日常的饮食揭示了人类历史的走向？耶鲁重量级历史学教授邀你用全

日常的饮食揭示了人类历史的走向？耶鲁重量级历史学教授邀你用全新的方式看食物

发布于 2021-12-09 · 时长 1:09:11

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:04	Hello everybody welcome.	大家好,欢迎
0:07	Thank you for joining us.	谢谢你加入我们。
0:09	If you are in China.	若在华中.
0:10	Thank you for taking time in the evening.	谢谢你晚上抽空来
0:12	This is, I'm sure, right around dinner time right after dinner time so hopefully you've already eaten, otherwise you might get hungry during	这是,我敢肯定, 大约晚饭时间紧接着晚饭时间,所以希望你已经吃过了, 否则你可能会饿在
0:21	this talk.	这段话
0:23	Good morning to those of you joining us from the US or elsewhere.	早上好,你们这些从美国或其他地方加入我们的人。
0:29	My name is Devin Lau I am the assistant director of Yale Center Beijing.	我叫刘德文我是耶鲁中心北京的助理主任
0:33	And this is, we're lucky to have my good friend and a friend of the center as well Paul Friedman speaking with us today.	这是,我们很幸运,我的好朋友和一个朋友以及保罗·弗里德曼今天和我们说话。
0:41	A couple of housekeeping notes for those of you guys that are joining us for the first time, just a quick introduction for those that are unfamiliar.	给那些第一次加入我们的人写几张家庭管理笔记只是给那些不熟悉的人一个简短的介绍

展开字幕全文（467 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	Hello everybody welcome.	大家好,欢迎
2	Thank you for joining us.	谢谢你加入我们。
3	If you are in China.	若在华中.
4	Thank you for taking time in the evening.	谢谢你晚上抽空来
5	This is, I'm sure, right around dinner time right after dinner time so hopefully you've already eaten, otherwise you might get hungry during	这是,我敢肯定, 大约晚饭时间紧接着晚饭时间,所以希望你已经吃过了, 否则你可能会饿在
6	this talk.	这段话
7	Good morning to those of you joining us from the US or elsewhere.	早上好,你们这些从美国或其他地方加入我们的人。
8	My name is Devin Lau I am the assistant director of Yale Center Beijing.	我叫刘德文我是耶鲁中心北京的助理主任
9	And this is, we're lucky to have my good friend and a friend of the center as well Paul Friedman speaking with us today.	这是,我们很幸运,我的好朋友和一个朋友以及保罗·弗里德曼今天和我们说话。
10	A couple of housekeeping notes for those of you guys that are joining us for the first time, just a quick introduction for those that are unfamiliar.	给那些第一次加入我们的人写几张家庭管理笔记只是给那些不熟悉的人一个简短的介绍
11	Yale Center Beijing is Yale University's first and only university wide center, where we bring many Yale professors	北京耶鲁中心是耶鲁大学的第一个也是唯一的大学宽中心,我们在这里带来了许多耶鲁教授.
12	and alumni and different leaders from around the world to discuss topics of importance.	以及来自世界各地的校友和不同领导人讨论重要议题.
13	So we've had everything from climate change to blockchain to philosophy and art and music.	因此,我们拥有了从气候变化到屏障链到哲学、艺术和音乐的一切。
14	And today we have a topic that we know many people are very interested in and quite familiar with, which is food.	今天我们有一个话题, 我们知道许多人都非常感兴趣,非常熟悉, 那就是食物。
15	And I'm sure Paul Friedman will talk a little bit about the ubiquity of food and how that has played its role in being a topic of interest to some people and not to others.	我相信保罗·弗里德曼会稍微谈谈食物的无处不在以及它是如何发挥作用的成为一些人感兴趣的话题而不是其他人感兴趣的话题
16	Let me introduce Professor Paul Friedman.	让我介绍保罗·弗里德曼教授
17	For those of you guys are joining us before he's a good friend of the center and so he needs no introduction but I know we have many first timers as well.	对于你们这些家伙来说,在他成为中心的一个好朋友之前,是加入我们的,所以他不需要任何介绍,但是我知道我们还有许多第一次时间。
18	Professor Paul Friedman is professor of history at Yale University.	保罗·弗里德曼教授是耶鲁大学历史学教授.
19	He began his studies in the area of medieval Europe, especially in the study of history of Spain and Catalan in particular, his research into Europe led him into an interest in spices	他开始研究中世纪欧洲领域,特别是研究西班牙和加泰罗尼亚的历史,他对欧洲的研究使他对香料产生了兴趣.
