比“权游”片头还精彩的中世纪地图，为你再现波谲云诡的世界历史

发布于 2022-11-14 · 时长 1:00:48

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:04	Hello everybody, my name is Devin Lau.	大家好我叫刘德文
0:05	I'm the associate director for Yale Center Beijing.	我是耶鲁中心北京的副主任.
0:09	I am here with Ray and Kristen.	我在这里与雷和克莉丝汀。
0:13	I will get to introducing them in a second.	我马上就会介绍他们
0:15	Yale Center	耶鲁中心
0:15	Beijing is Yale's first and only university-wide center where we gathered together Yale faculty	北京是耶鲁的第一个,也是唯一的全大学中心我们聚集在耶鲁教研室
0:23	and staff and alumni and students to discuss the latest things that are going on at Yale.	以及员工、校友和学生讨论耶鲁大学的最新事件。
0:30	We've covered quite a variety of topics in the last year or so, over 100 activities covering	去年左右我们讨论过很多主题 100多项活动
0:40	everything from astronomy to art history to economics, philosophy, you name it.	从天文学到艺术史到经济学,哲学,你都说得出来
0:47	But today	不过今天

展开字幕全文（635 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	Hello everybody, my name is Devin Lau.	大家好我叫刘德文
2	I'm the associate director for Yale Center Beijing.	我是耶鲁中心北京的副主任.
3	I am here with Ray and Kristen.	我在这里与雷和克莉丝汀。
4	I will get to introducing them in a second.	我马上就会介绍他们
5	Yale Center	耶鲁中心
6	Beijing is Yale's first and only university-wide center where we gathered together Yale faculty	北京是耶鲁的第一个,也是唯一的全大学中心我们聚集在耶鲁教研室
7	and staff and alumni and students to discuss the latest things that are going on at Yale.	以及员工、校友和学生讨论耶鲁大学的最新事件。
8	We've covered quite a variety of topics in the last year or so, over 100 activities covering	去年左右我们讨论过很多主题 100多项活动
9	everything from astronomy to art history to economics, philosophy, you name it.	从天文学到艺术史到经济学,哲学,你都说得出来
10	But today	不过今天
11	we're actually starting a new, what will hopefully be a series of talks where we will feature	我们实际上正在开始一个新的, 希望会是一系列的会谈, 我们将突出
12	people from different parts of Yale and sort of, as many of you know, Yale has quite an interesting	来自耶鲁不同地方的人, 并且,你们中许多人都知道,耶鲁有一个相当有趣的
13	array of resources available, I would say an embarrassment of riches, and most famous of which	我要说,这是财富的尴尬,其中最著名的是
14	probably is the Beinecke Rare Book Library, Rare Book and Manuscript Library.	可能是Beinecke稀书库、稀书库和壁画图书馆。
15	And so this is,	这就是,
16	we're featuring Ray and Kristen as sort of a way to feature what goes on at the Beinecke Library	我们以雷和克莉丝汀为主角来展示贝内克图书馆发生的事情
17	and they have some very interesting things to share with us today.	他们今天有一些有趣的事情要和我们分享。
18	So let me give them a	所以,让我给他们一个
19	quick introduction.	快速介绍。
20	Raymond Clemens is curator of early books and manuscripts at the Beinecke	雷蒙德·克莱门斯是贝内克早期书籍和手稿的馆长
21	Rare Book and Manuscript Library.	稀有图书与手稿图书馆.
22	Prior to coming to Yale, he was associate professor of history	在来到耶鲁大学之前,他是历史学的副教授
23	at Illinois State University as well as the acting director of the Newberry Library Center	伊利诺伊州立大学,以及Newberry图书馆中心的代理主任
24	for Renaissance Studies.	文艺复兴研究。
25	他与Timothy Graham是《手稿介绍》的作者
26	研究以及耶鲁出版的"Beinecke Manuscript"的编辑.
27	He's	琌
28	Andrew Mellon研究金和Newberry图书馆英国学院交流研究金
29	and he received his PhD from Columbia University.	他获得了哥伦比亚大学的博士学位。
30	Kristen Herman是中世纪博士候选人
31	Studies program here at Yale.	在耶鲁大学学习课程
32	She received her bachelor's in art history from Case Western	她从Case Western获得她的艺术史学士学位
33	Reserve University as well as her master's in world literature from there before coming to Yale	后备大学,还有她的世界文学大师在来到耶鲁大学之前
34	to do her PhD work.	做她的博士学位工作。
35	Her research interests include textiles, monastic architecture and	她的研究兴趣包括纺织、修道院建筑和
36	art historical approaches to manuscript studies with special attention to 15th century medieval	艺术历史方法手稿研究特别关注15世纪中世纪
37	devotional books and the complex relationship between text and image.	奉献书和文字与形象的复杂关系.
38	She is kind enough to	她很温柔
39	take time off from writing her dissertation to join us this morning.	今天早上请假写论文加入我们
40	Her dissertation	她的论文
41	entitled Unrolling Revelation Material Making and Meaning addresses the multimedia multimodal	题为 " 材料制作和含义的撤销 " 的多媒体多式联运
42	work of the late medieval nuns of Lower Saxony.	下萨克森的中世纪后期修女的工作.
43	She is currently a graduate research assistant	她现在是研究生研究助理
44	at the Yale Center for British Art which we will hopefully also feature in this series.	在耶鲁的英国艺术中心... ...我们希望能也参加这一系列
45	In the past she was a curatorial fellow at Beinecke where she co-curated this exhibit	她以前是贝内克的教务员在那里合作举办这个展览
46	that we're going to be talking today about the world and maps 1400 to 1600 and they will be	今天我们将谈论世界和1400到1600年的地图
47	focusing more on the European side of things I believe.	更专注于欧洲方面我相信的事情。
48	So I will turn things over to Ray who	所以我会把事情交给雷
49	will get us started and then he will turn things over to Kristen and then at the end we will have	然后他把事情交给克莉丝汀然后最后我们就会有了
50	some time for audience Q&A so feel free to input some questions into the chat box in the Zoom	给观众一些时间,
51	bottom of the Zoom box and I'll be happy to help moderate that when the time comes.	放大盒的底部我很乐意在时机到来时帮助你调和一下
52	So without	所以没有
53	further ado Ray.	更进一步,雷。
54	Thank you very much Devin and thank you for tuning into this Zoom presentation.	非常感谢德文并感谢你调整了这个缩放演示文稿。
55	It's very nice to see at least a number of faces.	见到至少几个面孔是非常好的.
56	I'm going to be sharing a number of slides so you	我将分享一些幻灯片,所以你
57	can see some of the material that's in our exhibit.	可以看到一些材料在我们的展览。
58	This exhibit is largely as Devin said	这个展览基本上就像德文说的
59	on Western materials but that is largely because Yale doesn't have manuscript maps from Asia	西方的资料,但主要因为耶鲁没有亚洲的手稿地图
60	before 1600.	在1600年之前
61	We do have an entire case in exhibit devoted to Asian maps, some from China,	我们确实有一整个案例在展览专门用于亚洲的地图, 一些来自中国,
62	some from Korea, some from Japan and what those are are they are printed maps based on earlier	有的来自韩国,有的来自日本,这些是什么呢?
