 反映伊斯兰教传统的影响, |
| 220 | which were very influential | 他们很有影响力 |
| 221 | since Spain was Muslim for centuries. | 西班牙几个世纪以来都是穆斯林 |
| 222 | So in Spain, Turans and marzipan are popular. | 因此在西班牙,图兰斯和马尔齐潘很受欢迎. |
| 223 | In some cases, there are dishes associated with Christmas | 在某些情况下,有与圣诞节有关的菜肴 |
| 224 | that have medieval antecedents, | 有中世纪前辈, |
| 225 | particularly as banquet cuisine. | 特别是作为宴会菜 |
| 226 | So here, you see a boar's head | 在这里,你看到一只野猪的头 |
| 227 | and when I was growing up, | 当我长大的时候, |
| 228 | I didn't believe that people actually ate this. | 我不相信有人真的吃了这个 |
| 229 | It was sort of like a symbol, and you heard about it, | 它有点像一个符号, 你听说过它, |
| 230 | but indeed, boar's heads are a medieval feast dish. | 但猪的头确实是中世纪的宴会菜 |
| 231 | Here, you see a reconstruction of one | 在这里,你看到一个重建 |
| 232 | glazed on one side, the side closest to us, | 一边闪闪发光 一边离我们最近 |
| 233 | with some kind of green parsley sauce | 一种绿色的派斯利酱 |
| 234 | on the other side covered with gold foil | 在另一边被金球盖住 |
| 235 | and a yellow sauce. | 和黄色酱汁。 |
| 236 | So this is according to a recipe | 所以这是根据一个食谱 |
| 237 | from a 15th century cookbook | 15世纪的烹饪手册 |
| 238 | made by the chef to the Duke of Savoy in the Alps. | 是厨师在阿尔卑斯山给萨伏依公爵做的 |
| 239 | One of the Oxford colleges, Queen's College, | 牛津大学之一,皇后学院, |
| 240 | has a boar's head dinner, | 吃猪头饭 |
| 241 | which supposedly commemorates the miraculous deliverance | 以纪念奇迹般的拯救 |
| 242 | of a late medieval undergraduate attacked by a wild boar | 被野猪袭击的中世纪后期本科生 |
| 243 | while walking and reading. | 一边走一边看 |
| 244 | Somehow, he managed to kill the boar | 不知何故,他设法杀了野猪 |
| 245 | with his copy of Aristotle. | 与他的副本亚里士多德。 |
| 246 | Truly miraculous. | 真不可思议 |
| 247 | So this feast dates from the 14th century. | 所以这个宴会可以追溯到14世纪. |
| 248 | It's celebrated at Christmas time, | 圣诞节庆祝 |
| 249 | although not precisely on Christmas Day | 虽然不是圣诞节 |
| 250 | or Christmas Eve itself. | 或者圣诞夜本身 |
| 251 | And this, as well as some confusion | 还有这个 还有一些困惑 |
| 252 | over some of the things I've shown you, | 我给你看的一些东西, |
| 253 | like Turon, brings us to the important | 像图龙一样,带我们来重要的 |
| 254 | but confusing aspect of Christmas food and drink. | 却使圣诞食物和饮料令人困惑 |
| 255 | That celebrating Christmas is not limited | 庆祝圣诞节并不有限 |
| 256 | to the day, December 25th. | 12月25日当天 |
| 257 | In some countries, 12th night, | 在某些国家,第12夜, |
| 258 | which is the eve of Epiphany, | 那是以物配主的前夕, |
| 259 | is or was until recently more important | 已经或一直到最近 |
| 260 | than Christmas Day or Christmas Eve. | 比圣诞节或平安夜。 |
| 261 | And even with the compression of the holiday | 即使是节日的压缩 |
| 262 | to December 24th, December 26th, | 至十二月二十四日,十二月二十六日,. |
| 263 | there are distinctions not only among nations | 不仅各国之间有区别 |
| 264 | but within them. | 但是在他们内部。 |
| 265 | So in Britain, it's generally agreed | 所以在英国,大家同意 |
| 266 | that Christmas dinner is on December 25th, | 圣诞晚宴是12月25日 |
| 267 | and it takes place in the afternoon or evening. | 并在下午或晚上进行。 |
| 268 | But in the United States, | 但在美国, |
| 269 | Christmas Eve is usually more important, | 圣诞夜通常更重要, |
| 270 | particularly among immigrants or descendants of immigrants | 特别是移民或移民后裔 |
| 271 | from Catholic countries like Italy. | 来自意大利等天主教国家. |
| 272 | Or Christmas morning is important | 或者圣诞节早上很重要 |
| 273 | because of the opening of presents. | 因为礼物的开放。 |
| 274 | This may be then the setting | 这也许是背景 |
| 275 | for the consumption of traditional foods. | 用于消费传统食品。 |
| 276 | For the many sweet pastries, candies, and drinks | 为很多甜点,糖果和饮料 |
| 277 | that accompany the holiday, | 和节日, |
| 278 | the days leading up to Christmas | 圣诞节前的日子 |
| 279 | are more important than the day itself. | 这比白天更重要 |
| 280 | 例如,在Advent期间, | |
| 281 | which is the weeks before Christmas. | 这是圣诞节前的几周 |
| 282 | 我们现在在Advent。 | |
| 283 | Mold wine, Christmas cookies, and gingerbread | 红酒、圣诞饼干和姜饼 |
| 284 | are repeatedly brought out at parties or family gatherings. | 在聚会或家庭聚会上反复出现。 |
| 285 | Mold wine is again a kind of neo-medieval taste. | 莫德葡萄酒再次成为新中药的一种口味. |
| 286 | It's wine warmed up, so you see it's in a pot | 它的酒热了,所以你看到它在锅里 |
| 287 | with fruit slices and spices, | 有水果和香料, |
| 288 | particularly sticks of cinnamon. | 特别是肉桂棒 |
| 289 | So the Swedish tradition | 所以瑞典的传统 |
| 290 | that I showed you before these buns called Lusikater | 我在这些叫Lusikater的包子前给你看的 |
| 291 | are prepared in Sweden for St. Lucie's Day, | 在瑞典为圣露西节做准备, |
| 292 | which is December 13th, | 这是12月13日, |
| 293 | but they are regarded as a Christmas tradition. | 但他们被视为圣诞节的传统。 |
| 294 | In the English speaking world, | 在说英语的世界里 |
| 295 | 12th night lost its importance long ago, | 十二夜失去了它的重要性 很久以前, |
| 296 | and the Christmas holiday | 和圣诞节 |
| 297 | basically ends with New Year's Day. | 基本上以元旦结束. |
| 298 | In countries such as Spain, however, | 然而,在西班牙等国, |
| 299 | the influence of American commercialization has weakened | 美国商业化的影响已经减弱 |
| 300 | what until recently was a very different system, | 直到最近,一个非常不同的系统, |
| 301 | 在那里,Dia de los Reyes的觉悟, | |
| 302 | the day in which the three kings were supposed | 在那日,三个国王是应该的, |
| 303 | to have found Christ was the major holiday. | 找到基督是主要节日 |
| 304 | So when epiphany or 12th night was the most important holiday, | 所以当觉醒或十二夜是最重要的节日时, |
| 305 | the Christmas season led up to a time of rowdy festivity. | 圣诞节的节日 导致了一场狂欢 |
| 306 | Eating and drinking were deliberately excessive, | 饮食和饮酒都是故意的, |
| 307 | and it's thought that this has something to do with winter, | 人们认为这和冬天有关 |
| 308 | with a kind of gastronomic reaffirmation | 与一种 胃学重申 |
| 309 | that you're alive even though it's dark much of the time. | 你还活着,尽管它很黑暗的时间。 |
| 310 | The English and the New World Puritans, | 英国人和新世界清教徒 |
| 311 | so the people who first settled | 故先民安居乐业, |
| 312 | the northeastern area of the present United States, | 美国东北部, |
| 313 | religious Protestant refugees, | 宗教新教难民, |
| 314 | they disapproved of all, | 他们不赞成, |
| 315 | but the most perfunctory Christmas observance. | 但最阴险的圣诞节纪念活动。 |
| 316 | They objected in particular to this kind of mob celebration | 他们特别反对这种暴徒庆祝 |
| 317 | regarding it as typically pagan | 以物配主者发誓, |
| 318 | and as Catholic in its materiality, | 作为天主教徒, |
| 319 | its idolatry and its excess. | 以物配主和过分。 |
| 320 | If the laws of the Puritan Commonwealth | 如果纯洁联邦的法律 |
| 321 | and of New England states like Connecticut at what time | 以及康涅狄格州等新英格兰州的 |
| 322 | legislated against Christmas revels, | 立法禁止圣诞礼, |
| 323 | they were by and large impossible to enforce. | 他们基本上无法执行 |
| 324 | But nevertheless, these Protestants | 不过这些新教徒 |
| 325 | succeeded in quelling 12th night. | 成功平息十二夜战乱. |