20	and the spice trade, which had him asking questions about why certain spices were so popular to the extent that the popularity drove trade and exploration to the extent that it changed the world.	和香料贸易, 他问为什么某些香料如此受欢迎以至于流行驱动贸易和探索以至于它改变了世界。
21	And so quite literally, taste and food changed the way that our world was working.	从字面上讲,味道和食物改变了我们的世界运作方式。
22	And so that interest led him into further studies into the history of food and cuisine and taste.	因此,这种兴趣促使他深入研究了食物和烹饪与品味的历史.
23	He is the author of many books now on food.	他是许多食物书籍的作者。
24	His food.	他的饭
25	He edited a volume on the history of food and taste, as well as authored 10 restaurants that changed America as well as American cuisine how it got this way.	他编辑了一本关于食物和口味历史的书,还编著了10家餐厅,这些餐厅改变了美国,也改变了美国菜肴是如何以这种方式得到的.
26	His newest book, Why Food Matters, it will be his topic of discussion today.	他最新的著作《为什么粮食问题》将成为他今天讨论的主题。
27	Recently published by Yale University Press.	最近耶鲁大学出版社出版.
28	And so we're very excited to have him.	所以,我们非常兴奋有他。
29	And so once again, if you're willing to turn on your cameras please do so, especially after his talk will have time for q amp a moment at that point it would be especially nice to have your cameras on because I will be able to call on you, so you can inte	所以再次,如果你愿意打开你的摄像头, 请这样做, 特别是在他的演讲会有时间 q an moment 在那个时候,有你的摄像头是特别不错的, 因为我将可以呼叫你,
30	with Professor Paul Friedman.	和保罗・弗里德曼教授
31	And so, with that, I will turn the time over to Professor Freeman.	因此,我将把时间交给弗里曼教授。
32	Thank you very much, Devin and thank you everyone for coming to this talk.	非常感谢,德文感谢大家来参加这次演讲
33	I'm very grateful for the opportunity to discuss my book.	我非常感谢有机会讨论我的书
34	Why Food Matters was a short book written during the covert isolation or at least during the first period of it in the spring of 2020.	为何"食品大事记"是隐蔽隔离期间或至少2020年春首期写成的短篇小说.
35	I was fortunate enough to be employed, and to have enough space at home for my wife and me to work without interfering with each other.	我很幸运能被雇用在家里有足够的空间供我妻子和我工作不受干扰
36	So this book is a result of a request by Yale University Press to put together something on food for a series they have on why various things matter.	因此,这本书是耶鲁大学出版社要求将一些关于食物的东西整理成他们拥有的关于为什么各种事情都很重要的系列。
37	The official name of the collection is why X matters.	收藏的官方名称是X为何重要.
38	So why translation matters.	所以翻译才重要
39	Why architecture matters.	为什么建筑很重要。
40	But unlike these topics of course, food is necessary for life so I'm aware that you could easily say an answer to the question, why food matters.	但与这些话题不同, 食物对于生活来说是必需的, 所以我知道,你可以很容易地回答这个问题, 为什么食物很重要。
41	It matters because without it we won't survive.	这很重要,因为没有它,我们就无法生存。
42	But of course I wanted to go a little bit beyond that in two primary areas.	但是,当然,我想在两个主要领域做一些事情。
43	One is that food matters to us personally and in terms of our culture, how we define ourselves.	一是粮食对我们个人,对我们的文化,对我们如何定义自己,都很重要.
44	That personally is our experiences, nostalgia, what we liked growing up, what we miss when we travel, and culturally, collectively, the nature of the food as a cuisine where we grew up.	这是我们个人的经验,怀旧,我们所喜欢的成长,我们旅行时所怀念的,以及文化上,集体上,我们成长的地方食物作为美食的本质.