63	manuscript maps and some of them are just late printed maps and that's just because those are	手稿地图,有些只是晚印地图,那只是因为这些是
64	the materials that were available to us.	我们掌握的材料。
65	There's a lot of very interesting work being done in	有很多非常有趣的工作正在做
66	comparative cartography looking at the various ways in which East and West maps and one of the	比较制图考察东西方地图和
67	interesting things that we're able to show even with just a cursory look at these materials	有趣的东西,我们可以展示即使只是粗略地看这些材料
68	is the central idea that maps locate us in time and space and so the Western maps focus	是地图在时间和空间中定位我们的核心思想因此西方地图的重点
69	obviously on where the West thinks of itself and what its center is and Eastern maps focus on where	显然,西方认为自己在哪里,其中心是什么,东方地图则侧重于何处。
70	the East thinks the center is.	东方认为中心是。
71	So not surprisingly during the medieval period largely Asian maps	中世纪时期的亚洲地图
72	on China as the center of the world and the earliest maps are Buddhist maps that were used	中国是世界的中心最早的地图是佛教地图
73	for religious pilgrimage whether those pilgrimage works were actual or intellectual.	用于宗教朝圣,无论这些朝圣是实际的还是智力的。
74	So again these	又是这些
75	will be focused largely on the on the Western maps and I apologize for that if you get a chance to	我道歉如果你有机会
76	fly over you'll get to see our Asian maps as well in the case.	飞过去,你会看到我们的亚洲地图以及案件。
77	In the West by 1500 there are three	到了1500年,西方有三个
78	distinct types of mapping and you'll see as I present these that they're actually quite different	不同的地图类型,你会看到,当我展示这些他们实际上是相当不同的。
79	from each other and this didn't disturb people.	彼此之间,这并没有扰乱人们。
80	People knew that the maps represented different	人们知道地图是不同的
81	ways of describing the world and there probably weren't a whole lot of people working with maps	描述世界的方法可能没有那么多人工作与地图
82	anyway.	无论如何
83	They were limited to academics that were interested in astronomy and geography	他们仅限于对天文学和地理学感兴趣的学者
84	and people that actually had to sail, people that had to travel places.	和那些真正必须航行的人, 那些必须旅行的地方的人。
85	For the most part these maps are not concerned with human features they're concerned with sailing	这些地图大多与人类特征无关他们关心航海
86	which was the way in which Europeans began to explore the world.	这就是欧洲人开始探索世界的方式
87	This first map that you're	这是你第一张地图
88	looking at is a little bit dark and it's a map by a man named Martellus and this map was composed	看着它有点暗是一个叫马特勒斯的人绘制的地图这幅地图是编成的
89	we believe around 1490-1491 and unfortunately with looking at maps in a slideshow you don't	我们相信大约1490年-1491年在幻灯片里看到地图,很不幸
90	get a sense of perspective so I just wanted to add this is a fairly large map it is roughly	得到一个视角感所以我想补充一下这是一个相当大的地图它大约
91	you know a human wingspan.	你知道一个人类的翅膀。
92	I don't know it in meters I apologize but it's about five feet	我不知道在米里,我道歉,但它大约五英尺
93	in width so it's a very very large map and the reason it looks sort of dull is that its	在宽度上,它是一个非常大的地图, 它看起来有点乏味的原因是它
94	colors have been distorted by a varnish that was placed on it at some point which makes it	颜色被漆漆扭曲了在某个时候,它使它
95	difficult to read.	很难看
96	So a number of years ago we had an NEH project that used multispectral imaging	所以几年前我们有一个NEH项目使用多光谱成像
97	to take pictures at both the infrared and the ultraviolet spectra and used a computer to combine	在红外光谱和紫外光谱上拍照,并使用计算机结合
98	those and that gave us an enhanced image that looks a little bit bizarre it looks sort of like	这些,这给了我们一个增强的形象看起来有点奇怪它看起来有点像
99	an x-ray but it allows us to read the text which was very important with this map and the reason	但它允许我们阅读与地图和原因非常重要的文本
100	this map is so important is that Ptolemy himself was a second century Greek Egyptian astronomer	这张地图非常重要托勒密本人是第二世纪希腊埃及天文学家
101	and he made a map of the world that was essentially what we would call the northern hemisphere	他绘制了一张世界地图基本上就是我们称之为北半球
102	and in Ptolemy's maps we have the landmasses as they're represented only at the very bottom	而在Ptolemy的地图上,我们有陆地的集合,因为它们只在最底层代表
103	of Ptolemy's maps Africa and China connected and so the Indian Ocean was an inland sea it wasn't	Ptolemy的地图非洲和中国是相连的所以印度洋是内陆海它不是
104	in fact an ocean.	事实上是海
105	The reason we have the Africa and China differentiated here is that	我们之所以有非洲和中国的区别
106	Martellus was working with Portuguese explorers and those explorers had explained to him that	马特勒斯当时与葡萄牙探险家合作,这些探险家向他解释道:
107	they had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and they had actually begun exploring up	他们绕过了南非的好望角他们实际上已经开始探索
108	the eastern side of Africa and so they knew that Ptolemy was wrong and that Africa and Asia didn't	他们知道Ptolemy错了非洲和亚洲没有
109	connect and so that's what you see in this map and so historically this is one of the first maps we	连接,所以这就是你在地图上看到的历史上,这是我们最早的地图之一
110	have that shows Portuguese exploration and the way that it went around South Africa and opened up	显示葡萄牙人的探索以及它在南非的探索方式
111	that part of the world to exploration.	那地方的世界探索。
112	These maps became popular because they were from the 15th	这些地图因为来自15号而变得流行
113	century forward included in atlases and an atlas is simply a collection of many maps	包含在地图集和地图集中的地图集
114	usually organized by geographic area and so Ptolemy had maps of Africa and Europe and Asia	通常按地理区域排列所以Ptolemy有非洲、欧洲和亚洲的地图
115	and then even smaller maps of individual regions and so later geographers picked up on that and	更小的个别区域地图以及后来的地理学家
116	as the Europeans began to explore the world they added different maps so this in 1491 is the moment	当欧洲人开始探索世界时他们增加了不同的地图所以1491年就是这个时刻
117	before Christopher Columbus runs into Hispaniola and one of the fun things about this map is that	在克里斯托弗·哥伦布进入伊斯帕尼奥拉之前这张地图的乐趣之一是
118	if you look in the upper right corner you'll see an island and that island is Japan and the reason	如果你看右上角你会看到一个岛屿而那个岛屿是日本
119	that's important is that you can see why Columbus thought that if he sailed west from Spain that he	重要的是你能明白为什么哥伦布认为如果他从西班牙向西航行
120	would hit Japan fairly quickly.	很快会袭击日本
121	He knew that this map didn't really represent the circumference of	他知道这幅地图并不代表
122	the island but it was much smaller than it was and so Columbus expected to arrive in Japan much	这座岛比它小得多所以哥伦布预计会到日本
123	sooner than he did and also if you're aware of this when Columbus hits Hispaniola rather than	比他早哥伦布打希斯帕尼奥拉时你也清楚这一点
124	going around the island which is the normal practice he heads due north and the reason for	绕着岛走这是他往北走的正常做法
125	that is that he's hit what he thinks this map represents as Japan but in fact he hasn't and	也就是他撞到了他认为日本代表的地图但事实上他没有
126	he recognizes that by his second voyage and realizes that he's coming to some sort of	他意识到他的第二次航行并意识到他即将来到某种
127	but this map gives you a nice sense of what Europeans thought the world looked like as a	但这张地图让你对欧洲人所认为的世界有好感
128	as a sphere and this is another Martellus map only instead of being the size of a wall hanging	作为球体这是另一张马特鲁斯地图而不是挂墙的大小
129	this is in a book in the British Library and I just wanted to show it to you because it shows	这是在大英图书馆的一本书我只是想把它给你看,因为它显示
130	you that same going around the Cape of Good Hope and you'll notice that again China and Africa are	你同样在好望角转悠你会发现中国和非洲
131	but they haven't gotten very far up the coast of Africa so this was done slightly before that	但是他们还没有到达非洲海岸所以在之前就已经做了
132	second map and this is in it's called an island book which is a book that talks all about various	第二幅地图里面写着"岛书" 这本书讲的是各种各样的
133	islands which begins as a Greek compilation of Greek islands and then expands to to something	岛屿开始是希腊的希腊岛屿汇编,然后扩张到某些地方
134	like what you see here.	就像你在这里看到的
135	Another type of map that Europeans used a lot wasn't really a map but it	欧洲人经常使用的另一种地图并不是地图而是地图
136	a diagram and we call this a T-O map because of the way it looks which is that using the Roman	我们称之为T -O地图因为它的外观是使用罗马
137	alphabet it looks like the letter O with a T that has been written on the inside of it.	字母表看起来像字母O 里面写着一个T
138	So in this conception Asia was twice the size of Africa and Europe and it was	因此在这个概念中,亚洲是非洲和欧洲的两倍,它是
139	at the above the T in the diagram Africa and Europe were under the crossbar of the T	以上图中的T,非洲和欧洲在T的横栏下
140	and they were roughly equal in size and each of them was divided by a body of water	他们的体积大致相等,每只被一具水分开,
141	so the Mediterranean divides Africa from Europe the Don River divides Europe from Asia and the	因此地中海将非洲从欧洲分裂出来唐河将欧洲从亚洲分裂出来
142	world was spherical.	世界是球状的。
143	This is a diagram it was used to help people memorize the location of	这个图是用来帮助人们记住
144	the various continents and obviously it couldn't be used to travel but you will notice that as	不同的大陆,显然不能用来旅行,但你会注意到,
145	Europeans they have put Jerusalem in the very center of the map and Jerusalem of course isn't	欧洲人把耶路撒冷置于地图的中心耶路撒冷当然不是
146	the center even of this sort of a map but it was how Christians located themselves because that	即使是这种地图的中心也是基督徒的定位方式
147	was where the origin story of Christianity began so that's why we had that here but everyone in	基督教的起源故事就是从那里开始的所以我们才有这个故事
148	the Middle Ages refers to the earth as a sphere a sphera is the word they use and the reason I	中世纪将地球称为球体球体是它们使用的词和原因
149	bring this up is that in North America we often still teach grammar school students that medieval	说起来,在北美我们经常教文法学校的学生中世纪
150	Europeans thought the world was flat and that one of the reasons they didn't sail earlier was that	欧洲人认为世界是平坦的他们之前没有航行的原因之一是
151	afraid they were going to fall off the end of the continent but rather the end of the world and	害怕他们从大陆的尽头掉下来但世界的尽头
152	go into nothing and I just wanted to point out that's actually a myth that was advised in the	什么都不做,我只想指出, 这其实是一个神话,有人建议