| 326 | Henceforth, and by henceforth, | 从今以后,到现在, |
| 327 | I mean really after the restoration | 我是说在修复之后 |
| 328 | of the British monarchy in 1660, | 1660年英国君主专制 |
| 329 | feasting would center more or less around the nativity | 宴会或多或少围绕自然 |
| 330 | around December 25th, | 大约12月25日, |
| 331 | more or less because it depends on the country. | 或多或少地因为它取决于国家。 |
| 332 | So unlike American Thanksgiving or Russian Easter, | 不像美国感恩节或俄罗斯复活节 |
| 333 | there isn't in most places a single meal | 大部分地方没有一顿饭 |
| 334 | that defines the Christmas season's culinary repertoire. | 这决定了圣诞节的烹饪活动 |
| 335 | Some of this is due to the fact that the Christmas holiday | 有些是因为圣诞节 |
| 336 | goes over a period of days or weeks. | 过了几天或几周 |
| 337 | Some as the result of changing the holiday, | 一些由于改变假期, |
| 338 | as I've just said, from a boisterous adult occasion | 正如我刚才所说, 从一个暴躁的成年人场合 |
| 339 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}以儿童为中心的家庭盛宴 | |
| 340 | This is the context for the emergence of Santa Claus, | 这是圣诞老人出现的背景 |
| 341 | a figure for children. | 儿童数字。 |
| 342 | So insofar as this holiday | 因此,在这个节日 |
| 343 | has become much more children-centered, | 越来越以儿童为中心, |
| 344 | so instead of adults kind of carousing, | 而不是成年人的游乐, |
| 345 | it's children opening their presents in the morning | 是孩子们早上打开礼物 |
| 346 | in a kind of period of the day, | 在一个时期, |
| 347 | completely unsuitable for raucous or even excessive dining. | 完全不适合 豪华甚至过度的晚餐。 |
| 348 | So Advent now focuses on the Christmas payoff | 所以Advent现在专注于圣诞节的回报 |
| 349 | in terms of gifts, but it initiates culinary events | 在礼物方面,但它启动了烹饪活动 |
| 350 | with all of these cakes, candies, sweet biscuits | 蛋糕,糖果,甜饼干 |
| 351 | that I've tried to show you. | 我试图告诉你。 |
| 352 | The child-oriented Christmas means overall less drinking, | 以儿童为对象的圣诞节意味着总体上减少饮酒, |
| 353 | although the eggnog and the mulled wine are, | 蛋酒和麦芽酒是, |
| 354 | I mean, it's rather hard to get drunk | 我的意思是,这是相当难 喝醉 |
| 355 | on eggnog or mulled wine. | 吃蛋酒或烧酒 |
| 356 | Unlike most secular feasts, | 不像大多数世俗的宴会 |
| 357 | Christmas dinner is not an appropriate occasion | 圣诞晚宴不合适 |
| 358 | for pleasant inebriation, or at least not conventionally. | 以愉快的饮酒, 或者至少不是常规的。 |
| 359 | As I said, all of these seasonal drinks, | 正如我所说,所有的季节性饮料, |
| 360 | like Swedish glögg, American eggnog, or mulled wine, | 比如瑞典的glögg, 美国的蛋酒,或者麻黄酒, |
| 361 | do not serve as pathways to any kind of excess. | 不要成为任何过度的出路。 |
| 362 | With this context of a decentralized Christmas food | 以这种分散的圣诞食物为背景 |
| 363 | and drink repertoire, I could turn | 并喝回味,我可以转身 |
| 364 | to some specific specialties and specific practices. | 具体专业和具体做法。 |
| 365 | Generally speaking, the appearance | 一般来说,外表 |
| 366 | of long-standing traditions and codifications | 历史悠久的传统和编纂 |
| 367 | are strongest in Northern Europe, | 在北欧最强, |
| 368 | while eccentricity and recent changes | 偏心和最近的变化 |
| 369 | are characteristic of the Southern hemisphere. | 这是南半球的特征。 |
| 370 | So keep in mind that in the Southern hemisphere, | 所以记住在南半球 |
| 371 | the seasons are reversed, | 季节倒转, |
| 372 | at least their names are reversed. | 至少他们的名字被反转。 |
| 373 | So what is winter north of the equator is hot and summery. | 因此赤道以北的冬季是炎热的夏季. |
| 374 | So in Argentina, | 因此,在阿根廷, |
| 375 | the holiday is celebrated with an Italian, | 节日由意大利人庆祝, |
| 376 | got this a little bit out of order. | 事情有点失控了 |
| 377 | Yeah, an Italian dish called Vitello Tonato. | 是的,一个意大利菜叫维特洛托纳托。 |
| 378 | This is like the quintessential Christmas stove. | 这就像典型的圣诞炉子。 |
| 379 | This is a very thinly sliced veal | 这是一个非常薄切的小牛肉 |
| 380 | with a cream sauce flavored with tuna fish. | 奶油酱味 金枪鱼鱼。 |
| 381 | So it's called Vitello Tonato in Italian, | 所以意大利语叫维特洛·托纳托 |
| 382 | but in Argentinian Spanish, it's just Vitello Tonato. | 但是在阿根廷西班牙语中,它只是维泰罗·托纳托. |
| 383 | And other countries have odd kinds of specialties. | 而其他国家也有奇特的特长. |
| 384 | So in Japan, the dish most associated with Christmas | 所以在日本, 与圣诞节最相关的菜 |
| 385 | is Kentucky Fried Chicken, | 是肯塔基州炸鸡 |
| 386 | followed by a kind of sponge cake made with strawberries. | 然后是用草莓做的海绵蛋糕 |
| 387 | This is not an age-old custom, | 这不是古老的习俗 |
| 388 | obviously it dates from the 1970s. | 很明显,它起源于1970年代。 |
| 389 | And it's an example of enjoying something | 这是享受的东西的例子 |
| 390 | that's readily available all year round. | 年复一年都很容易买到 |
| 391 | Obviously Kentucky Fried Chicken KFC | 肯塔基州炸鸡公司 |
| 392 | is not associated with just one time of year | 与一年一度无关 |
| 393 | in the way that Christmas pudding is. | 圣诞布丁就是这样 |
| 394 | Also the chicken and that sponge cake | 还有鸡肉和海绵蛋糕 |
| 395 | are free of any pseudo-medieval associations. | 没有任何伪医学协会。 |
| 396 | Thinking about what are the special dishes of Christmas, | 想着圣诞的特餐是什么 |
| 397 | I looked at an online list of no less than 30 dishes | 我在网上看了一张不少于30盘的菜单 |
| 398 | for the UK that are associated with Christmas, | 对于与圣诞节有关的英国, |
| 399 | ranging from a kind of raisin cake called Dundee Cake | 一种叫邓迪蛋糕的葡萄干蛋糕 |
| 400 | to things found at other times of year, such as trifle, | 对每年其他时间发现的东西,如三叶草, |
| 401 | which is a kind of cake in a liquor and cream sauce | 酒和奶油酱中的蛋糕 |
| 402 | with fruit or beef wellington, | 以水果或牛肉为饮料, |
| 403 | or these are Devils on Horseback, | 或马背上的恶魔, |
| 404 | which is a kind of savory or appetizer, | 那是一种美味的、开胃菜, |
| 405 | and they're prunes cooked and wrapped in bacon. | 他们被烤熟了 包裹在培根里 |
| 406 | Such diversity notwithstanding, | 尽管如此多样, |
| 407 | Britain is actually exceptional | 英国其实很特别 |
| 408 | because there's substantial agreement | 因为有实质性的协议 |
| 409 | as to when the celebratory meal takes place | 至于欢庆之餐何时举行, |
| 410 | and what has to be included. | 以及必须包含的内容。 |
| 411 | Christmas dinner is served on the 25th | 圣诞晚宴在25号举行 |
| 412 | in the early afternoon or evening, | 下午或晚上, |
| 413 | and it features roast turkey or goose, | 它有烤火鸡和鹅, |
| 414 | roast potatoes, Brussels sprouts, | 烤土豆,布鲁塞尔的芽, |
| 415 | Christmas puddings and mince pies, | 圣诞布丁和薄饼, |
| 416 | and maybe a few sausages wrapped in bacon. | 和一些香肠包裹在培根。 |
| 417 | So sausages wrapped in bacon | 所以用培根包起来的香肠 |
| 418 | are similar to what we see here. | 和我们看到的类似 |
| 419 | As with so many aspects of Christmas, | 和圣诞节的许多方面一样, |
| 420 | Charles Dickens can be credited or blamed | 查尔斯・狄更斯可以被称赞或指责 |
| 421 | for what are now regarded | 现在看来, |
| 422 | as age-old Christmas foods and ceremonies. | 作为古老的圣诞食物和仪式。 |
| 423 | His book, A Christmas Carol, published in 1843, | 他的书,圣诞卡罗尔,出版于1843年, |
| 424 | actually mentions two meals. | 其实提到两餐。 |
| 425 | One is a Negro but nevertheless joyous Christmas Eve feast | 一个是黑人,但快乐的圣诞夜盛宴 |