45	The other wider implication or context for my work is the challenges facing us with regard to climate, the climate crisis, and the role that food plays in that so that a huge amount of the world's water goes for agriculture.	对我工作的另一个更广泛的影响或背景是,我们在气候、气候危机和粮食在其中发挥的作用方面面临的挑战,从而使世界上大量的水用于农业。
46	A tremendous amount of the damaging gases emitted into the atmosphere comes from livestock, livestock rearing, food processing, and also from food transport.	大量有害气体排放到大气中来自牲畜、牲畜饲养、食品加工以及食品运输。
47	In the United States, the average produce item sold in markets, supermarkets, it has traveled 2000 miles.	在美国,在市场,超市销售的平均产品项目,已经走了2000英里.
48	So that is an index of just how bizarre the global food system is and how unsustainable it is.	所以,这只是一个指数显示全球食物系统有多奇怪和它有多不可持续。
49	So my interest therefore in this book is, broadly speaking, culture and sustainability.	因此,我对这本书的兴趣, 大致来说是文化和可持续性。
50	The importance of food is also in unexpected and even frivolous areas.	食物的重要性也存在于意想不到的甚至琐碎的地区.
51	Devin mentioned the book that I wrote in 2008 called Out of the East Spices and the Medieval Imagination.	德文提到我在2008年写的一本名为"出东方香料和中世纪想象"的书.
52	This was about the demand for spices in the Middle Ages.	这是关于中世纪对香料的需求。
53	Why was European cuisine of the elites so heavily spiced, so fragrant with ingredients that came from so far away from India, from Indonesia, from Sri Lanka, from Vietnam, that Europeans didn't even really know where these	为什么欧洲精英的美食如此浓厚的香味配料来自印度、印度尼西亚、斯里兰卡、越南
54	places were.	曾经是地方
55	They had an idea of India as being as far east as you can go on the earth and believe that India was just across a strait from the island of paradise described in the book of Genesis.	他们有一个想法,印度是远在东方,你可以去在地球上,相信印度刚刚跨越海峡与天堂岛,
56	And that one reason why India produced spices was that spices really came from paradise, the earthly paradise.	印度生产香料的一个原因是香料确实来自天堂, 即地球上的天堂。
57	The contribution of Marco Polo and other early European geographers that China actually was east of India and north disrupted this geographical worldview.	马可·波罗(Marco Polo)和其他早期欧洲地理学家认为中国实际上位于印度以东,以北的贡献破坏了这种地理世界观.
58	But why were spices so popular in the first place that people would pay such fabulous sums for these exotic products.	但为什么香料如此流行以至于人们会为这些异国产品支付如此惊人的金额。
59	That was what that book was about.	这就是那本书的目的
60	But the point for our context is that no one needs spices to survive.	但我们的背景要点是,没有人需要香料来生存。
61	They're not a strategic product on the order of grain or cooking oil or	它们不是谷物或食用油的战略产品
62	produce or meat.	生产或肉类。
63	Many civilizations, Han, China, the Roman Empire, did perfectly well without spices.	许多文明,汉族,中国,罗马帝国,没有香料,表现完美.
64	I'm sorry, that was for sugar.	对不起,那是为糖。
65	No, every civilization has spices, but the passion for spices that come from far away was a rather unusual medieval European.	不,每个文明都有香料, 但是对来自远方的香料的热情是相当不寻常的中世纪欧洲。
66	Pre occupation.	之前的职业。
67	This lust or desire for spices motivated the voyages of discovery and common colonization that Europeans undertook in the 15th and 16th century.	这种对香料的欲望或欲望,激发了欧洲人在15和16世纪进行的发现和共同殖民的航行.
68	In a study of plants and globalization, the historian, Henry Hobhouse observed the starting point for European expansion had nothing to do with the rise of religion or capitalism, but it had a great deal to do with pepper.	在对植物和全球化的研究中,历史学家亨利·霍布豪斯(Henry Hobhouse)观察到欧洲扩张的起点与宗教或资本主义的兴起无关,但与胡椒有很大关系.