153	19th century when people really did think that the Middle Ages were barbaric and they looked at a map	19世纪,人们真的认为中世纪是野蛮的他们看着地图
154	like this which is a diagram and they thought oh look it looks flat and so these people must	像这样,这是一张图表, 他们认为哦看它看起来平坦, 所以这些人必须
155	have thought the world was flat.	以为世界是平坦的。
156	Believe it or not it was actually heretical to think the world	信不信由你以为世界是异端
157	was flat because it invalidates several biblical passages and so the pope actually at some point	因为它使几段圣经段落失效所以教皇实际上在某个时候
158	makes a statement about you know belief in a flat world is against Christianity so I just for fun	说说你们知道平坦世界的信仰是反对基督教的所以我只是为了好玩
159	wanted to let you know about that and these to maps could actually become very fancy and I said	想要告诉你这件事这些地图实际上会变得很花哨我说
160	I'd tell you a little bit about sizes that last map that I showed you this map is about the size	我会告诉你一些关于尺寸的我给你看的最后一张地图是关于大小的
161	maybe two inches across not terribly large this one is the same size it's also about two inches	也许两英寸跨度不是很大这个尺寸也差不多大概两英寸
162	across we just blew it up so that you were able to see it because it really is a beautiful map	我们只是把它炸了让你能看到它,因为它真的是一个美丽的地图
163	in a lot of ways and this is the same to map that you've just seen so Asia is at the top and Europe	在很多方面,这是一样的地图你刚刚看到的,所以亚洲是顶级和欧洲
164	and Africa are at the bottom in this map Europe and Africa have been switched in location but that	而非洲在本地图中处于最底层,欧洲和非洲被换了位置,但
165	matter in terms of medieval geography again these were used to locate historical events	从中世纪的地理角度来说这些都是用来查找历史事件的
166	to locate wars in the classical period that they had read about and often to indicate Christian	在他们所读到的古典时期寻找战争的位置并经常表明基督教徒
167	areas that are important so once again you can see that Jerusalem is in the very center of the map	耶路撒冷位于地图的中心
168	the letters there j-e-r-h-m with a line through the h is just an abbreviation for the world	上面的字母J -e -r
169	Jerusalem and then the castles indicate cities or you know areas they're not really very specific	耶路撒冷,然后城堡表示城市或你知道的地区他们不是真的非常具体
170	here and this way you can better see that the oceans that surround the world and where that	这样你就能更清楚地看到环绕世界的海洋
171	smudge is there used to be a face and that's roughly where Europeans put the great Britain	污点是曾经有一张脸大约是欧洲人把大不列颠
172	England Scotland and Ireland were thought to be in this sort of circle of orders that surrounded	苏格兰和爱尔兰被认为是在这种循环命令包围
173	the earth the other fun thing about this map is that if you look at Africa at the very bottom	地图的另一件有趣的事情是如果你从底部看非洲
174	of the map you'll see two columns and those are the pillars of her Hercules that are were	在地图上你会看到两个柱子那些是她的大力士的柱子
175	supposedly in the Straits of Gibraltar they they don't in fact exist but it was kind of a fun	在直布罗陀海峡他们其实并不存在但是这很有趣
176	representation to put them there so those are those are representing the Straits of Gibraltar	他们代表直布罗陀海峡
177	and these sort of maps again they're not terribly specific you couldn't get anywhere by them but	这些地图又不太具体了你根本没办法找到它们
178	they were helpful for students to memorize where the various continents were where some of the	它们有助于学生们记住各个大陆在哪里
179	geographic features were that would be interesting and useful but there are also other types of maps	地理特征可能很有趣和有用,但也有一些其他类型的地图
180	called portal in maps or portal in charts that we'll get to and through this slide so on your	在地图中称为传送门,或者在图表中称为传送门,我们会通过这个幻灯片进入和通过,这样,您就可以
181	15世纪的地理学家Gregorio Dotti 绘制的地图
182	and he has put again Asia Europe and Africa together in this diagram and then right below	他再次将亚洲、欧洲和非洲放在这个图中,然后放在下面
183	that I'm sorry my slide clipped that he has what he thinks is a more realistic picture of the earth	对不起,我剪了滑板他有他认为更现实的地球图片
184	so continents and waters and that sort of thing in the next slide over is a portal in chart that	因此,大陆和水域和这种东西在下一个幻灯片是一个传送门在图表
185	Dotti has broken up into individual parts and the pillars of Hercules that I just mentioned	多蒂将我刚刚提到的赫拉克勒斯的柱子分成了各个部分
186	the Straits of Gibraltar that's what he's showing you in this very first picture so you can see the	这是他在第一张照片中给你看的以便你能看到
187	islands those are the portioned islands and then where Europe and Morocco essentially where Spain	这些岛屿是分离的岛屿,然后是欧洲和摩洛哥,主要是西班牙。
188	and Morocco essentially come together in those straits that's what he's representing and these	和摩洛哥基本上聚集在这些海峡他代表什么和这些
189	portal in charts are actually a large part of the exhibit if you've been to the Beinecke	如果你去过贝内克,图表中的传送门实际上是展览的一大部分
190	on the ground floor we have these very large table cases and those are filled with these	在底层,我们有这些非常大的桌子和那些充满这些
191	portal in charts and these portal in charts are about two and a half to three feet wide	图表中的传送门和图中的传送门宽约2.5到3英尺
192	and two feet deep and what's fun about them is that they don't have an up or a down	两英尺深有趣的是他们没有上下
193	that they can be rotated and any way you look at them some of the text will be in view and some	他们可以被旋转,无论你如何看他们的一些文字将会看到,一些
194	of the text won't be in view and these were the charts that were actually used to travel	这些是实际用来旅行的图表
195	across the Mediterranean in the classical world they thought of a map as a circle around the	在古典世界的地中海上他们把地图当作环绕
196	Mediterranean and all of the lands of the Roman Empire surrounded the Mediterranean and that	地中海和所有罗马帝国的土地包围了地中海
197	is the way that Europeans saw mapping for a very long period of time this is a very late	欧洲人很长一段时间以来的地图绘制方式
198	portal in chart it comes from the 16th century and what Kristen has done is she has put an overlay	图片中的传送门来自16世纪克莉丝汀所做的就是她做了一个覆盖
199	on top of this so that you can see what areas of Europe are represented the Mediterranean	在此之上,您可以看到欧洲哪些地区代表地中海
200	Italy is a boot Spain and Morocco the British the you know Ireland Scotland	意大利是西班牙和摩洛哥英国你认识爱尔兰苏格兰
201	and the Holy Land all the way to the right although it's not terribly it doesn't the that	和圣地一路右转虽然它并不可怕,它不是
202	mound with a cross on it is the Mount of Olives where Jesus is sorry the Mount of Olives is	上面有十字架的山丘是橄榄山耶稣对橄榄山感到抱歉
203	crucified I forgot exactly where it's crucified but it's Jerusalem it just doesn't have a name	钉在十字架上我忘了钉在十字架上的地方但耶路撒冷没有名字
204	there but we I wanted to show you this one first just so that you got a sense of of the geography	在那里,但我们想先给你看这个只是让你有地理感
205	the layout of these maps and this is a map from much earlier this is a map from 1492	这些地图的布局这是早先的地图这是1492年的地图
206	so again the year that Columbus sails to the Americas and we know that Columbus had a map	哥伦布航行到美洲的那一年我们知道哥伦布有地图
207	like this on board he talks about it and there were a number of items that was saved by his son	船上像这样,他谈论它, 有一些东西是被他儿子保存的
208	and among those were were portal and charts and what distinguishes a portal and chart is	其中包括门户和图表,以及区别门户和图表的是什么
209	it really is concerned with traveled by water and not by land and so what you see are a bunch of	真正关心的是水路旅行,而不是陆路旅行所以你们看到的就是一堆
210	what look like lines that are coming out from the water those are ports and if you're able to drill	是什么样子的线从水中涌出那些是港口如果你能钻孔
211	in close you can see that some of the ports are red and those are the large ports and some of the	近处可以看到,有些港口是红色的,有些是大型港口,有些是港口。
212	ports are smaller and those are black and the idea is that you would use those lines that you see	端口较小,那些是黑色的想法是,你会使用你看到的线条
213	going up from the compass roses and those are called rum lines and you would use those to set	从罗盘玫瑰上去那些叫做朗姆酒线你会用那些来设置
214	course across the Mediterranean so you could go from one port in North Africa say to another	{\fn华文楷体\fs16\1cHE0E0E0}这样你就可以从北非的一个港口出发 {\fn华文楷体\fs16\1cHE0E0E0}说到另一个港口
215	port in Italy using a map like this to sail we don't know how they developed maps that were	在意大利港口使用这样的地图航行我们不知道他们是如何开发出地图的
216	this accurate that look this much like Europe looks there was no there are no hot air balloons	这种准确的看起来很像欧洲看起来没有热气球
217	there's no technology that enables them to get a distance on Europe and so we think that they made	没有任何技术能让他们在欧洲取得距离所以我们认为他们做了
218	these maps by what we call dead reckoning and that means going from port to port to port over	这些地图通过我们所谓的死记账这意味着从港口到港口
219	obviously a long period of time and taking measurements you know how long will it take us	很明显需要很长的时间并进行测量你知道要花多长时间
220	to sail from each of these ports and eventually constructing a map around that but that is still	从每个港口起航最终绘制地图
221	something that scholars are debating it's one of those areas where we're still trying to figure out	学者们正在争论的是那些我们仍在研究的领域之一
222	exactly who put these together and how the earliest ones that we have are actually fairly	到底是谁把这些拼凑在一起以及我们最早的如何是公平的
223	already formed we don't see practice ones we don't see ones that are being done sort of in the middle	已经形成,我们没有看到练习者,我们没有看到正在做有点中间
224	so this is fun because again it's a Portuguese map and the Portuguese had started to sail south	所以这很有趣因为又是葡萄牙地图葡萄牙人开始向南航行
225	down Africa and this one has this little if you look in the middle of Africa you've got what looks	在非洲,这个有一点如果你看看非洲中部, 你得到了什么外观
226	like a ladder and then at the bottom of the ladder you have an inset and the reason you have an inset	像梯子,然后在梯子的底部你有一个插座,你有一个插座的原因
227	is the map was not made to go that far south but the Portuguese had explored from Sierra Leone	但葡萄牙人从塞拉利昂探险
228	which is the mound to the left with the flag that has the flag of Portugal on it all the way down	这是左侧的山丘上面挂着葡萄牙国旗