| 426 | that Bob Cratchit and his family managed to put together | 鲍勃·克拉奇特和他的家人 设法把 |
| 427 | with their own resources, | 以他们自己的资源, |
| 428 | and then the immense turkey furnished | 然后巨大的火鸡 提供了 |
| 429 | 由Ebenezer Scrouge的新发现大衣。 | |
| 430 | Ebenezer Scrooge, who has been a miser | 艾比尼泽·史克罗格 一直很不幸 |
| 431 | and has held Christmas in contempt, | 并藐视圣诞节, |
| 432 | has a kind of visitation from the ghost of his partner | 有某种拜访 从他的伴侣的幽灵 |
| 433 | and in typically marginally believable Dickensian fashion | 典型的有点不可思议的狄更斯式 |
| 434 | becomes a good guy after that. | 之后成为一个好人 |
| 435 | A turkey had a long history of presence | 火鸡有很长的历史存在 |
| 436 | at the English Christmas table, even before Dickens. | 在英国的圣诞桌,甚至在狄更斯之前。 |
| 437 | A book called 500 Points of Good Husbandry, | 一本叫"500点好丈夫"的书 |
| 438 | published as far back as 1573, | 早在1573年出版, |
| 439 | includes turkey along with various meats, | 包括火鸡和各种肉类, |
| 440 | brawn, which is sort of animal organ meat, | Brawn,是一种动物器官肉, |
| 441 | pudding, sauce, another kind of sausage-like preparation | 布丁,酱汁,另一种香肠般的准备 |
| 442 | made with organ meat and minced pies | 用器官肉和薄饼做的 |
| 443 | as typical of Christmas. | 作为典型的圣诞节。 |
| 444 | By 1727, turkey was so frequently associated with Christmas | 到了1727年,火鸡 经常与圣诞节联系在一起 |
| 445 | that the well-known poet and dramatist John Gay | 著名诗人和戏剧家约翰·盖伊 |
| 446 | could observe that quote, | 可以注意到这句话, |
| 447 | from low peasant to the Lord, | 从卑贱的农民到主, |
| 448 | the turkey smokes on every board. | 火鸡在每一块板上都抽烟 |
| 449 | Nevertheless, goose and chicken remained less expensive | 尽管如此,鹅和鸡仍然比较便宜 |
| 450 | than turkey, and it was only in the aftermath | 比火鸡,它只是 之后 |
| 451 | of Dickens' Christmas Carol | 狄更斯的圣诞卡罗尔 |
| 452 | that turkey became almost required. | 火鸡几乎是必需的 |
| 453 | And here again, turkey is not a regular item in England. | 在这里,火鸡在英国不是普通物品 |
| 454 | It's really almost exclusively, | 这几乎完全是 |
| 455 | but also required at Christmas. | 圣诞节也需要 |
| 456 | So currently in the UK, surveys show that between 76 | 因此,目前在联合王国的调查显示,76人之间 |
| 457 | and 87% of families eat roast turkey on Christmas Day, | 87%的家庭在圣诞节吃烤火鸡 |
| 458 | which is an index of conformity | 这是符合指数 |
| 459 | that very few nations can rival. | 极少数国家能够与之竞争。 |
| 460 | Christmas pudding is also because of Dickens. | 圣诞节布丁也是因为狄更斯. |
| 461 | The fact that it's sometimes set on fire, | 它有时会起火 |
| 462 | 上面有来自狄更斯的Holly sprig, | |
| 463 | and is a 19th century creation. | 也是19世纪的创造 |
| 464 | It is often made without plums. | 常无梅花之制. |
| 465 | It is not a pudding in the sense | 这不是布丁的意思 |
| 466 | of being a kind of gelatinous texture. | 是一种胶质 |
| 467 | It's a very dense and solid cake. | 这是一个非常密集和坚固的蛋糕. |
| 468 | And what it really actually resembles | 和它真正的样子 |
| 469 | are certain kinds of confections | 是某些饮料, |
| 470 | that are associated with the Arab, Persian, | 与阿拉伯、波斯、 |
| 471 | and Turkish world. | 与土耳其世界。 |
| 472 | Nevertheless, by the 18th century, | 尽管如此,到18世纪, |
| 473 | this was served in England all the time | 这是在英国一直服务 |
| 474 | as the standard finish to a Christmas meal. | 作为标准完成 圣诞晚餐。 |
| 475 | And again, this is something | 再说一遍,这是什么 |
| 476 | that is surrounded by a lot of ritual. | 周围有很多仪式 |
| 477 | It's prepared often, as I said, months in advance. | 正如我所说,它经常在几个月前准备好。 |
| 478 | Each member of the family might stir the batter | 家里的每个成员都可能会搅动打手 |
| 479 | clockwise, not counterclockwise, | 顺时针 不是逆时针 |
| 480 | and make a New Year's wish. | 并发新愿. |
| 481 | And it is periodically fortified with brandy or whiskey | 定期加固白兰地或威士忌 |
| 482 | until it is finally unveiled | 直到最终揭幕 |
| 483 | and sometimes set a fire on Christmas Day, | 有时在圣诞节放火 |
| 484 | soaked once more in liquor, | 一次浸泡在酒中, |
| 485 | and then set on fire. | 然后纵火 |
| 486 | So Christmas, the one day of the year | 所以圣诞节,一年的一天 |
| 487 | when everyone in Britain eats pretty much the same thing, | 当英国的每个人都吃一样的东西, |
| 488 | exalts what might be called bland abundance | 夸大了所谓的丰产 |
| 489 | and predictability. | 和可预测性。 |
| 490 | And noting this on English professor | 在英语教授上注意到这一点 |
| 491 | and a well-known crime writer named Ian Samson | 和著名犯罪作家 伊恩·萨姆森 |
| 492 | summarizes the meal in its English form as, quote, | 将英文形式的餐食总结为: |
| 493 | pathetic, good enough, resistant to change, | 可悲 够好 抗拒改变 |
| 494 | Christmas on a plate. | 圣诞节在盘子里。 |
| 495 | And this seems a little harsh to me. | 这对我来说似乎有点苛刻 |
| 496 | But let's turn to the United States. | 但是,让我们转向美国。 |
| 497 | So the United States at first imitated Britain | 所以美国最初模仿英国 |
| 498 | and Dickens' Christmas carol again transformed | 狄更斯的圣诞颂歌又变了 |
| 499 | and really foregrounded | 和真正的前卫 |
| 500 | what had been an unimportant holiday before. | 以前是个不重要的节日 |
| 501 | Before Dickens, not only was it Puritan disapproval, | 在狄更斯之前 不仅是清教徒不赞成 |
| 502 | but really New Year's Eve and New Year's Day | 但真正的除夕夜和新年节 |
| 503 | were the main seasonal holiday. | 是主要的季节性节日。 |
| 504 | This was because the United States was founded | 这是因为美国成立 |
| 505 | as a secular nation, kind of hard to believe now. | 作为一个世俗的国家, 那种难以相信现在。 |
| 506 | But stores were often open at Christmas. | 但是,商店经常在圣诞节开放. |
| 507 | It was a holiday, but a sort of a half holiday. | 那是个假日,但有点半个假期。 |
| 508 | The part of the country | 国家部分 |
| 509 | that really exalted Christmas first was the South, | 那真正高贵的圣诞节 首先是南方, |
| 510 | partly because they thought they were imitating England, | 部分因为他们认为他们在模仿英国 |
| 511 | partly because they made it the one day of the year | 部分原因是他们把一年中的一天 |
| 512 | where the slaves were given a nice meal. | 在那里,奴隶们得到了一顿好饭。 |
| 513 | They had an image of their culture | 他们有文化形象 |
| 514 | as cheerful and hierarchical, | 既快乐又分级 |
| 515 | as opposed to the doer business-like atmosphere | 相对于做工的氛围 |
| 516 | of the North. | 北边 |
| 517 | So that the South deliberately imitated | 这样南方就故意模仿 |
| 518 | the practices of what they saw | 他们的行为, |
| 519 | as the medieval or Elizabethan past. | 作为中世纪或伊丽莎白的过去。 |
| 520 | In 1874, the celebrated Massachusetts religious leader, | 1874年,著名的马萨诸塞州宗教领袖, |
| 521 | Henry Ward Beecher, recalled that when he was young, | 亨利·沃德·比彻回忆说 他年轻时 |
| 522 | Christmas had seemed alien, a holiday observed by Catholics. | 圣诞节似乎与世隔绝,是天主教徒所纪念的节日。 |
| 523 | But by 1874, most of the country | 但到了1874年,全国大部分地区 |
| 524 | under the influence of Dickens and also the writer, | 在狄更斯和作家的影响下 |
| 525 | Washington Irving, who was the first | 华盛顿欧文,他是第一个 |
| 526 | kind of internationally famous American writer, | 一种国际知名的美国作家, |
| 527 | who also wrote about Christmas, | 他写圣诞, |
| 528 | Christmas had become sort of established as a major holiday. | 圣诞节已经成为一种重要的节日。 |