69	The notion that something dispensable like pepper should be a force in changing history.	认为像胡椒这样的药剂应该是改变历史的力量
70	The Portuguese adventure of Osco da Gama arrived in India in 1498.	奥斯科·达·加马的葡萄牙冒险于1498年抵达印度.
71	The Genoese explorer in the service of Spain Christopher Columbus arrived in what he thought was India in 1492.	服务于西班牙的热那亚探险家克里斯托弗·哥伦布于1492年抵达他认为是印度的地方.
72	The history of sugar is another and more sinister example of why frivolous or seemingly frivolous edible products matter in world history, enthusiasm for sugar grew exponentially in the modern world.	糖的历史是另一个更为邪恶的例子,说明为什么在世界历史上无意义或似乎无意义可食的产品很重要,现代世界对糖的热情成指数增长。
73	If you look at England, the per capita annual sugar consumption at the beginning of the 18th century was four pounds.	如果看英国,18世纪初人均年食糖量为4磅.
74	By the beginning of the 19th century had arisen to 18 pounds, 60 pounds at the beginning of the 20th century, and now over 150 pounds.	到19世纪初,出现了18磅,20世纪初60磅,现在超过150磅.
75	Sugar is no more a biological necessity than spices and this is what I was confused about before.	糖比香料更符合生物需要这也是我之前所困惑的
76	Han China does not have sugar, neither does the Roman Empire, they rely on honey primarily as a sweetener.	汉中没有糖,罗马帝国也没有糖,他们主要依靠蜂蜜作为甜味剂.
77	So you can survive without sugar.	这样你就不用糖了
78	On the other hand, as those escalating figures for Britain show, once you have cheap sugar, people's consumption will increase almost uncontrollably.	另一方面,正如英国不断上升的数字所显示的,一旦你得到便宜的糖,人们的消费将几乎无节制地增加.
79	The reason that sugar was inexpensive and widely available by 1900 was because of slavery.	1900年糖价低廉且广泛供应的原因是奴隶制.
80	No other edible commodity has as disastrous a global impact as sugar.	没有任何其他可食用商品具有与糖一样的灾难性全球影响。
81	Slavery was brought to the Caribbean islands and Brazil, that is the importation of African slaves on a massive scale in order to cultivate and process sugar.	向加勒比岛屿和巴西带来了奴隶制,即大规模进口非洲奴隶,以便种植和加工糖。
82	And people were aware of this at the time.	而当时人们也意识到这一点.
83	So an English politician named James Fox, who was a vigorous opponent of slavery, wrote in 1791 that every cup of tea or any other beverage sweetened with sugar is, quote, steeped in the blood of our fellow creatures, unquote.	因此,一位名叫詹姆斯·福克斯(James Fox)的英国政治家曾是奴隶制的强烈反对者,他在1791年写道,每杯茶或其他任何含糖的饮料,都会被引用,尖锐地注入我们同胞生物的血液,不引申.
84	European demand created immense profits for sugar cultivation.	欧洲的需求为糖种植带来了巨大的利润。
85	It's refining its shipping and distribution.	它正在完善其航运和分销.
86	The demand for sugar first came from new caffeinated beverages that were fashionable, new in the sense that Europeans had never had them before.	对糖的需求首先来自时髦的新咖啡因饮料,从欧洲人以前从未喝过这种饮料的意义上来说是新的.
87	They were well known in other parts of the world, but only imported into Europe, beginning in the 16th century.	它们在世界其他地方广为人知,但从16世纪开始只进口到欧洲.
88	Tea, coffee, and chocolate.	茶,咖啡,还有巧克力
89	And the point is that tea is not necessarily drunk with sugar all around the world.	而关键是茶并不一定是喝满世界各地糖的.
90	In fact, in China to this day, generally speaking, if I'm correct, tea is not thought to be appropriate, sugar is not appropriate for tea.	实际上,在中国直到今天,一般说来,如果我是对的,茶被认为不合适,糖不适合茶.