229	to Urmina which is a slave trading port which is seen as a castle here with a with again with	{\fn华文楷体\fs16\1cHE0E0E0}这里被视为城堡 {\fn华文楷体\fs16\1cHE0E0E0}这里又有一个城堡
230	the Portuguese flag so they're they're indicating that the Portuguese have gone further and these	葡萄牙国旗,所以他们表示葡萄牙人走得更远了
231	maps are you know concerned with sailing and so that's why you have very little inland features	地图是你们关心航海的这就是为什么你们几乎没有内陆特征
232	but one of the inland features they almost always represent is the Red Sea so if you go all the way	但是它们几乎总是代表着红海的内陆特征之一所以如果你一路走
233	to the right you'll look what sort of looks like a slug that's kind of an orangish red color	在右边你会看到什么样看起来像一个流鼻涕的红色
234	and you'll also notice that it there's a there's a line that goes through it at the very top	你也会注意到上面有一条线穿过
235	and then the the Red Sea continues and that line is where Moses and the Israelites crossed the Red	然后红海继续这条线就是摩西和以色列人穿越红海的地方
236	Sea into Israel and what's interesting about that of course is that according to the Bible	进入以色列的海当然有趣的是根据圣经
237	after the Jews had crossed God closes the Red Sea and drowns all the Egyptians	犹太人越过了上帝关闭了红海,淹死了所有埃及人
238	and so clearly this map is indicating an historical point in time when they were crossing but not an	这张地图显然表明它们穿越时点的历史,但不是
239	historical reality because that land bridge no longer exists by the way there is text you can	因为那座陆桥已经不存在了有了文字你就可以
240	see right next to the Red Sea and what that text says in Portuguese is that the sea is not actually	看红海旁边那条文字在葡萄牙语里说海其实不是
241	red but then it appears red because of the the land formations around it are red and that's	红色,但因为周围的陆地是红色的所以看起来是红色的
242	reflected in the water so there's kind of an interesting historical explanation for why the	水里有种有趣的历史解释
243	Red Sea is red but it will continue to be read in almost all Portland maps up until the 18th century	红海是红色的但几乎所有的波特兰地图都会继续读到18世纪
244	it just becomes a convention so those are the three types of maps that people were using before	它只是成为一个公约,所以这些是三种类型的地图人们以前使用
245	1500 and what they do is they start to expand them so as as Europeans discover more and more	1500年,他们做的是,随着欧洲人发现的越来越多,他们开始扩张
246	this is the map we saw just a moment ago you'll see at the very bottom there's a circle and in	这是我们刚才看到的地图你会看到最下面有个圆形
247	that circle is a map of the world and that map shows Africa as a separate continent it shows	圆是世界的地图地图显示非洲是一个单独的大陆
248	India and China and it shows America and South America and so that's the way that these maps	印度和中国,它显示美国和南美洲, 所以这些地图的方式
249	begin to adapt is at first they get larger like the Portland chart that we just saw and then they	开始适应一开始它们变大了就像我们刚刚看到的波特兰图然后它们
250	realize they have to abandon this sort of format and they begin to play with formats to try to get	他们意识到他们必须放弃这种形式他们开始玩格式试图得到
251	the entire world represented but the other thing you'll notice is that these maps begin to fill	整个世界都代表着但另外一件事你会注意到这些地图开始填满
252	in the inside as well so all those land areas begin to be filled in with the flags of territories	所以所有的土地开始被填满领地的旗帜
253	with cities that are inland and then particularly in North Africa they get filled in with these	与内陆城市,然后尤其是北非的城市, 他们得到这些填充
254	exotic animals with camels and lions and you can even see a unicorn right to the upper right	有骆驼和狮子的异国动物甚至可以看到一只独角兽右上方
255	of the inset there so I don't think there were unicorns in Libya but maybe Kristen will have	所以利比亚没有独角兽但也许克莉丝丹会
256	a better answer for that so that's a brief introduction to the the sort of maps that if	更好的答案,所以这是一个简短的介绍地图的类型,如果
257	you were able to come to the Bioniki you would get a chance to see we have a lot more of them	你本来可以来比奥尼基的你会有机会看到我们有很多
258	obviously this is just giving you a highlight of those maps and Kristen will now talk about	这显然只是给你一些地图的亮点而克莉丝汀现在会谈论
259	some specific maps yes so I'm actually going to specifically be talking about one of the	一些具体的地图是的,所以我实际上要专门谈谈其中之一
260	one of the more famous maps in our collection so give me one second I want to share my screen	我们收藏中比较有名的地图之一请给我一秒钟我想分享我的屏幕
261	start my slideshow so while I don't have anything to say about unicorns specifically	开始我的幻灯片放映趁我没有话要说独角兽
262	you know if you have no go out and find a unicorn let me know I would I would love to know I wanted	如果你不能出去找独角兽让我知道我很想知道
263	to talk a little bit this morning about one of the most well-known maps that's actually in the show	今早聊了一聊最著名的地图之一实际上在节目中
264	and one of these maps is actually a forgery so before we get to that I'd like to invite everyone	其中一张地图其实是伪造的所以在我们到达之前我想请大家
265	if you have a chance to go to the website and take a look we've got a little video on the	如果你有机会去网站看一看我们有一个小视频
266	the show as well so you can sort of get a sense of what cases look like some of the objects	表演也一样,这样你就可以感觉出什么情况看起来像一些物体
267	they're not all manuscripts some of them are printed books but we also have these wonderful	他们不是所有的手稿有些是印刷的书但我们也有这些美妙的
268	little globes so you can see the world in three dimensions as well you know people were thinking	小地球这样你就能从三个方面看到世界你知道人们在想
269	about the earth in all sorts of different ways but this is a incredibly famous map called the	关于地球的各种各样的不同方式, 但这是一张令人难以置信的著名地图,叫做
270	Vinland map if you were to go to the Beinecke today now this is a very old photograph of the	文兰地图如果你今天去贝内克这张照片太老了
271	Beinecke and you were to walk in the front door and then walk up the stairs where this case where	Beinecke和你在前门走然后爬上楼梯这件案子...
272	books is this is now an exhibit case in this case we filled with forgeries and information on forgeries	书是现在这个案子的展品里面装满了伪造和伪造的资料
273	so why would someone forge a map maps are so telling in the way that they talk to us about	所以,为什么有人伪造地图以他们告诉我们的方式
274	how do we see the world around us how do we see the borders between my country and your country	我们如何看待周围的世界我们如何看待我国与贵国之间的边界
275	how do we see roads what does your map show I live in New York City and I don't have a car so I look	我们怎么看道路你的地图显示我住在纽约市我没有车所以我看起来
276	at a subway map pretty frequently right it shows how I get around and historic maps often show how	在地铁地图上,它非常频繁地显示我是如何走过的,历史地图也经常显示
277	far people have gotten so the Portland map that Ray showed earlier that was from Portugal shows	雷早先展示的波特兰地图是葡萄牙的地图
278	a little bit more of Africa because that's they're trading further and further down the coast of	多一点的非洲,因为那是他们交易越来越远的海岸
279	Africa down the west coast of Africa they're having more experiences with people there	在非洲西海岸的非洲他们对那里的人们有更多的经验
280	and the map is reflecting this so maps can be used to tell us something about the history	地图反映了这一点所以地图可以用来告诉我们一些历史
281	of navigation the history of how people see the world you know do you put yourself in the center	人们如何看待世界的历史你把自己放在中心
282	of your map right you know what is what is the center of a of a sphere right so this is the	您的地图右侧,您知道什么是球体的中心右侧,所以这是
283	Vinland map it was purchased and given to the Beinecke and it is famous because it's a world	文兰地图是买来的送给贝内克的因为是一个世界而得名
284	map right so we can see some of the the details you would expect right so we have here's Spain	地图对了,这样我们就能看到一些你期待的细节了所以这里是西班牙
285	we have this shape of Europe here's the west coast of Africa and it follows this sort of	我们有这样的欧洲形状这里的西海岸非洲,它沿着这种
286	ovoid shape right sometimes when we think of maps and when you open up a textbook they're kind of	有时候当我们想到地图的时候打开一本教科书时它们就有点
287	this shape as well and off to the far side we have this little island right well of course there's	这个形状以及远方我们有一个小岛当然有
288	not actually an island like this there that would be part of Canada here we have a slightly darker	其实不是这样的岛屿那里是加拿大的一部分我们这里有一个稍黑一点的地方
289	version here where you can take a look and see what is this map telling us well this map purported	这里的版本,你可以在这里查看看看这地图是什么告诉我们好的,这地图意图
290	to be predating 1492 so that would be the date that we associate with Columbus coming to the	1492年之前, 这将是我们联系哥伦布来参加
291	Americas you know arriving at a place that becomes called the new world even though it wasn't new to	美洲,你知道,到达一个地方成为所谓的新世界尽管它不是新的
292	the people who were already living here right but you know he arrives here this map is purporting	那些已经住在这里的人... ...但你知道他来了... ...这地图是说...
293	to show that people were here before Columbus so it's re-attributing the interaction between	证明哥伦布之前有人来过所以它把互动重新归结为
294	Europe and North America not to Columbus but to people who are traveling from Scandinavia	不是去哥伦布而是去斯堪的纳维亚
295	so people who are traveling from northern Europe that we do know this is completely true that there	所以,那些从北欧旅行的人我们确实知道这是完全正确的,在那里
296	were some small settlements in North America in Canada and Newfoundland of people who were coming	在加拿大和纽芬兰的北美一些小定居点里
297	Northern Europe however this map is actually not real at all although so one of the things that	北欧的地图其实根本不是真实的尽管其中之一
298	we've done with maps like this now this one is interesting because if you look at it there are	我们已经用完了这样的地图现在这个很有趣因为如果你看它,有
299	already problems just looking at you don't have to be a maps expert right we see that the rest of	眼睁睁地看着你不必是地图专家我们明白
300	the world follows the shape of the globe it's nice and round and then this section highlighted	世界跟随地球的形状它很好圆形然后这个部分突出
301	if you were to continue that line sort of falls off the edge of the earth right it's sort of you	如果你要继续那条线那种从地球边缘掉下来
302	know it doesn't fit the rest of the map so it feels like oh there's something else going on here	知道这不符合地图的其余部分所以感觉好像这里有别的事情发生
303	why wouldn't they have conformed this discovery to the shape of the map so upon you know announcing	他们为什么不把这个发现与地图的形状一致呢?