| 529 | But unlike Britain, there was no set menu | 但不像英国,没有设置菜单 |
| 530 | and not even a set time to celebrate Christmas. | 连庆祝圣诞节的时间都没有 |
| 531 | Ham might be preferred to turkey, | 火腿比火鸡还好 |
| 532 | plum pudding might be served, but maybe pumpkin pie, | 梅花布丁或许可以吃 但也许南瓜派 |
| 533 | or the French bouche de Noel, | 或法国波士顿诺埃尔, |
| 534 | a chocolate kind of layer cake | 巧克力那种层层蛋糕 |
| 535 | made in the shape of a log, so bouche meaning log, | 木头的形状,所以bouche的意思是木头, |
| 536 | and it's covered with brown frosting | 到处都是棕色的霜冻 |
| 537 | to look like a large piece of wood. | 看起来像块大木头 |
| 538 | Insofar as there was going to be a large familial dinner | 只要有个大家庭晚餐 |
| 539 | on Christmas day, it would center around turkey, | 在圣诞节,它会围绕火鸡, |
| 540 | given the influence of a Christmas carol. | 考虑到圣诞颂歌的影响 |
| 541 | The problem for the United States | 美国的问题 |
| 542 | is that people had already had turkey for Thanksgiving, | 感恩节时人们已经吃火鸡了 |
| 543 | a national holiday celebrated | 庆祝国庆日 |
| 544 | on the last Thursday of November. | 在11月最后一个星期四。 |
| 545 | So Thanksgiving, you have to have turkey | 感恩节,你得有火鸡 |
| 546 | in the way that you have to have plum pudding in Britain. | 英国的梅花布丁 |
| 547 | And it's just a month before Christmas, | 离圣诞节还有一个月 |
| 548 | so in theory, nothing prevents you from having turkey again. | 所以从理论上讲 没有什么能阻止你再吃火鸡了 |
| 549 | Month has passed. | 几个月过去了。 |
| 550 | But to do so compromises its uniqueness. | 但这样做会损害其独特性。 |
| 551 | There is something odd about two similar, | 有两个相似的奇怪之处 |
| 552 | mildly religious, but essentially secular, | 轻度宗教,但本质上世俗, |
| 553 | cold weather holidays with the same main course. | 寒冷的天气节日,主课相同. |
| 554 | This is really a problem in the United States. | 这在美国确实是一个问题。 |
| 555 | I mean, I wouldn't say | 我的意思是,我不会说 |
| 556 | that it's our biggest challenge facing us now, | 这是我们目前面临的最大挑战, |
| 557 | but I wasn't asked to talk about other challenges. | 但我没有被要求谈论其他挑战。 |
| 558 | I was asked to talk about holiday food. | 有人叫我来谈节日食物 |
| 559 | So Christmas was associated with turkey in this country | 圣诞节跟火鸡有关 |
| 560 | from the 1840s until about 1900. | 从1840年代到1900年左右. |
| 561 | And beginning in the 1890s, | 从1890年代开始 |
| 562 | magazines and other opinion shapers | 杂志和其他舆论塑造器 |
| 563 | suggested substituting something else, | 建议用别的东西代替, |
| 564 | venison, that is deer meat, | 鹿肉,这是鹿肉, |
| 565 | or a crown roast of pork, | 或猪肉的王冠, |
| 566 | or even I've seen one case | 我甚至见过一个案子 |
| 567 | where they suggest serving veal curry. | 他们建议在那里提供小牛肉咖喱。 |
| 568 | As part of the triumphs of appearance over taste | 作为外表胜过品味的一部分 |
| 569 | that marks much of the early 20th century American scene, | 这标志着20世纪早期的美国情景 |
| 570 | magazines offered stylish ways | 杂志提供时髦的方式 |
| 571 | to incorporate red and green colors of Christmas | 将红色和绿色的圣诞颜色纳入其中 |
| 572 | or to create lighter innovations, | 或创造更轻松的创新, |
| 573 | such as a Christmas pear salad, | 像一个圣诞梨沙拉, |
| 574 | furthering, again, the confusion | 再说一遍,混乱 |
| 575 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}就传统餐食的原样 | |
| 576 | And in the 20th century, | 在20世纪, |
| 577 | Christmas started to become its own satire. | 圣诞节开始成为自己的讽刺。 |
| 578 | The food most associated with comedy | 与喜剧最相关的食物 |
| 579 | and Christmas is fruitcake. | 圣诞节是水果蛋糕 |
| 580 | Fruitcake is a lot like plum pudding. | 水果蛋糕很像梅花布丁一样 |
| 581 | It's cake, but it's very dense. | 这是蛋糕,但非常密集。 |
| 582 | It's been soaked in alcohol. | 已浸于酒中. |
| 583 | It has lots and lots of dried fruit. | 里面有很多干果,还有很多干果 |
| 584 | For most of the world, | 对世界上大部分地区来说 |
| 585 | the taste would be unpleasantly sweet. | 味道会很甜 |
| 586 | Quantity of sugar in this is quite extraordinary. | 里面的糖量非常特别 |
| 587 | But fruitcake comes in from amused contempt. | 但水果蛋糕来自令人愉快的蔑视。 |
| 588 | There's a widely diffused joke or belief | 开个玩笑或信条很广 |
| 589 | that really there's only one fruitcake in the United States, | 在美国只有一个水果蛋糕, |
| 590 | but that people keep on giving it to other people. | 但人们继续把它给别人。 |
| 591 | And it's true. | 亦复如是. |
| 592 | Often you will get fruitcake as a gift, | 通常你会得到水果蛋糕 作为礼物, |
| 593 | say, if you're a doctor, | 如果你是医生 |
| 594 | you get a fruitcake from grateful patients | 你从感激的病人那里得到水果蛋糕 |
| 595 | and people can send fruitcakes by mail. | 人们可以邮寄水果蛋糕。 |
| 596 | And one's response to getting fruitcake | 一个人对吃水果蛋糕的反应 |
| 597 | is often to see | 经常看到 |
| 598 | if there's somebody else you can give it to. | 如果有别人你可以把它给。 |
| 599 | So like somebody who works in your building, | 就像在你们大楼工作的人 |
| 600 | like the doorman or somebody like that. | 像门卫之类的人 |
| 601 | It's unclear that anybody actually likes it, | 不清楚谁真的喜欢它, |
| 602 | wants to keep it or wants to eat it. | 想留着还是想吃 |
| 603 | Often you see this time of year | 你经常看到每年的这个时候 |
| 604 | features in newspapers and magazines that go, | 报纸和杂志上的特写 |
| 605 | actually fruitcake doesn't have to be unpleasant. | 其实水果蛋糕不必不愉快 |
| 606 | Or yes, you could actually make fruitcake that tastes good. | 或者是的,你可以做 水果蛋糕的味道不错。 |
| 607 | Or here is a recipe for real, | 或这是真食谱, |
| 608 | italicize the word real fruitcake. | 用斜体字来形容真正的水果蛋糕 |
| 609 | So the result is that the United States | 结果是美国 |
| 610 | has a kind of pick and choose repertoire | 拥有一种选取和选择循环 |
| 611 | of possibilities for Christmas in regard to timing | 圣诞节的时间安排 |
| 612 | and with regard to particular dishes. | 和特定的菜肴。 |
| 613 | The most durable food traditions are small items, | 最耐用的食品是小食品, |
| 614 | little cookies, candy canes, eggnog. | 小饼干 糖果 蛋酒 |
| 615 | A food writer named Kathy Kaufman noted, | 一位名叫凯西·考夫曼的食品作家指出, |
| 616 | unlike our colonial ancestors, | 不像我们的殖民地祖先 |
| 617 | contemporary Americans think Christmas dinner | 当代美国人认为圣诞晚餐 |
| 618 | very important, but we just can't predict the menu. | 非常重要 但我们无法预测菜单 |
| 619 | Thanksgiving functions as a form of civic unification, | 感恩节是公民统一的一种形式, |
| 620 | much as does British Christmas. | 就像英国圣诞节一样 |
| 621 | It has a very predictable set of dishes, | 它有一套可以预测的盘子 |
| 622 | but Christmas can express a variety of class | 但圣诞节可以表达各种阶级 |
| 623 | and ethnic identities as well as quirky personal decisions. | 种族特征 以及古怪的个人决定 |
| 624 | My in-laws used to prepare a Christmas day breakfast | 我的姻亲们经常准备圣诞早餐 |
| 625 | that featured Stollen, which is a German kind of cake | 这是德国蛋糕 |
| 626 | with raisins again, and covered with powdered sugar, | 又用葡萄干,加白糖粉, |
| 627 | and also Canadian bacon. | 还有加拿大培根 |
| 628 | So the breakfast was bacon and Stollen, | 早餐是培根和斯托伦 |
| 629 | and that's what they served every Christmas. | 他们每个圣诞节都这样 |
| 630 | And that was their only unchanging Christmas meal. | 这是他们唯一的圣诞晚餐 |
| 631 | They might have other festive meals during Christmas, | 他们可能还有其他的节日晚餐 在圣诞节, |