91	In the Mesoamerican or Mexican Guatemalan regions before the European discovery, the agatex and the Mayans prepared a version of hot chocolate, but they didn't have sugar at all, and they added things like flowers, perfumed substances.	在欧洲发现前的中美洲或墨西哥危地马拉地区,阿盖特克斯人和玛雅人准备了热巧克力的版本,但他们完全没有糖,他们添加了花,香水物质等物质.
92	Coffee was a bitter beverage, not served in Arabia with sugar, so that European tastes was to add sugar to these things, and then often to eat them with pastries with more sugar.	咖啡是一种苦味的饮料,在阿拉伯没有用糖来服务,因此欧洲的口味就是在这些东西中加入糖,然后经常用加糖的糕点来食用.
93	So, even with this crucial significance, food history is not a topic whose importance in the Western world is immediately obvious.	因此,即使有了这个至关重要的意义,食物史也不是一个在西方世界中的重要性立即显而易见的话题.
94	I teach a class at Yale in this subject, and have asked students what their parents think when they tell them they are taking this course.	我在耶鲁教了一门课程, 并且已经问学生当他们的父母告诉他们他们正在接受这个课程时,
95	And many responses boil down to some version of, I sent you to Yale to study stuff like this.	许多回复都归结为某种版本, 我派你到耶鲁去研究这样的东西。
96	Parents think that this is some sort of, again, frivolous, or just easy or lifestyle course.	父母认为,这是某种, 再次,无意义, 或者只是简单或生活方式的课程。
97	I think that this contempt for food as a serious subject is different, or not really present in the same way in China.	我认为,这种对食物作为严肃主体的轻视是不同的,或者在中国实际上并不一样地存在.
98	And so for this audience, I don't have to struggle to explain why food matters as much as I do for a US audience.	因此,对于这些观众来说,我不用费劲地解释为什么食物对我对美国观众一样重要。
99	In Western thought, it's been commonly asserted that beyond its merely biological or medical importance, food does not matter, that it's not an intellectual subject.	在西方思想中,人们通常认为,除了单纯的生物学或医学重要性之外,食物并不重要,它不是一个知识主体.
100	And I have a couple of examples.	我有一些例子。
101	The 16th century French philosopher and essayist Michel de Montaigne recalled an amusing conversation with a chef who regarded his job with inappropriate gravity.	16世纪法国哲学家兼散文家米歇尔·德·蒙泰涅(Michel de Montaigne)回忆了与一位厨师的一次有趣的谈话,这位厨师以不适当的重力看待他的工作.
102	The cook, Montaigne reported, referred pompously to the science of eating, affecting, quote, a grave and magisterial countenance, as if he were discussing grand points of theology, unquote.	厨师蒙泰涅(Montaigne)报告说,他谦虚地提到了饮食科学,影响了坟墓和魔法的面孔,好像他在讨论神学的大点,没有引文。
103	Montaigne found it laughable that a mere kitchen servant should describe salads and roast meat as if they merited the high seriousness of the government of an empire.	蒙泰涅觉得可笑的是,一个简单的厨房仆人应该描述沙拉和烤肉,仿佛它们值得一个帝国政府的高度严肃.
104	400 years after Montaigne's remarks, the distinguished French chef Jacques Pepin in his youth experienced a similar and rather more consequential dismissal of cuisine as a worthy subject of inquiry.	在蒙泰涅发言400年后,杰出的法国厨师雅克·佩平在青年时期曾遭遇过类似,更因此而被解雇的烹饪作为值得调查的话题.
105	Pepin was already a famous chef in France when he immigrated to the United States at the age of 20, 21, and he wanted to go to college, and he did enter Columbia University in New York, and received a bachelor's degree in 1970.	佩平在20,21岁移民美国时已经是法国著名的厨师,他想上大学,他确实进入了纽约哥伦比亚大学,1970年获得学士学位.
106	He then went on to graduate school also at Columbia in French literature.	之后他进入同样在哥伦比亚的法国文学研究生院学习.
107	But when he proposed a doctoral dissertation topic in food and French literature, his advisor told him contentiously that this theme was out of the question.	但当他提出食品和法国文学的博士论文题目时,他的顾问有争议地告诉他,这个题目是没有问题的.