304	that it was here there actually was quite a bit of pushback because people were very concerned	因为人们非常担心所以这里确实有些倒退
305	about the rewriting of the narrative that you know Columbus discovered America	关于重写你知道哥伦布发现美国的故事
306	but now you know you're taking that away and you're giving that to someone else and people	但是现在你知道你要拿走它把它交给别人和别人
307	were really upset about it so we have we had protests we had one of the senators associated	我们对此感到很不安所以我们有抗议我们有一个参议员参与
308	with Connecticut here you know destroying a copy of the Vinland map oh lucky for those people this	康涅狄格人在这里,你知道销毁了Vinland地图的复制品哦,幸运的人
309	is in fact a fake map so there are a few things other than the way it just looks that leads us	其实是伪造的地图所以除了它看起来的外还有其他一些事情引导着我们
310	to that point so one of the first things you do is we have carbine 14 dating right so that can	所以,你做的第一件事是我们有卡宾14约会的权利,这样就可以
311	tell us about the materials well it turns out that this piece of parchment and it is on parchment so	告诉我们材料的经过发现这幅纸皮纸上
312	it's on animal skin what is medieval right and you're like oh but i thought this was a fake map	这是在动物的皮肤上什么是中世纪的权利而你喜欢哦但我认为这是假地图
313	this came with a book called the histories history of the tartar sometimes the tartar relations which	这本书是写着塔塔的历史
314	is a legitimate actual medieval book um and here i have a screenshot from our digitization	是本合法的中世纪书嗯这里有我们数字化的截图
315	if you want to you can go online and page through this manuscript you can turn the pages	如果你愿意,你可以上网,通过这份手稿页面,你可以翻页
316	get a closer look at it but it's a beautiful manuscript in latin right and it is actually	仔细看看,但它是一个美丽的手稿在拉丁右,其实是
317	medieval so one of the things that we ended up discovering with the fact that the parchment	中世纪的东西之一我们最后发现的事实羊皮纸
318	{\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}是玫瑰 {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}是的 {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}是的 {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00
319	associated with this map however we didn't stop there so i have borrowed a few images from our	和这张地图有关,不过我们没有停下来所以我从我们那里借了几张照片
320	wonderful chemist and person who knows everything about different types of multi-spectral imaging	优秀的化学家和了解不同类型多光谱成像的人
321	dr richard hark who's at the center for the preservation of cultural heritage here at yale	理查德·哈克博士在耶尔是文化遗产保护的中心
322	one of the things you can do is x-ray uh spectrography so here we have an image of	你可以做的一件事是X光... 呃光谱所以这里有一张图像
323	a tiny handheld xrf machine pointed at a portal in which is also fake um looking at the different	一个小型的手持Xrf机器指向一个传送门里面也是假的嗯看不同的
324	materials that make up the ink so this process and i've got a couple	组成墨水的材料所以这个过程,我有一对夫妇
325	uh images here of actually the scan of the vinland map um looks for different elements so it uses	嗯,这里的图像扫描的 vinland 地图嗯寻找不同的元素所以它使用
326	scanning macro x-ray fluorescence to reflect particles back so it has a little it has an	扫描宏x射线荧光以反射粒子回射,使其有一点
327	emitter that sends particles at the material and then it records sort of what comes back	发送粒子到材料上的发射器然后记录回味
328	and by recording that we can tell what elements are there right and when we think about medieval	并且通过记录,我们可以分辨哪些元素是正确的当我们想到中世纪
329	inks we know a lot of ink recipes we know what we should expect so we know we looked for copper	墨水我们知道很多墨水秘方我们知道我们应该期待什么所以我们知道我们在找铜
330	we looked for sulfur and we're not really seeing anything here right and then we looked for	我们在找硫磺,我们真的没有看到什么在这里正确的,然后我们寻找
331	titanium titanium is there now titanium is a problem because titanium shouldn't be appearing	钛现在有钛的问题因为钛不应该出现
332	in large amounts in a medieval ink we would expect iron for iron gall ink or perhaps it	在中世纪的墨水里大量地用铁胆墨水或铁胆水
333	would be a carbon black ink but we really shouldn't be seeing this much titanium that's	我们不应该看到这么多钛
334	because this titanium is evidence of a modern ink so we're looking at the shape of the map right	因为这钛是现代墨水的证据所以我们正看地图的形状
335	here we can see it here this is the way it actually looks it's quite faint matches up so	这里可以看到,这是它的样子它看起来相当微弱的火柴,所以
336	we've got that titanium that makes like a perfect match to the actual map which is a you know a big	我们得到了一个钛使像一个完美的匹配真实的地图
337	problem other than other problems you know that we've seen looking at this map this is a big one	除了其他问题,你知道我们已经看到这个地图这是一个大的问题
338	this is indicating that there is modern ink on this map especially when we're looking at this	这说明这张地图上有现代的墨水特别是当我们看着这个的时候
339	over here which is kind of a nice moment to highlight but the actual the entire map	在这里,这是一个很好的时刻突出但实际上整个地图
340	was forged at some point so why do we have a case on forgeries well ray can talk a little bit more	是伪造的,所以为什么我们有假井雷的案子可以多谈一点
341	about this because i think he's particularly interested in forgeries but part of it is is	关于这一点,因为我觉得他特别感兴趣伪造,但一部分是
342	it tells us about how people think about the world and what people want other people think about the	它告诉我们人们如何思考世界以及人们想要别人如何思考
343	world so not only is this this map was sold as being something super rare and super unusual	这地图被卖得超稀有
344	and telling us something that would rewrite the way we're thinking about history of the americas	告诉我们一些会改写我们思考美国历史的方式
345	of exploration of the you know way knowledge is transmitted between people but it's also you know	探索知识在人与人之间传递的方式
346	there were monetary gains to be had when we think about forgeries are we we're not just thinking	当我们想着伪造的时候我们就会有金钱收益
347	about ways to get the most money possible you know the perfect van Gogh forgery or the perfect	如何得到尽可能多的钱,你知道完美的梵高伪造或完美
348	forgery coming from someone who is interested in da vinci but rather you know thinking about how	伪造来自一个对da vinci感兴趣的人,但你知道如何思考
349	that can affect the way we think about history so i think we are coming up on time for question and	这会影响我们思考历史的方式所以我觉得我们来得正是时候
350	answer but i just wanted to introduce this wonderful map thank you christian if i christian if i could	回答,但我想介绍这张美妙的地图谢谢你克里斯蒂安如果我能
351	just follow that with you you started that question of why why would we look at that forgeries and	跟着你,你开始问为什么我们要看那些伪造的
352	your answer is very right a forgery doesn't tell us anything about the time period that	你回答的很对伪造没有告诉我们时间
353	reports to come from but a forgery always tells us about the period in which it was made and how	报告来自,但伪造总是告诉我们造假的时期和如何
354	they viewed the past and so even though the idea of whether italians or northern europeans came	他们看过去,所以即使意大利人或北欧人的想法来了
355	to america first isn't something that people care about now back in the 1960s they they cared very	首先,美国不是人们关心的东西现在回到1960年代他们非常关心
356	deeply about it because the italian american community felt that they were not treated as	因为意大利裔美国人觉得他们没有被当做
357	citizens of the u.s and so they very much saw yale as attempting to bring in a very white	所以他们经常看到耶鲁试图带来一个非常白色的
358	{\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}这个新世界的成立 {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}所以它真的反映了你对1950年代和
359	the 1960s when it was made and it still continues to fascinate people which is part of the reason	20世纪60年代,当它被制造出来, 它仍然继续迷上人们这是原因的一部分
360	that we did this one of our goals as as a library is to make sure that not only do we preserve the	作为图书馆,我们的目标之一是确保我们不仅保存
361	but that we help people differentiate between what is real and what is fake so that we don't end up	但是,我们帮助人们区分什么是真实的,什么是假的,这样我们就不会最终
362	with a distorted vision of the past so thank you so much for leading off with that that was really	以扭曲的眼光看待过去非常感谢你引领了这一切
363	nice.	不错
364	Devin do you have any questions for us?	德文,你有什么问题吗?
365	Great thank you both Ray and Kristen for a fantastic	非常感谢你们雷和克莉丝汀
366	introduction to the exhibit and as they've mentioned if you have the chance to visit	展览的介绍和他们提到的如果你有机会参观
367	we really do strongly recommend it.	我们确实强烈推荐它。
368	I've already been there I think three or four times	我已经去过三四次了
369	just to keep looking at it and I'm sure I'll be back before it closes so I do realize that we	为了继续看,我相信我会回来在它关闭之前,所以我意识到我们
370	didn't quite actually introduce the Beinecke itself oh sorry which is an oversight on my part	贝内克本人其实并没介绍对不起,这是我的疏忽
371	because I just go there so often that I assume everybody knows about it but obviously people in	因为我经常去那里我想每个人都知道但显然有人在
372	China might not know about it and so maybe we can start off the questions with sort of a quick	中国也许不知道,所以也许我们可以先问一下问题
373	introduction not just to the exhibit but the Beinecke in general and then while we're doing	不仅介绍展览,而且介绍一般的贝内克, 然后我们做的时候
374	that if people have questions for Ray and Kristen on maps on the things that we've looked at please	如果有人在地图上问雷和克莉丝汀我们所研究的东西
375	feel free to either raise your hand and I can call on you and you can interact directly with us	举起手来,我随时可以呼唤你你可以直接和我们互动
376	or enter your question on the chat box but first do you want to give a quick introduction to the	或输入您在聊天框中的问题, 但您首先要快速介绍
377	Beinecke?	贝内克?
378	Yes and that my apology as well as I was I'm never quite sure where where to begin	是的,我的道歉和我一样我永远不知道从哪里开始
379	and so the building itself really is quite famous and the screen that you see behind me	所以这栋大楼本身就非常出名以及你看到的我身后的屏幕
380	取自Beinecke图书馆的外部。
381	If you've been to Yale's campus you'll	如果你去过耶鲁的校园...
382	know that Yale rebuilt its campus in the 1930s as part of an effort to stimulate the economy	耶鲁在1930年代重建校园以刺激经济
383	because of the Great Depression and one of the things they did was they rebuilt almost all of	因为大萧条和他们所做的一件事就是他们重建了几乎所有
384	classroom buildings and all of the dorms and everything else that was important about the	教室的建筑和所有宿舍和所有其它重要的东西
385	university and they decided to make it look like Oxford or Cambridge so we call it pseudo-gothic	他们决定让它看起来像牛津或剑桥所以我们称之为伪哥特式
386	and it's a it's a very weird thing they they have motes only they're not real motes they're just	这是一种非常奇怪的事情,他们有蛾只是他们不是真正的蛾他们只是
387	cement but you know they're things that look like motes it's a kind of a bizarre thing but it gives	水泥,但你知道,它们的东西看起来像苔藓这是一个怪异的东西,但它给
388	it a very old world feel which is what Yale is going for.	它是一个很古老的世界感觉这是耶鲁要去。
389	The Beinecke's were alumni of Yale	贝内克是耶鲁的校友
390	University and the three Beinecke brothers married into a very wealthy family and they wanted to give	大学和三个Beinecke兄弟嫁给一个非常富有的家庭他们想给
391	something to Yale and so they wanted to give a special collections library and Yale allowed	给耶鲁的东西所以他们想给一个特殊的藏书图书馆耶鲁允许
392	them to do so under the proviso that the Beinecke's provided enough money for the building and its	贝内克已经为这栋建筑和它的建筑提供了足够的资金
393	perpetual maintenance as well as money to to buy materials and so they hired a very modern architect	所以他们雇了一个非常现代化的建筑师
394	Gordon Bunchaft was his name and he created a gorgeous very modern building and what you see	戈登·邦加夫特是他的名字他创造了一栋非常现代的建筑
395	behind me those are marble insets that go across the entire library and the slide that Kristen	我身后是大理石内饰横跨整个图书馆和克里斯汀的幻灯片
396	showed you can see through them not through them light passes through them and so it gives a very	显示你可以通过它们,而不是通过它们看到光通过它们,所以它给了一个非常
397	beautiful sort of diffused light into the building itself.	漂亮的散射光进入建筑本身。
398	The building was opened in 1963	该建筑于1963年开放
399	and it immediately caused the same sort of anger that the Vinland Mac did.	并立即引发了与Vinland Mac一样的愤怒.