| 632 | but the breakfast was the one that didn't change. | 但早餐没有改变 |
| 633 | So Dresden is the city that is associated with Stollen, | 所以德累斯顿是和斯托伦有关的城市 |
| 634 | Dresden or Stollen. | 德累斯顿或斯托伦. |
| 635 | And Germany, as I said at the beginning, | 而德国,正如我在开头所说, |
| 636 | is the home or the point of origin for Christmas | 是圣诞节的家或起源地 |
| 637 | in many respects. | 在许多方面。 |
| 638 | But other countries, as I said, | 但其他国家,正如我说的, |
| 639 | have responded in different ways to these traditions. | 对这些传统作出了不同的反应。 |
| 640 | So the Vitello Tonato that I mentioned before in Argentina, | 我之前在阿根廷提到的维泰罗·托纳托 |
| 641 | Australia for a long time celebrated an English Christmas | 澳大利亚长期庆祝英国圣诞节 |
| 642 | because Australia saw itself as England, | 因为澳大利亚把自己看作英国 |
| 643 | even though plum pudding is really not good | 虽然梅花布丁真的不好吃 |
| 644 | in the middle of summer, | 夏天的时候, |
| 645 | a little on the kind of hearty, dense and sweet side. | 有点在心地, 密集和甜蜜的一面。 |
| 646 | But as part of its movement away from cultural dependence | 但作为摆脱文化依赖的一部分 |
| 647 | on Britain, Australia now has outdoor cooking | 在英国,澳大利亚现在有户外烹饪 |
| 648 | for Christmas, things like barbecued prawns. | 圣诞节的时候 烤虾之类的东西 |
| 649 | In other places, such as in Scandinavian nations, | 在其他地方,如斯堪的纳维亚国家, |
| 650 | the pattern of something eaten only on Christmas | 圣诞节才吃东西的图案 |
| 651 | that used to be all the time is repeated. | 过去是所有的时间 重复。 |
| 652 | So just like turkey in Britain is eaten only on Christmas, | 就像英国的火鸡只在圣诞节吃一样 |
| 653 | but it used to be a kind of a festive dish | 但它曾经是 一种节日的菜 |
| 654 | or boar's head in such archaic places | 或野猪的头 在这么古老的地方 |
| 655 | as Oxford colleges used to be served at other feasts. | 因为牛津大学曾经在其他宴会上服务. |
| 656 | So this kind of gelatinous fish, | 所以这种胶质鱼, |
| 657 | usually cod bathed in lye and water | 通常鳕鱼在水中洗澡 |
| 658 | over a period of weeks. | 在几周内。 |
| 659 | It's called lutefisk as you see. | 如所见名为卢特菲斯克. |
| 660 | This is something that foreigners find | 这是外国人发现的 |
| 661 | not only not good, but really repellent | 不仅不好,而且很令人厌恶 |
| 662 | and almost nauseating. | 几乎让人恶心 |
| 663 | It's become, as you see the little Swedish flag in there, | 就像你看到的瑞典国旗一样 |
| 664 | a marker of identification, | 身份标识, |
| 665 | but it is associated particularly with Christmas. | 但它与圣诞节特别相关 |
| 666 | So in fact, until the recent revival | 所以事实上,直到最近的复兴 |
| 667 | of lutefisk in Sweden, they'd forgotten about it. | 在瑞典的卢特菲斯克, 他们忘记了这一点。 |
| 668 | This is really, I'm closing with this | 这真的,我要结束这个 |
| 669 | because here is an example of archaism. | 因为这里是一个古典主义的例子。 |
| 670 | That is you bring up something from the past | 那是你从过去提出的东西 |
| 671 | and say, this is our tradition. | 说 这是我们的传统 |
| 672 | People don't actually necessarily like it, | 人们并不喜欢它, |
| 673 | but it gives you a sort of, I don't know, | 但它给你一种, 我不知道, |
| 674 | a sense of belonging. | 一种归属感 |
| 675 | So really I would end with this remark that I began with, | 所以,真的,我最后要说 我开始的话, |
| 676 | that essentially we're dealing with something | 基本上,我们处理的东西 |
| 677 | that is not so much old as it feels old. | 这不是老到老的感觉。 |
| 678 | It validates a tradition that is not religious, | 它证实了一种非宗教的传统, |
| 679 | not national, not family, | 不是国家 不是家庭 |
| 680 | but some combination of all of those. | 但所有这些的组合。 |
| 681 | So as Devin said, I'd be glad to entertain | 正如德文所说 我很乐意娱乐 |
| 682 | questions or comments. | 问题或评论。 |
| 683 | And let me also wish you all the best | 我也祝你一切顺利 |
| 684 | for the end of the year | (单位:千美元) |
| 685 | and the beginning of a new one. | 和一个新的开始。 |
| 686 | Great, so if people have questions, | 太好了,所以如果人们有疑问, |
| 687 | feel free to raise your hand or type it in the chat box. | 随便举手或者在聊天盒里打 |
| 688 | And we can just have a nice, friendly time to discuss. | 我们可以有一个愉快的,友好的时间讨论。 |
| 689 | Thank you, professor. | 谢谢你,教授 |
| 690 | I really enjoyed your talk on Christmas foods. | 我真的很喜欢你讲圣诞食物 |
| 691 | I have a question, what are some significant connections | 我有一个问题,什么是一些重要的联系 |
| 692 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}你在中日节间看到的 | |
| 693 | that are similar to Christmas holidays? | 类似圣诞节的节日? |
| 694 | Well, you tell me. | 你告诉我 |
| 695 | I mean, what Chinese holidays would be similar? | 中国的节日会有什么相似的? |
| 696 | I think seasonal aspects, which as I understand it, | 我觉得季节性方面, 据我所知, |
| 697 | are very important in certain Chinese festivals. | 在某些中国节日中非常重要。 |
| 698 | Oh yeah, I think I was talking about Chinese New Year, | 哦,是的,我想我是在说 中国新年, |
| 699 | which I think is really similar to Christmas. | 我觉得这和圣诞节很相似 |
| 700 | Yes, so I think as I understand it, | 是的,所以我认为我理解它, |
| 701 | the sort of celebration that I mentioned before, | 我之前提到的庆典 |
| 702 | having a kind of slightly rowdy atmosphere, | 气氛有点模糊 |
| 703 | setting off fireworks or having parades | 引爆烟花或游行 |
| 704 | is kind of like Christmas was a couple hundred years ago. | 就像几百年前的圣诞节一样 |
| 705 | What I wonder is if Chinese New Year is as family centered | 我想知道中国新年是不是以家庭为中心 |
| 706 | as Christmas has become in the United States and in Britain. | 圣诞节在美国和英国都已经过去 |
| 707 | In other words, what holidays are celebrated | 换句话说,什么节日是庆祝 |
| 708 | kind of like publicly where you go and do something outside | 有点像公开 你去那里 做一些外面的东西 |
| 709 | or you go on parades or watch other people | 或者去游行或者看别人 |
| 710 | and which holidays are just celebrated in the family? | 家庭里刚刚庆祝了什么节日? |
| 711 | What's happened in a lot of the United States and Britain | 在美国和英国发生的一切 |
| 712 | but less in places like Spain and Italy | 但西班牙和意大利等地的情况更少 |
| 713 | is that holidays that were formerly celebrated | 是以前过的节日 |
| 714 | sort of by an entire village or neighborhood | 被整个村庄或附近 |
| 715 | are more family centered, more isolated. | 更以家庭为中心 更孤立 |
| 716 | Thank you, Raina. | 谢谢你,蕾娜。 |
| 717 | Anybody else have any questions? | 还有谁有问题吗? |
| 718 | Or if anybody also wants to comment | 或者还有人想评论 |
| 719 | about comparing Chinese holidays with Christmas | 关于中国节日与圣诞节的比较 |
| 720 | and other similar holidays in the West? | 在西方还有其他类似的节日吗? |
| 721 | What I wonder is if in China there is the same, | 我想知道的是,如果在中国有同样的, |
| 722 | I mean, there's an undercurrent of attitudes | 我的意思是,有 一种底流的态度 |
| 723 | in the United States and Britain | 美国和英国 |
| 724 | that these holidays are not fun. | 这些节日不好玩。 |
| 725 | Officially, you're not supposed to say that, | 官方说,你不应该说, |
| 726 | but in fact, it's all over newspapers and magazines | 但实际上,它 遍及报纸和杂志 |
| 727 | that people get depressed during the holidays | 人们在节日中感到沮丧 |
| 728 | because you're supposed to be happy, but they're not. | 因为你应该快乐,但他们不是。 |
| 729 | Or that the holidays are when you discover | 或者假期是当你发现 |