108	The reason not much has been written on this topic, Monsieur Pepin, the professor said, is that cuisine is not a serious art form.	教授Pepin先生说,关于这个话题没有写多少的原因是,烹饪并不是一种严肃的艺术形式。
109	He assured Pepin that it is far too trivial for academic study, not intellectual enough to form the basis of a PhD thesis.	他向佩平保证,对于学术研究来说,这实在是太微不足道,不足以构成博士论文的基础。
110	Within the European and North American cultural areas, then, cuisine has not been considered comparable to performing arts such as opera or academic subjects such as philosophy.	因此,在欧洲和北美文化地区,烹饪被认为不能与歌剧等表演艺术或哲学等学术学科相提并论.
111	Recipes and dining out attract popular interest and discussion, but so do many other diversions from fashion to hang gliding, but these are not academically respectable topics.	食谱和餐饮的外出吸引了大众的兴趣和讨论,但许多其他从时尚到挂滑翔的分流也一样,但这些都不是学术上值得尊重的主题.
112	As I said, I think it's different in China, where at various times it has been deemed appropriate for learned people to write poetry or discourse on food topics, often in the context of memory and nostalgia.	正如我所说的,我认为在中国是不同的,在不同的时候,人们都认为应该让有学识的人写关于食物主题的诗歌或论述,常常是在记忆和怀旧的背景下.
113	First person familiar essays are a traditional literary genre of self reflection, often expressing longing for the past and longing for the past is very often tied up with longing for the food of the past, be that childhood or food before some misfortune	第一人称熟悉的散文是自我反思的传统文学流派,经常表达对过去的渴望,对过去的渴望往往与对过去食物的渴望联系在一起,无论是童年还是某种不幸之前的食物都超越了你.
114	Recalling in poverty and pleasures in poverty and want the pleasures he had enjoyed during the last years of the Ming dynasty, the 17th century essayist Zhang Dai lovingly described a crab club that he had belonged to, whose members extensively discussed	17世纪的散文家张黛亲切地描述了他所属的螃蟹俱乐部成员们广泛讨论
115	river crabs during the fall season.	秋季河蟹.
116	That is, they ate the crabs along with salted and dried duck, junket, blood clam steeped in wine, cabbage, and fruit, and discoursed on the food.	也就是,他们把螃蟹和咸和干鸭,垃圾,血蛤陡在葡萄酒,小白菜,水果, 并谈论食物。
117	The food was not simply a form of fuel or even a pleasant form of fuel or an ephemeral pleasure.	食品不仅仅是一种燃料,甚至一种愉快的燃料,或者一种麻风快感。
118	He says in recollection, it is really as though we had tasted the offerings of the immortals come from the celestial kitchens.	他说,在回忆中, 它真的像我们尝到不朽的祭品来自天体厨房。
119	And that kind of statement from an intellectual in the Western tradition is rare to the point of non-existence.	而这种来自西方传统中知识分子的言论,很少出现到不存在的地步.
120	Much more common would be the attitude of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein in the mid 20th century, who remarked, I don't care what I eat, as long as it's the same thing every day.	更常见的是哲学家路德维希·维特根斯坦(Ludwig Wittgenstein)在20世纪中叶的态度,他评论道,我不在乎我吃什么,只要是每天一样的东西.
121	So this has a venerable tradition.	因此,这是一个可敬的传统。
122	I won't go into it in great detail, but another course I teach at Yale is a collaborative course on great books of the Western tradition.	但我在耶鲁教授的另一门课程是西方传统优秀书籍上的合作课程
123	And we recently finished Plato's Republic.	我们最近完成了柏拉图的共和国。
124	And Plato, through Socrates in describing his ideal society, recommends that they have a diet of barley and wheat flat cakes, or maybe made into bread, accompanied by moderate quantities of wine, and very little else.	而柏拉图通过苏格拉底描述他的理想社会,建议他们吃大麦和小麦扁平的蛋糕,或者可能做成面包,辅以适量的葡萄酒,其他的很少.