400	People at Yale are very conservative and they don't like things changing and in the middle of	耶鲁大学的人非常保守他们不喜欢事情的改变
401	a pseudo-gothic pentest they had this massive monstrosity of modernism.	一个伪哥特式的笔击手他们拥有这个庞大的现代主义的怪兽
402	They've gotten over that	他们已经克服了
403	now it's one of the key points on the tour it really is a very beautiful building.	现在它是巡演中的关键之一它真的是一个非常漂亮的建筑。
404	Some people	有些人
405	{\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}但还有一样东西 {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}我还以为它看起来有点像一本书呢
406	slide showed you was the book tower so when you first walk into the library you're confronted by	幻灯片显示你就是书塔所以当你第一次走进图书馆时
407	this tower of books six feet tall sorry six no six feet tall wouldn't be much six stories tall	6英尺高的书塔 6英尺高的书塔不会是6英尺高的书塔
408	it is all enclosed in glass and it really is a stunning sight and it was the first book tower.	它被玻璃包裹着, 它真的是一个惊人的景象, 它是第一个书塔。
409	If you go to the British Library today you'll see the the King's collection in a big book tower and	如果你今天去大英图书馆就能在大书塔里看到国王的藏书
410	very impressive but it really was Bunchette that did that so that's the building itself.	令人印象深刻,但真的邦奇特做了,所以那是建筑本身。
411	It's very modern it's very pretty it has its big features are it has a large autobahn which is a	它非常现代,它非常漂亮,它有它的大特征, 它有一个大汽车,这是一个
412	it's called an elephantine volume of the birds of America and it literally is 20 feet across.	它被称为美国鸟类的大象体积它实际上有20英尺的高度
413	It takes two people to turn the pages and Yale's Gutenberg Bible is also on permanent display there	耶鲁的《古腾堡圣经》也在那里永久展出
414	so is that good Devin does that give you a rough sense of that?	那好德文能让你觉得很粗糙吗?
415	Yeah and maybe you can do just a	是啊,也许你可以做一个
416	quick talk quickly talk about the collection and sort of what kinds of resources are available	快说快说藏品和有哪些资源
417	there.	这里
418	Yes so the the Bonnekeys were originally interested there are three brothers they had very	是的,所以Bonnekey夫妇最初很感兴趣有三个兄弟,他们非常
419	different interests one of them was interested in what we call Western Americana which is kind	他们中有人对所谓的西美利加很感兴趣
420	of an odd term we don't use that term much but it was the development of the West in America.	一个奇怪的词,我们不怎么使用这个词但这是西方的发展在美国。
421	It's obviously a very racialized concept and so it's one of those things that we're still	这显然是一个非常种族化的概念,所以它是其中之一我们仍然是
422	wrestling with in terms of its its inheritance but it looked primarily at the west of the Mississippi	在遗产方面与它搏斗但主要是在密西西比河西部
423	River and the developments that took place there in Native American culture in what would become	河流和那里美洲原住民文化的发展
424	the United States and what would become Mexico or Mesoamerican culture.	以及会成为墨西哥或中美洲文化的美国。
425	It also has a very large	还有一个很大的
426	European collection because again that was what one of the brothers was into he was very much	欧洲收藏,因为那又是兄弟之一喜欢他非常喜欢。
427	like medieval books and so we have the largest collection of medieval manuscripts in North	像中世纪的书,所以我们有最大的中世纪的手稿收藏在北方
428	America it's very small compared to any of the big libraries in Europe but for America it's a very	与欧洲任何一个大型图书馆相比,美国是很小的但对于美国来说,它是一个非常
429	result of the inheritance of English law and English culture as we've got a very strong	由于英国法律的继承和英国文化,因为我们有一个非常强大的
430	English literature collection and then continental European as well.	英国文学收藏,然后欧洲大陆也有.
431	We don't do as much the there	我们没有做那么多
432	are other areas of the library that do Asia and Africa and so those are not at the moment in	图书馆的其他领域在亚洲和非洲,所以这些现在没有进入
433	the Bonnekey itself but over time the Bonnekey is is becoming more and more associated with	但随着时间的推移,Bonnekey正变得越来越与
434	special collections and so eventually we all hope that those materials will be included as well.	我们最终都希望这些材料也包括在内。
435	Great thank you so much and I will add that the Bonnekey is indeed a very special	非常感谢,我还要说, 邦尼基确实是一个非常特殊的
436	place and you know you get the chance to hold manuscripts in your hand that are you know	你知道你有机会把手稿放在手中
437	hundreds of years old and look at things that you didn't even know that people collected	几百岁,看看那些你甚至不知道的东西人们收集
438	and so for those of you guys that do have a chance to visit I highly recommend it.	所以对于你们这些有机会访问的人我强烈推荐它。
439	So a couple questions that have come in oh and also I want to point out that Christian	所以,有几个问题已经来了哦,我还想指出基督教
440	in the chat box has included a link to some of the digitized collection of the Bonnekey and so	在聊天框中包含一个链接, 连接到 Bonnekey 的一些数字化的收藏。
441	for those of you that are interested that's a great thing that you can explore as well.	对你们有兴趣的人来说这也是你们可以探索的
442	Can I just I got a question directly so I was going to go and answer that that's okay	我能直接问个问题吗所以我要去回答,没关系
443	because Lucas wrote to me thank you Lucas and he asked a really good question which was	因为卢卡斯写信给我谢谢你卢卡斯问了一个很好的问题
444	what was the most useful map in the past and it's a fantastic question because it really	什么是过去最有用的地图这是一个奇妙的问题,因为它真的
445	does show you that answer depends on on who you were and as Kristen said what you wanted the map	答案取决于你是谁克莉丝汀说你想要地图
446	to do so if you were hoping to you know most Europeans were too poor to travel	如果你希望你知道大多数欧洲人太穷无法旅行的话
447	and it was too dangerous to travel and so they went on these sort of imaginary	旅行太危险了所以他们继续想象
448	voyages and we have books that did this we have a book called Mandeville's Adventures where he	航行和我们有书做这件事我们有一本书叫曼德维尔的冒险
449	travels through strange lands and meets fantastic peoples and so for for people that were never	在陌生的土地上旅行遇见了奇妙的民族对于从未有过的民族来说
450	going to leave Europe these maps were useful because they allowed them this kind of space	离开欧洲这些地图很有用因为它们允许了这种空间
451	to think about what were other cultures like what was the rest of the world like	想想什么是其他文化像什么是世界其他地方喜欢
452	and they really did think it was a fantastic place that it had creatures that had that were	他们真的认为这是一个奇妙的地方,它有生物有那些
453	human but just had one foot and hopped along on the one foot there was a race of people who	人类只有一只脚一只脚就跳了起来有一对种族的人
454	didn't have a head but their face was on their chest and so there was all kinds of	没有头,但他们的脸在胸前所以有各种各样的
455	of sort of interesting maps the most useful for travel probably would have been the the	某种有趣的地图对于旅行最有用的可能是
456	that we talked about that Portuguese map that had all the seat ports on it and that would have been	我们谈论的葡萄牙地图, 上面有所有的座位端口, 那将会是
457	the most useful in a practical sense that would have been a map that would have enabled you to	从实际意义上来说,最有用的是一张地图,使你能够
458	get from one place to another so Lucas there's a great question thank you.	从一个地方到另一个地方,所以卢卡斯有一个伟大的问题,谢谢你。
459	Speaking of Portolans	说到波多兰人
460	can you give us a sense of how prevalent they are in terms of at that time how many are there	你能给我们一个感知,他们有多普遍在当时有多少人
461	you know are a lot of people using and then now in collections you know like the Beinecke or	你知道有很多人使用, 现在在收藏,你知道像Beinecke或
462	outside the Beinecke how common is it to have some of these Portolans?	在贝内克岛外有这些波多兰人有多常见?