| 730 | just how badly your family gets along, | 只是你家人相处得有多糟 |
| 731 | that you realize that you are relieved | 你意识到你被解脱了 |
| 732 | when the holidays are over because it's a lot of work. | 当假期结束 因为它的工作很多。 |
| 733 | I don't think that this is something | 我不认为这是什么 |
| 734 | that people like to boast about, | 人们喜欢自夸, |
| 735 | but it is such a feature of the media. | 但这是媒体的一个特色。 |
| 736 | I don't know if Devin agrees with me, | 我不知道德文是否同意我的观点 |
| 737 | but it is so often, even though the holidays are designed, | 但它是如此频繁, 即使假期的设计, |
| 738 | I mean, the media is designed to make you spend money | 我的意思是,媒体是用来让你花钱的 |
| 739 | and feel good about the holidays. | 并感觉很好 关于假期。 |
| 740 | It sort of takes back with the other hand | 用另一只手来取回 |
| 741 | and points out how many people experience | 并指出有多少人经历 |
| 742 | the period as dreadful. | 这段时期是可怕的。 |
| 743 | I wonder if that's true in China, I suspect not, | 我怀疑中国是不是这样,我怀疑不是 |
| 744 | but perhaps I'm romanticizing. | 但也许我在浪漫 |
| 745 | I mean, I would love to hear if other people have thoughts. | 我的意思是,我很想知道 如果别人有想法。 |
| 746 | Certainly, I think a lot of the traditions are changing, | 当然,我认为很多传统正在改变, |
| 747 | and I hear often of people nostalgically saying, | 我经常听到人们怀旧地说 |
| 748 | it's not the same as, Chinese New Year is not the same | 和中国新年不一样 |
| 749 | as it was back then, | 就像那时一样 |
| 750 | and there's not as much of an emphasis, | 没有那么多的强调, |
| 751 | and maybe people are more interested in traveling | 也许人们更有兴趣旅行 |
| 752 | instead of actually getting together with family. | 而不是真正与家人团聚。 |
| 753 | Right, right. | 对,对。 |
| 754 | I spent a lot of time in Spain for my research, | 我花了很多时间在西班牙做研究 |
| 755 | and Holy Week, as it's called, | 和神圣的周, 正如它叫, |
| 756 | which is the week before Easter, | 这是复活节前的一周, |
| 757 | which used to be marked by religious observance, | 那是以宗教为标志的, |
| 758 | beginning in the 1970s, both because of affluence | 从1970年代开始,因为富裕 |
| 759 | and the decreasing in piety, | 和减少敬畏的人, |
| 760 | Holy Week became a time to travel, | 圣周成为旅行的时代 |
| 761 | and so you would see travel agencies with | 这样你就能看见旅行社 |
| 762 | advertisements in them for going to Sri Lanka | 广告里有去斯里兰卡的广告 |
| 763 | for your Samana Santa for Holy Week, | 为了圣周的圣诞老人 |
| 764 | or going to Sardinia or Tunisia or the United States | 或前往撒丁岛、突尼斯或美国 |
| 765 | or wherever, but the idea that far from family observance, | 或任何地方,但这个想法 远离家庭守节, |
| 766 | religious observance, you just go to some resort. | 你只要去个度假村 |
| 767 | Yeah, that certainly changes. | 是啊,这当然改变。 |
| 768 | I was curious to hear how so much of the foods | 我好奇地听到这么多食物 |
| 769 | are so heavily spiced and sugared, | 如此浓厚的香料和糖, |
| 770 | which is something we've sort of tracked | 这是我们追踪到的东西 |
| 771 | from medieval times. | 从中世纪时代。 |
| 772 | I'm just curious if there are any other sort of noticeable | 我只是好奇 有没有其他的明显 |
| 773 | reasons that you can think of for why that may be true. | 你能够想到的原因 为什么会是这样 |
| 774 | I think it is, as I said, | 我想,就像我说的, |
| 775 | a kind of combination of German and British romanticism. | 这是德国和英国浪漫主义的结合 |
| 776 | So the way the Christmas holiday is shaped | 圣诞假期的形状 |
| 777 | in the 19th century coincides with the maximum influence | 在19世纪 与最大的影响力相吻合 |
| 778 | of the romantic idea of the Middle Ages, | 中世纪的浪漫思想, |
| 779 | not only as a religious period, | 不仅是宗教时期, |
| 780 | but as a period of gallantry, celebration, | 但作为一个荣耀的时期, |
| 781 | the antithesis of industrial society. | 工业社会的反面 |
| 782 | So you try to evoke a medieval atmosphere | 所以你想引起中世纪的气氛 |
| 783 | because it's festive as opposed to going to the factory | 因为它是庆典 而不是去工厂 |
| 784 | or going to the office or later getting into your car | 或去办公室 或以后上车 |
| 785 | or getting into the bus or the metro to go to work. | 或者坐公交车或地铁上班 |
| 786 | And so it's a bit of a fantasy, | 所以,这是一个有点幻想, |
| 787 | but one that's based on a perceived tradition. | 但有一个是基于一种感觉的传统。 |
| 788 | And so the food conforms to that. | 食物也符合这个要求 |
| 789 | Yeah, and that's sort of, | 是啊,这有点, |
| 790 | another thing we talk a lot about is the role of nostalgia | 我们经常谈论的另一件事是怀旧的作用 |
| 791 | in food, not just holiday foods, | 食物,不只是节日食物, |
| 792 | but just in general about how a lot of the food traditions | 但一般说来,很多食物传统 |
| 793 | we actually have aren't actually that old, | 我们其实没有那么老, |
| 794 | but we sort of attribute them to being older than they are, | 但我们把他们归咎于 比他们年长, |
| 795 | you know, to sort of have this sense of the good old days. | 你知道,有点有这种感觉 美好的过去。 |
| 796 | Can you, I think, and that I think would be something | 你能,我想, 我认为会是什么 |
| 797 | that may be similar across cultures is sort of this role | 文化间可能相似的就是这种角色 |
| 798 | that nostalgia and perhaps false food memories may have | 怀旧,也许有假食物记忆 |
| 799 | in holiday celebrations. | 在节日庆祝。 |
| 800 | Yeah, so in order for nostalgia to work, | 所以为了怀旧工作 |
| 801 | it's best if the food is something that you only eat then. | 如果食物是你只吃的东西 那最好 |
| 802 | So I think in China, obviously varies from region to region. | 因此我认为在中国,显然因地区而异. |
| 803 | There are a number of dishes that are associated with, | 有一些菜肴与, |
| 804 | you know, one particular time of year. | 你知道,一年的某个时候。 |
| 805 | So that is certainly a way of, yeah, | 所以,这当然是一种方式,是的, |
| 806 | of having that nostalgia in the foreground. | 怀旧在前景。 |
| 807 | So there's a question in the chat | 聊天时有个问题 |
| 808 | of how has Christmas food changed or developed | 如何改变或发展圣诞食物 |
| 809 | over the course of time? | 在一段时间里? |
| 810 | Yeah, what differences can be found | 是啊,有什么区别 |
| 811 | between modern Christmas foods and traditional foods? | 现代圣诞食品和传统食品之间? |
| 812 | So we now go to the house of some people | 现在我们去一些人的家 |
| 813 | on Christmas day who serve goose. | 在圣诞节谁为鹅服务。 |
| 814 | And goose is something that used to be very widespread. | 而鹅是过去非常普遍的东西. |
| 815 | And it's mentioned in fact in Dickens' Christmas Carol, | 事实上,狄更斯的圣诞卡罗尔提到过 |
| 816 | but it's tedious to cook | 但煮饭很无聊 |
| 817 | and hard to find. | 很难找到 |
| 818 | And so this would have been, | 因此,这将是, |
| 819 | this is an example of something that was very common, | 这是一个非常常见的例子, |
| 820 | say, you know, 1850, 1870 and replaced largely by Turkey | 说,你知道,1850年,1870年 基本上被土耳其取代 |
| 821 | or Turkey itself, as I said, after 1900 was replaced. | 或土耳其本身,如我所说,1900年后被替换。 |
| 822 | American Christmas has become less like British Christmas | 美国圣诞节已经不像英国圣诞节了 |
| 823 | as time has gone on. | 随着时间的流逝 |
| 824 | So in 1850 or 1870, you'd have Christmas pudding | 所以在1850年或1870年 你会有圣诞布丁 |
| 825 | that was exactly like English plum pudding. | 这就像英国梅花布丁。 |
| 826 | Now I've been to Christmas celebrations | 现在我去参加圣诞庆典了 |