463	Your question hints	你的问题提示
464	it's something that's that is really interesting that I didn't get a chance to talk about which	有趣的是,我没有机会谈论
465	is that the Portolans that I showed you you'll notice they had a lot of color in them so we	我给你看的波多兰人会注意到他们有很多颜色
466	talked about the Red Sea being kind of reddish or orange and then all of the castles are decorated	说红海有点红或橙色然后所有的城堡都装饰好了
467	and the unicorn is in color and the reason that's important is that you probably wouldn't have used	独角兽的颜色重要的原因是你可能不会使用
468	a map like that on board ship because you don't need any of those fancy features you don't need	这样的地图在船上,因为你不需要这些奇特的特征你不需要
469	a map in color and so we think that there were probably hundreds of these Portolan charts that	一张彩色的地图所以我们认为这些波尔图可能有几百张
470	were just black and white that were just you know had the ports had the outlines but didn't have	黑白两色的只是你知道如果港口有轮廓但并没有
471	any color and that almost all of those have been destroyed by being used on board ship until they	几乎所有的颜色都被用在船上销毁,直到
472	were gone and so we don't have very many of those at all.	已经走了,所以我们没有太多的这些。
473	We do have a lot more survive of the pretty	我们的美人生存得更多
474	ones because they never went to sea they were used to help people plan they were used probably	因为他们从来没有去过海他们用来帮助人们计划他们可能被用来
475	as wall hangings to you know show students as well as merchants where their goods were going	就像挂在墙上一样向学生和商人展示他们的商品
476	and those probably survive in greater number because they were of greater value and I don't	而那些可能存活的更多因为它们的价值更大而我没有
477	I don't know an exact number the Beinecke has I think roughly 20 of these the Vatican has several	我不知道Beinecke的准确数字我认为大约有20个梵蒂冈有好几个
478	hundred of them and so you know a lot of them survive they're just they're not always very well	一百个,所以你知道很多活下来了他们只是他们并不总是很好
479	cataloged because they're not books but they end up in libraries and so it's it's often difficult	因为不是书,而是图书馆的所以常常很难
480	to like all roles as Kristen will tell you it's very difficult to for there was very difficult	喜欢所有的角色就像克莉丝汀会告诉你的这很难因为那里非常困难
481	for people to catalog those correctly so is that a map of the world is it you know a chart versus	对人们的分类正确的是,世界的地图是你知道一个图表与
482	a map what sort of thing so a lot of the pretty ones survive probably but the ones actually used	一张地图是什么样的东西所以很多漂亮的可能生存下来但那些实际使用
483	on board ship we don't we have maybe one or two examples great and Kristen maybe a question for	我们也许没有一两个伟大的例子而克莉丝汀也许有一个问题
484	you sort of how did you end up sort of thinking oh I'm going to do this project where I curate	你是怎样想的? 哦,我要做这个我负责的项目
485	some of these maps and sort of how what was the beginning of that and how did you sort of	一些地图, 排序如何是什么开始,你是如何排序
486	conceptualize this this exhibition that's a great question thank you so much actually this was	想象一下这个展览,这是一个伟大的问题非常感谢,其实这是
487	something that Ray invited me to help him with I was going to be a curatorial intern at the	雷邀请我帮他处理的事我打算做个院系实习生
488	Beinecke for a year and you know I got on at a very early stage and I got to start with choosing	贝内克一年你知道我很早就上场了我得从选择开始
489	objects through making like designing cases you know helping with labels that sort of thing and	对象通过设计大小写,你知道帮助标签
490	it was really wonderful Ray's a really generous collaborator and just so smart and knows all of	雷是个非常慷慨的合作者非常聪明,知道一切
491	map materials so well that it was really wonderful for me to be able to to join this process	地图上的材料好到让我能加入这个过程
492	my normal materials are in fact manuscripts the things that I'm studying for my dissertation	我的普通材料实际上是我研究的论文的手稿
493	but they tend to be more religiously focused and they were made specifically by and for people who	但是,他们往往更注重宗教,而且他们是由那些特别为那些有宗教信仰的人而制作的。
494	didn't travel at all nuns who lived in convents right they're not allowed to go anywhere so this	没有去所有住在修道院的修女那里他们不能去任何地方
495	is a real sort of reversal from the cloistered to thinking about the wider world but it's it's been	这是一种真正的逆转从血栓思考更广泛的世界,但它已经
496	really wonderful great thank you looks like we have another question in the chat box	真是太棒了,谢谢你看起来我们还有一个问题在聊天盒里
497	are there any arabic maps in the collection and can you talk about the era of islam influence	收藏中是否有阿拉伯地图你能谈谈伊斯拉姆影响时代吗
498	that we can see from medieval european maps yeah absolutely I'm great I don't know like if you	我们从中世纪的欧洲地图上可以看到是的,绝对的,我很好我不知道,如果你
499	want to start and have me chime in okay well we do actually have arabic maps in the collection	好,我们真的有阿拉伯地图
500	the arabic and persian collection at yale is actually pretty extensive but in need of	耶鲁的阿拉伯和普西安收藏实际上相当广泛,但需要
501	people who are really interested in it and have the language skills to really dig into these	那些真正感兴趣并且有语言技能的人
502	materials one of the things we do have on display is an arabic map and it's just a very different	我们展示的东西之一是阿拉伯地图只是非常不同
503	way of thinking about the world it's pretty schematic in the way that the to maps are schematic	对世界的思考方式以地图是图的方式是非常漂亮的图谱
504	right the world divided in three like everybody knows that like you know africa isn't necessarily	这世界一分为三就像每个人都知道一样你知道非洲并不一定是
505	shaped like a pie piece but it's a way of thinking about the world so we have on display an arabic	形状像馅饼但它是一种思考世界的方式所以我们展示阿拉伯
506	map that is quite schematic that shows the red sea the mediterranean and mecca so you can sort	显示红海的地图美地亚和美地亚
507	of orient yourself around what is the most important part of the world that said we also	环绕世界最重要的地方说我们也是
508	have on display today if you were to walk in a number of manuscripts dealing with astronomy	今天有展示如果你要走在处理天文学的一些手稿
509	so one of the things that happens with mapping traditions with traveling around on the ocean	因此,一个事情发生地图传统环游海洋
510	is using the stars to navigate right to think about the world not just as a physical	利用恒星来正确导航思考这个世界不仅仅是一个物理的
511	place like the earth we stand on but also the heavens above and the influence of	与我们所站立的大地一样也与上面的天空一样
512	arabic mathematics science and astronomy on later european endeavors can almost hardly	阿拉伯数学科学和天文学在后来的欧洲努力中几乎不可能
513	{\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}多加夸张 {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}那是很多希腊语的文字 {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}后来对西方来说很重要
514	european science actually came through arabic sources the sort of cultivation of using astrolabes	欧洲科学其实是通过阿拉伯的源头利用天文台的栽培
515	to study the stars to plot your where you're going this sort of thing this really comes out	来研究星星来规划你要去的地方这种事真的出来
516	a really strong arabic tradition ray did you have anything you wanted to add	一个非常强大的阿拉伯传统射线你有什么东西你想补充
517	no that was fantastic i always forget about the astrolabes they were those used to chart	不,那太棒了,我总是忘记天文台是用来绘制的
518	where you were in the ocean which obviously is difficult to do and so yes basically all european	你身处大海这显然很难做到所以基本上都是欧洲人
519	knowledge about the the world around them in a geographical sense probably 90 of that is from	从地理的意义上讲,对周围世界的了解大概有90个
520	originally the greek world the greek and latin world and they lose a lot of that tolami for	原本是希腊人的世界希腊人和拉丁人的世界他们损失了很多托拉米
521	example was entirely unknown in the middle ages and it's only through these arabic transmitters	在中世纪,这个例子完全不为人所知,它只能通过阿拉伯发射机
522	who's who preserve tolami translate tolami and then expand on tolami and so the in the 15th	谁保存托拉米翻译托拉米然后扩张托拉米所以在15号
523	century that's when europeans really get all this geographical knowledge from from the arab world	欧洲人真正从阿拉伯世界获得这些地理知识
524	as christian said we have a very beautiful map of the world and it looks a lot like the to maps	正如克里斯蒂安说,我们有一个非常美丽的世界地图它看起来很像地图
525	that we see in europe it's a diagram it's not meant to realistically show the world it's to	我们从欧洲看到的是一张图并不是要现实地向世界展示
526	give you a sense of the relationships between you know where is mecca and where is egypt and	让你感觉你之间的关系你知道哪里是mecca和哪里是Egypt和
527	you know where are the important parts of the world but the reason we only display the one is	你知道世界的重要地方在哪里但我们唯一展示的原因就是
528	we only have one there there just aren't as many most of them are in the british library and	我们那里只有一个只是没有那么多在英国图书馆里
529	the france but there really are its own independent mapping tradition	法兰西,但实际上有自己的独立测绘传统
530	and something that scholars are working on independently and that may be partially the	和一些学者正在独立研究的东西可能部分是
531	answer that of my next question that i was going to ask which is we've talked about the euro	回答下个问题,我要问的是我们谈论的是欧元
532	centricness of the exhibit of course because a lot of the resources are there but interesting	当然,展品的中心性因为很多资源都在那里,但很有趣
533	even the maps themselves are sort of you know euro centric and yet something i noticed in the	甚至地图本身有点像你知道欧元的核心, 但我注意到的东西在
534	to maps is you know asia is actually twice the size of europe right and so does that have to	对地图来说,你知道Asia其实是欧元的两倍右,所以必须
535	do with sort of their understanding of the physical reality of of asia or is there also some sort of	或有没有某种
536	does it have to do with the influence of the arabic world and how a lot of the map making	这是否与阿拉伯世界的影响力以及地图的制作方式有关
537	skills are actually coming from there sort of can you talk about the conception of the size and	技术其实是从那里来的你能谈谈大小的概念吗?
538	and how that's yeah yes um so that the sense of asia's size relative to europe and africa	亚细亚的体型相对于欧洲和非洲
539	comes again from the ancient greeks and i'm using tolamy as a representation of all that it wasn't	又从古希腊来的我用Tolamy来代表所有它不是
540	that tolamy was the only person but what tolamy does is he takes all the previous knowledge	托拉米是唯一的人但托拉米所做的就是他夺走所有以前的知识
541	of the world and makes that into an encyclopedia and so he's an easy sort of touchstone to say okay	成为百科全书所以他是一个简单的试金石
542	tolamy gives us this so the greeks had actually had explored a good deal of the east	Tolamy给了我们这个所以希腊人实际上已经探索了很多东部
543	they themselves had traveled there they had trade relationships there	他们自己也去过那里他们在那里有贸易关系
544	and they were very interested in in mapping that and if you look at tolamy's atlases a lot of those	他们非常有兴趣绘制地图如果你看看托拉米的地图集
545	maps are of china not sorry china but of asia in general and so it was the greeks that first	地图是中国的,不是遗憾的瓷器,而是一般的亚细亚的, 所以是希腊人首先
546	read out the sizes relative to each other and they thought of asia as as much larger about twice the	读出相对彼此的大小他们认为亚细亚的体型要大一倍
547	size of either africa or europe one of the reasons though that they did that was they didn't think	无论是非洲还是欧洲的大小, 其中一个原因,尽管他们这样做是他们不认为
548	that they didn't have any knowledge south of the equator and so that was because of another	他们在赤道以南没有任何知识所以那是因为另一个
549	thinker named macrobius and they thought the equator was too hot for people to pass	叫做Macrobius的思想家他们认为赤道太热了人无法通过
550	that your ship would go up into flames if you passed through the equator and so they thought	如果你经过赤道,你的飞船会升起火焰他们就想
551	that area was inaccessible to people from the northern hemisphere and so the only part of	北半球的人无法进入该地区,因此,该地区唯一的部分
552	africa they had is really ethiopia across and so they just have that very top sliver of africa	他们拥有的非洲是真正的Ethiopia 横跨, 所以他们只是有最顶尖的非洲树枝
553	so in one sense their information was good asia is much larger than than europe but	所以从某种意义上说他们的信息是好的亚细亚比欧洲大得多
554	incentive relationship to africa was skewed because they didn't know anything about sub-saharan	和非洲的激励关系被扭曲了因为他们对萨哈拉语一无所知
555	africa is that does that answer your question i'm sorry if that was pedantic no that's great and	非洲是,这是你的问题的答案我很抱歉,如果那是恋情的不,这是伟大的和
556	um i mean we could explore that you know in many different ways um i do see a flurry of questions	嗯,我的意思是我们可以探索,你知道在许多不同的方式... ...
557	coming in from the chat box it does take people a while to warm up so we'll try to get to get	从聊天盒里进来需要花点时间来暖和一下这样我们才能找到
558	through these three here um was it unusual or usual for people um for maps to be retailed to	通过这3个,嗯,是不寻常的或通常的人,嗯,地图被零售到
559	a normal civilian as a commodity you know i think we're all used to having you know a world map on	一个普通的平民作为商品,你知道我想我们都习惯让你知道世界地图
560	very easily accessible um or is this really something that's only available to the nobility	或这是贵族们唯一能利用的
561	so that's the first question if anybody wants to tackle that it's a it's a fantastic question and	所以,这是第一个问题如果有人想解决这是一个伟大的问题,
562	um the the map that i showed you the portuguese portal in it is the earliest portuguese portal on	嗯,地图,我展示给你在它的葡萄牙门户是最早的葡萄牙门户
563	and it's one of the few there's only two before 1500 that survived yet we know it was the portuguese	这是在1500年前只有两个幸存下来的少数之一我们知道是葡萄牙人
564	that sailed down the coast of africa so what what happened to all their maps what happened to all	沿着非洲海岸航行所以他们所有的地图发生了什么
565	maps was that prince under the navigator and his successors that that set out on this traveling	地图是航海家号下的王子以及他的继任者
566	mission wouldn't allow any of these maps to be distributed they were very jealously guarded	任务不允许这些地图被分发他们非常嫉妒地守护着
567	because that was what gave them their trade empire and so for information to leak out it leaked out	因为那是他们贸易帝国的原因所以信息泄露出去了
568	from the sailors that when they were traveling right and they could sell their information to	水手说,当他们旅行右他们可以卖他们的信息
569	other map makers usually italian or spanish who then made those maps maps weren't technically	其他地图制作者通常都是意大利人或西班牙人他们制作这些地图技术上不是
570	forbidden you were certainly allowed to have them but they were expensive and so the the people that	禁止你们吃那些东西,但那些东西很贵,人们也得吃那些东西。
571	had them were often aristocrats and nobles they were definitely of the of at least the business	他们经常是贵族和贵族他们肯定至少是生意的
572	class um businessmen needed maps to be able to lay out you know where they were trading because	商人需要地图才能说明他们在哪里交易
573	uh the cost of their goods was dependent not only on the length of the voyage but on tolls	他们的货物成本不仅取决于航程长度,还取决于通行费
574	and every region was controlled by a different potentate that you had to pay a different tax to	每一个地区都由不同的势力控制你不得不支付不同的税
575	and so these maps were obviously very helpful for them and in figuring out that so as with most	所以这些地图显然对他们很有帮助也对他们了解这些地图
576	things most europeans are illiterate and we don't think they use maps or books but in this case maps	大部分欧洲人是文盲我们不认为他们使用地图或书籍但在这种情况下,地图
577	were very very specialized they weren't forbidden although obviously the portuguese tried to guard	虽然葡萄牙人显然想守卫但他们并不被禁止
578	that knowledge but you know and later on it is you know later on we do have laws against distributing	知识,但你知道, 稍后你知道, 以后我们确实有法律禁止分发
579	geographic information but in this period nothing is is that well organized great	地理信息,但在这个时期没有什么是那么有条理的
580	and maybe christin for you how do these visual images complement the written text to interpret	也许克里斯廷给你如何补充这些视觉图像来解释文字
581	medieval people's understanding of the broader world do visual images always accord with the	中世纪人对更广阔世界的理解视觉影像总是符合
582	written text this is a great question and it is a question that both historians and art historians	写成的文字这是一个伟大的问题也是历史学家和艺术史学家的问题
583	love to talk about right this is you know the question when you're talking about illuminated	爱谈论权利这是你知道的问题当你谈论照明
584	is what is the image doing with the text when it comes to maps there is a lot of variation	在地图上,图像是做什么的?
585	so a to map might be doodled in the corner of a manuscript and that only really tangentially	所以地图可能会被涂抹在手稿的角落, 而只是真正微小的
586	deals with the uh like the text uh one of the large books that we have on exhibit right now	像文字一样处理呃我们展出的一本大书
587	is ralph higgins higgins uh play chronicon which was is amazing attempted writing a history of the	是拉尔夫・希金斯・希金斯呃播放编年史这是惊人的尝试写历史
588	by somebody who probably never went more than 30 miles from his monastery um so you know there's	可能从不离开修道院30英里所以你知道
589	some give and take there but there is a nice solid to map in the early pages and it makes sense in	但早期的地图上有个不错的固态
590	the way that you're thinking this is a history of the world he wants a little picture of the world	你这样想,这是历史他想要一个小的世界图片
591	in here but it's not something that the text necessarily directly addresses as in look at the	这里,但文本不一定直接涉及的问题,就像看...
592	map figure one that sort of thing however we do have other examples where the map is really	地图图1,尽管我们确实有其他例子地图是真实的
593	the text itself sometimes you'll even see maps and text sharing space together in really unusual	文字本身有时你甚至会看到地图和文字在非常不寻常的地方共享空间
594	ways so one of the books we have on view right now has sort of parts of a map have been drawn	所以现在我们看的一本书已经绘制了地图的一部分
595	and colored and sort of intrude upon the text itself so they're sharing the exact same space	和彩色,有点打扰文本本身,所以他们分享完全相同的空间
596	and the text and the map actually do have some relation but sometimes images are illustrative	而文字和地图实际上确实有一些关系,但有时图像是说明性的
597	and sometimes they're not i know that's a little bit unsatisfying but that is actually a lot of my	有时他们不我知道这有点不满意但实际上我有很多
598	own research is looking at images and the text together and sometimes they work together beautifully	自己的研究是把图像和文字放在一起, 有时它们合作得很好。
599	they're really working together create new meaning new ideas and sometimes this is a miscellany the	他们真的一起工作创造新的意义新的想法,有时这是一个错误的细胞
600	you know this is the paper they have and they wanted a map and they wanted um a travel account	你知道这是他们的报纸他们想要一张地图他们想要一个旅行账户
601	or they wanted something entirely different in there uh it really varies based on the history	或者他们想要的东西完全不同的,呃... 它真的不同根据历史
602	document um and the history of the manuscript because obviously sometimes we get books that	和手稿的历史因为显然有时我们得到的书
603	have been rebounds you know other things have been bound in them sometimes people had a bunch	已经反弹了你知道其他的东西被束缚在其中有时人们有一堆
604	of books and they just bind them all together all at once so it varies thanks um and then the	书,他们只是把它们一起一次,所以它不尽相同,谢谢,然后
605	last question from the chat box um are there any traces of admiral zhenghe's exploration of the	聊天箱里最后一个问题... ...嗯...
606	world and maps um and obviously we're touching on european maps mostly but um i don't know if you	世界和地图,嗯,很明显,我们正在接触欧洲地图大多,但嗯,我不知道你是否
607	guys yeah i'm so sorry about that and i i just i don't have any personal knowledge about that	伙计们,是的,我很抱歉关于这一点,我只是我没有任何个人知识
608	um and if you could ask that person to write to me i will ask michael man who is our specialist	嗯,如果你能请那个人给我写信我会问迈克尔先生谁是我们的专家
609	in asia and they will probably have a much more satisfying answer	在亚细亚他们可能有一个更满意的答案
610	but i'm sorry i just don't know that that area well enough that i don't want to speculate	但是我很抱歉我只是不知道那个地区够不够好我不想猜测
611	um great well thank you everybody for a fantastic uh q and a session there and thank you for	非常感谢大家的盛赞和会议,谢谢你们
612	ray and kristen for taking the time in the morning to um enlighten us about this exhibit um and again	Ray和Kristen早上抽出时间给我们讲讲展品的事
613	if anybody has happens to be visiting uh yale please be sure to stop by the bina key library	如果有人碰巧来拜访呃耶尔请务必去宾纳钥匙图书馆
614	um to check out the exhibit and to check out the	嗯,看看展品和检查
615	uh	瓳
616	the library.	图书馆
617	It really is one of the highlights of the university.	这真的是大学的亮点之一。
618	And thank you again for joining	再次感谢你加入
619	us.	我们
620	Thank you for this fantastic talk.	谢谢你的精彩演讲
621	I'm actually going to probably go back to the exhibit soon just	实际上,我可能要回展览不久
622	to look at the maps again.	再看看地图
623	Thank you.	谢谢
624	Yeah.	对
625	Thank you so much.	非常感谢
626	And to all of you, when you get back	和大家,当你回来
627	to New Haven, please look me up.	去纽黑文,请看我。
628	I put my email in the chat.	我把我的邮件放在聊天。
629	It's been wonderful.	这真是太棒了
630	Thank you.	谢谢
631	Great.	不错
632	And I'm going to unmute everybody so that they can all say thank you to you too personally.	我要揭开每个人的胸怀让他们都能亲自感谢你
633	Thank you.	谢谢
634	Have a good day.	祝你们愉快
635	Thank you.	谢谢

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