| 827 | where people have had it, | 在那里人们拥有它, |
| 828 | but it's always been something that they bought. | 但总是他们买的东西。 |
| 829 | I don't think I've ever had actually plum pudding | 我从来没吃过梅花布丁 |
| 830 | that people made for Christmas in the United States. | 美国的圣诞礼物 |
| 831 | So the major tendency is for the canonical food | 所以主要的倾向是 峡谷食品 |
| 832 | to have been replaced by a kind of repertoire | 被某种编剧取代 |
| 833 | of possibilities. | 以及各种可能性。 |
| 834 | So that's, I guess, the point I was trying to make | 所以,我猜,这就是我想说的 |
| 835 | with regard to my in-laws featuring Canadian bacon | 关于我的姻亲 以加拿大培根为主角 |
| 836 | and stolen. | 和偷窃。 |
| 837 | So the stolen is a Christmas food, | 所以偷来的是圣诞食物 |
| 838 | but not necessarily for the day of Christmas | 但不一定在圣诞节那天 |
| 839 | or the Canadian bacon. | 或加拿大培根。 |
| 840 | I don't know where that comes from. | 我不知道从哪里来的。 |
| 841 | And as many of you will have experienced, | 你们中许多人,将经历许多苦难, |
| 842 | there are all sorts of questions now | 现在有各种各样的问题 |
| 843 | you'd like to ask your parents, but it's too late. | 你想问你的父母, 但为时已晚。 |
| 844 | Yeah, I mean, it reminds me of how many | 是啊,我的意思是,它让我想起了多少 |
| 845 | Chinese-American households for Thanksgiving | 感恩节美国华人家庭 |
| 846 | instead of Turkey will have roast duck | 而不是土耳其的烤鸭 |
| 847 | and instead of stuffing, we'll have fried rice. | 和不填充, 我们将有炒米。 |
| 848 | And these things are malleable when you're in a country | 当你在一个国家的时候,这些东西是可塑的 |
| 849 | and in a food tradition that's known for having choices | 以有选择的食品传统著称 |
| 850 | more so than for specific quality of food. | 比食物的具体质量还要好 |
| 851 | And also in a country whose food is maybe alien, | 在一个食物可能是异形的国家里 |
| 852 | but really alien at the time, I mean, Thanksgiving food, | 感恩节食物 |
| 853 | there's no immigrant group to the United States | 没有移民到美国 |
| 854 | or well-represented immigrant group | 移民群体 |
| 855 | that immediately likes Thanksgiving food | 喜欢感恩节食物 |
| 856 | and that doesn't find it horrific. | 这不觉得可怕。 |
| 857 | It looks like we have another hand up. | 看起来我们还有另一只手 |
| 858 | Hello, Professor, thanks for your sharing. | 你好 教授 谢谢你的分享 |
| 859 | Talking about the Christmas pudding, | 谈到圣诞布丁, |
| 860 | I heard that people put coins in Christmas pudding. | 我听说人们在圣诞布丁里放了硬币 |
| 861 | Is that true? | 是吗? |
| 862 | It's interesting that in China, | 有趣的是,在中国, |
| 863 | we also put coins in dumplings during spring festivals. | 我们还在春节时在饺子里放硬币 |
| 864 | I want to know what this tradition comes from in the West. | 我想知道这个传统是来自西方的。 |
| 865 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 866 | Yes, good, I'm glad you asked that. | 是的,很好,我很高兴你问。 |
| 867 | There is, for example, in New Orleans, | 例如在新奥尔良 |
| 868 | a thing called a king cake, | 一个叫国王蛋糕的东西 |
| 869 | which will have some prize or coin in part of it. | 里面会有一些奖品或硬币 |
| 870 | And you do see this sometimes with puddings or pies. | 你有时会用布丁或馅饼看到这个。 |
| 871 | And I think it's the same idea | 我认为这是同一个想法 |
| 872 | as in the dumplings that you described. | 就像你描述的饺子一样 |
| 873 | Luck, luck for the new year, | 好运,新年好运, |
| 874 | rather than luck associated with Christmas | 而不是与圣诞节有关的运气 |
| 875 | as a religious holiday. | 作为宗教节日。 |
| 876 | But religion, the supernatural, the desire for luck | 但宗教,超自然,渴望好运 |
| 877 | and the recognition that it's not apportioned out everywhere. | 和承认它不是 分布各地。 |
| 878 | In other words, luck is something that you try to seek out | 换句话说,运气是你想找的 |
| 879 | and guard jealously if you find it | 你当敬畏,如果你发现它, |
| 880 | because there's not a great surplus of it. | 因为它没有很大的盈余。 |
| 881 | So yes, very similar kind of mental focus for those. | 因此,是的,非常相似的 精神上的关注。 |
| 882 | The fact that they're in dumplings in China, I think, | 我想他们在中国的饺子里 |
| 883 | shows that the Chinese taste for sweet items | 显示中国人对甜品的味道 |
| 884 | like cakes, cookies, and so forth | 像蛋糕,饼干,等等 |
| 885 | is not perhaps as well-developed or crazy, | 也许不是那么发达或疯狂, |
| 886 | to put it a little more bluntly, | 直说吧 |
| 887 | as in the United States and Britain. | 在美国和英国。 |
| 888 | As Devin knows, and many of you, | 正如德文所知,还有你们很多人 |
| 889 | I'm sure, will have had this experience too, | 我肯定,也会有这种经历, |
| 890 | that by this time in December, | 到12月这个时候 |
| 891 | you've already just been offered so many cookies, cakes, | 你已经得到了这么多的饼干,蛋糕, |
| 892 | things that are just dense with sugar. | 东西只是密集的糖。 |
| 893 | There's still several weeks to go. | 还有几个星期呢 |
| 894 | Yes, and that of course plays into another holiday tradition | 是的,这当然是另一个节日传统 |
| 895 | of New Year's resolutions that don't get fulfilled. | 新年的决议没有实现 |
| 896 | New Year's resolutions are still right to lose weight | 新年的决议还是可以减肥的 |
| 897 | because it's very hard to avoid. | 因为很难避免 |
| 898 | Great. | 不错 |
| 899 | I'm curious about goose, | 我对鹅很好奇 |
| 900 | and why has that fallen out of favor in the US? | 为什么这在美国会失去支持? |
| 901 | I mean, that seems like such a better option than turkey. | 这似乎比火鸡更好的选择 |
| 902 | The meat is dark. | 肉为阴. |
| 903 | Most Americans like white meat, | 大部分美国人喜欢吃白肉 |
| 904 | and the turkeys are bread to have, | 火鸡是面包, |
| 905 | and chickens too, for that matter. | 还有鸡肉,就这点而言。 |
| 906 | Huge breasts and huge amounts of white meat. | 巨大的乳房和大量的白肉。 |
| 907 | Goose produces a lot of fat, | 鹅产生很多脂肪, |
| 908 | even more than duck. | 甚至比鸭子还要多 |
| 909 | So it's not that turkey is particularly healthful, | 所以不是火鸡特别健康 |
| 910 | but goose seems like it's just a lot of trouble. | 但鹅似乎只是麻烦大了 |
| 911 | Yeah, I like it a lot when we have it | 是啊,我喜欢它很多 当我们有它 |
| 912 | at these people's house, but I'm glad that they cook it, | 在这些人的家里, 但我很高兴他们做它, |
| 913 | and I'm never tempted to try it myself. | 我从来没有尝试过自己。 |
| 914 | I mean, another aspect of both Thanksgiving | 我的意思是,另一个方面 两个感恩节 |
| 915 | and Christmas in the United States | 在美国的圣诞节 |
| 916 | is that people, first of all, | 是人,首先是, |
| 917 | people don't cook at home that much. | 人们在家里做饭不多 |
| 918 | Secondly, they don't use their ovens very much. | 第二,他们很少使用他们的烤箱。 |
| 919 | They don't roast meat anymore. | 他们不再烤肉了。 |
| 920 | That used to be something that in my childhood, | 那是我小时候的事 |
| 921 | you know, if you went to people's houses for dinner, | 如果你去别人家吃晚饭 |
| 922 | they would roast something for dinner, | 他们会烤的东西吃饭, |
| 923 | because that was sort of like a demonstration of seriousness | 因为这有点像 证明严肃 |
| 924 | about serving you something. | 关于为你服务的事情。 |
| 925 | Many people don't even really know how to light their oven, | 很多人甚至不知道如何点燃烤箱, |
| 926 | so that there are helplines for people | 以便人们有求助热线; |
| 927 | who can't figure out how to roast their turkey. | 谁也想不出来 如何烤他们的火鸡。 |
| 928 | And the helplines start out with people | 热线是从人们开始的 |
| 929 | who can't remember how to light their oven, | 谁不记得如何点燃他们的烤箱, |
| 930 | or whose oven they haven't used in a long time. | 或者是他们很久没用过的烤箱 |
| 931 | And most of the ovens in this country | 这个国家的大部分烤箱 |
| 932 | have a system where a small flame comes on, | 拥有一个小火点的系统, |
| 933 | and then it ignites a larger one, | 然后它燃起一个更大的, |
| 934 | and often that ignition doesn't work, | 经常点火不起作用, |
| 935 | particularly if you haven't used it in a long time. | 特别是如果你很久没用过的话 |
| 936 | So people have this, you know, | 所以人们有这个,你知道的, |
| 937 | justifiable panic because they have 10 people coming over | 因为他们有十个人过来 |
| 938 | and their oven isn't working. | 他们的烤箱不起作用 |
| 939 | But the reason their oven isn't working | 但是他们的烤箱不起作用的原因 |
| 940 | is that they haven't used it since last Thanksgiving | 他们从上个感恩节就不用了 |
| 941 | or Christmas. | 或者圣诞节 |
| 942 | Yeah, it reminds me of a chef who always says, | 是啊,这让我想起了一位厨师 他总是说, |
| 943 | you know, why are the people cooking | 你知道,为什么人们做饭 |
| 944 | the biggest meal of the year, one time a year, | 是一年中最大的一顿饭 每年一次 |
| 945 | and that's it. | 就这样 |
| 946 | Like, why would you not call in the professionals | 喜欢,你为什么不叫专业 |
| 947 | to do that? | 这样做? |
| 948 | That would be the one time when, yeah, yeah, | 这将是一次,当,是啊,是啊, |
| 949 | when it would be best to just go out in theory. | 最好从理论上说出去 |
| 950 | But it's, you know, it's like, I don't know, | 但是,你知道, 这就像,我不知道, |
| 951 | you could, you wanna show that you could run the marathon, | 你可以,你想显示 你可以运行马拉松, |
| 952 | but you haven't actually trained for it. | 但你没有真正训练它。 |
| 953 | Right, right. | 对,对。 |
| 954 | All right, well, thank you, Paul. | 好吧,谢谢你,保罗。 |
| 955 | Thank you, Professor Friedman for joining us | 谢谢你,弗里德曼教授 加入我们 |
| 956 | and thank you everybody for waking up early for this. | 感谢大家的早起 |
| 957 | Thank you everybody, it's great to see you. | 谢谢大家,很高兴见到你 |
| 958 | Oh, we do. | 哦,我们有。 |
| 959 | Andy又举手了 | |
| 960 | Would you like to answer one more question? | 你想再回答一个问题吗? |
| 961 | Sure. | 当然 |
| 962 | All right, we'll make this the last one. | 好吧,我们会让这是最后一个。 |
| 963 | Hi, Professor, yeah, thanks very much for sharing, | 嗨,教授,谢谢大家分享 |
| 964 | you know, the interesting histories. | 有趣的历史 |
| 965 | Yeah, I guess, I mean, maybe you already mentioned this, | 是啊,我想,我的意思是,也许你已经提到这一点, |
| 966 | but I guess in general, like we, you know, | 但总而言之,就像我们... |
| 967 | the people in the East are, I guess, less, | 东方的人,我想,是少, |
| 968 | you know, addictive to sweets or, you know, | 你知道,对甜食上瘾 或者,你知道, |
| 969 | kind of sweet food or desserts. | 一种甜食或甜点。 |
| 970 | So it's common that, you know, | 所以这很常见,你知道, |
| 971 | when we travel to the West or, you know, | 当我们旅行到西方 或者,你知道, |
| 972 | maybe in the Middle East, people, you know, | 也许在中东,人们,你知道, |
| 973 | the level of acceptance in terms of sweet food is really, | 甜食的接受程度其实是, |
| 974 | it's really high. | 这真的很高。 |
| 975 | And, you know, in general, | 而且,你知道,总的来说, |
| 976 | those foods are kind of too sweet for us. | 那些食物对我们来说太甜了 |
| 977 | You know, do you think there's a, | 你知道,你认为有一个, |
| 978 | maybe like an economic reason for that, you know, | 也许就像经济原因,你知道, |
| 979 | in terms of the, you know, the history of sugar | 在糖的历史方面 |
| 980 | or anything like that? | 或任何类似的东西? |
| 981 | I think it really is a matter of taste. | 我觉得这真的是品味问题 |
| 982 | So, because there are some things like meat. | 所以,因为有些事情 像肉。 |
| 983 | So as China has become economically more prosperous, | 所以随着中国经济的繁荣 |
| 984 | the amount of meat consumed has increased dramatically, | 食用肉的数量急剧增加, |
| 985 | but I don't think that the amount of sugar has, | 但我不认为糖的数量有, |
| 986 | and you see it in things like tea. | 你从茶等东西中看到它 |
| 987 | So, you know, tea, which was invented in China, | 所以,你知道,茶,这是在中国发明的, |
| 988 | in much of the rest of the world, people drink with sugar. | 在世界上大部分地方 人们喝着糖 |
| 989 | So most people in Britain, you know, | 所以大多数英国人,你知道, |
| 990 | a country with a lot of tea drinking, | 这个国家喝了很多茶 |
| 991 | put milk and or sugar in their tea. | 把牛奶或糖放进茶里 |
| 992 | In the Middle East, often tea is drunk with sugar, | 在中东,茶经常喝着糖 |
| 993 | coffee as well. | 还有咖啡 |
| 994 | So I just think that, I don't think it's like a | 所以我想,我不认为它像一个 |
| 995 | biological, genetic, | 生物学、遗传学 |
| 996 | but it's a very strong cultural preference. | 但它是一个非常强烈的文化偏好。 |
| 997 | And it, yeah, it's quite remarkable, | 而且,是的,这是相当显著的, |
| 998 | I think, the experience of traveling, | 我认为,旅行的经验, |
| 999 | growing up in China and then just seeing how much sugar | 在中国长大,然后看到糖量 |
| 1000 | the rest of the world thinks is desirable. | 其他人认为是可取的。 |
| 1001 | And the way people rhapsodize about, you know, | 和人们的曲调,你知道, |
| 1002 | ice cream or chocolate cake or, you know, | 冰激凌或者巧克力蛋糕,或者,你知道, |
| 1003 | joke about how tempting it is, | 开玩笑说它有多诱人, |
| 1004 | things that, you know, even I, | 事情,你知道, 即使我, |
| 1005 | I don't have actually a love of sweet things | 我其实不爱甜美的东西 |
| 1006 | commensurate with my culture. | 符合我的文化 |
| 1007 | And so I often, God, do I really have to eat this? | 我经常要吃这个吗? |
| 1008 | Or are you serious? | 还是你是认真的? |
| 1009 | Are you going to eat that huge slab of chocolate cake | 你要吃那块巨大的巧克力蛋糕吗? |
| 1010 | and with ice cream and then put some sort of sweet syrup | 加上冰淇淋 然后放点甜糖浆 |
| 1011 | on the ice cream? | 在冰淇淋上吗? |
| 1012 | So yeah, I think it's really cultural and not economic. | 所以是的,我认为它真的 文化而不是经济。 |
| 1013 | Yeah, very interesting. | 对 非常有趣 |
| 1014 | Thank you, professor. | 谢谢你,教授 |
| 1015 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 1016 | All right, well, thank you everybody again for joining us. | 好了,再次感谢大家加入我们。 |
| 1017 | And thank you, Professor Friedman, as always, | 谢谢你 弗里德曼教授 一如既往 |
| 1018 | for a wonderful discussion. | 讨论的精彩。 |
| 1019 | If you guys know either myself or Professor Friedman, | 如果你认识我或弗里德曼教授 |
| 1020 | you'll know that we can talk about food forever. | 你会知道我们可以永远谈论食物 |
| 1021 | So, but hopefully- | 所以,但是希望... ... . . |
| 1022 | I look forward to having Neil with you soon, Devin. | 我期待着尼尔很快与你在一起,德文。 |
| 1023 | Thank you for inviting me. | 谢谢你邀请我 |
| 1024 | All right, thank you everybody. | 好吧,谢谢大家。 |
| 1025 | And I will unmute everybody | 我会揭开大家的怨恨 |
| 1026 | so that they can thank you as well. | 让他们也能感谢你 |
| 1027 | Thank you so much. | 非常感谢 |
| 1028 | Have a happy holiday. | 节日快乐 |
| 1029 | Thank you, Professor. | 谢谢你,教授 |
| 1030 | Thanks, Professor. | 谢谢,教授 |
| 1031 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 1032 | Thank you, Professor. | 谢谢你,教授 |
| 1033 | Bye. | 再见。 |
| 1034 | Thank you, bye. | 谢谢你,再见。 |
| 1035 | Bye. | 再见。 |
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