125	One of Socrates' young interlocutors, a man named Glaucon, protests against such a harsh regime.	苏格拉底的一位年轻对话者,一个名叫格劳孔的人,抗议如此严酷的政权.
126	And so Socrates tearfully, if grudgingly, agrees to allow salt, olives, cheese, boiled roots, figs, peas, and beans, and as a special treat, they can toast acorns by the fire.	于是苏格拉底泪流满面,如果胆小,同意允许食盐,橄榄,奶酪,煮熟的根,无花果,豌豆,和豆子,作为特殊的款待,他们可以在火边烤玉米.
127	And Glaucon's response to this comical diet is that it seems more appropriate for pigs than for human beings.	而格劳康对于这种漫画性饮食的反应是,它似乎更适合猪而不是人类.
128	Humorous it may be, but nevertheless, the point remains that for Plato, elegant dining is dangerous.	可能很幽默,但重点仍然是,对柏拉图来说,优雅的晚餐是危险的.
129	At best, it is a distraction from the important work of philosophy.	这充其量是对哲学的重要工作的分散。
130	And at worst, the desire for luxuries is what motivates wars, expansion, trade, all sorts of things that Plato regards as destructive and as examples of what had happened to Athens in its	最糟糕的是,奢侈的欲望是激发战争、扩张、贸易以及柏拉图认为具有破坏性的一切事物
131	disastrous wars of the fifth century BC.	公元前5世纪的灾难性战争
132	Well, despite all this learned dismissal, food really does possess meaning beyond its routine aspects.	好吧,尽管所有这些学到解雇, 食物确实有意义超越它的常规方面。
133	It particularly is something evocative of loss, and loss can mean personal tragedy or simply getting older and losing touch with the things that gave you pleasure as a young person.	这尤其是一种刺激性的损失,而损失可能意味着个人的悲剧,或者只是渐渐变老,与那些让你作为年轻人感到快乐的东西失去联系.
134	The COVID epidemic and its isolation, an isolation that has been very harsh in many parts of the world and psychologically very difficult, has reminded us of the importance of food, often food taken together.	COVID流行病及其孤立,在世界许多地方非常严酷而且心理上非常困难的孤立,提醒我们,食物的重要性,常常是食物结合在一起。
135	So people who've been alone during the isolation have felt particularly poignantly this loss.	所以在隔离期间独自一人的人特别感到这种损失。
136	So involuntary displacement, exile, confinement, reinforce the symbolic significance of food.	如此非自愿的流离失所,流放,监禁,强化了食物的象征意义.
137	A particularly disturbing example of this is a cookbook that was put together by Jewish women imprisoned in the Theresienstadt concentration camp during the Nazi regime.	一个特别令人不安的例子是一本被纳粹政权时期被囚禁在特莱西恩施塔特集中营的犹太妇女整理的烹饪手册.
138	This was a privileged concentration camp.	这是一个特权集中营。
139	I use that word sarcastically, but it was the camp that well known international people or people who had a lot of relatives abroad were put into.	我讽刺地使用这个词,但是,正是这个难民营中,众所周知的国际人民或在国外有许多亲戚的人被投入其中。
140	And it was presented as a model camp.	它被作为模范营地展示。
141	But even so, most of the people in it were near starving.	但即使如此,里面的大部分人都快饿死了.
142	And these women put together a cookbook from memory, obviously they had not brought cookbooks with them, and they had very little food to experiment with.	这些女人从记忆中整理出一本烹饪本, 显然她们没有带烹饪本, 而且她们几乎没有食物可以实验。
143	The recipes were based on their recollection of the comforting everyday food of home.	食谱是基于他们回忆的舒适的家庭日常食物.
144	In the face of attempts to obliterate and dehumanize, the Theresienstadt cookbook reaffirmed the Jewish women's personal integrity.	面对抹杀和去人性化的企图,特莱西恩施塔特烹饪手册重申了犹太妇女的人格完整.
145	Recalling specific foods and how to prepare them constituted a form of psychological resistance and self preservation.	回顾具体食物以及如何准备这些食物构成了一种心理抵抗和自我保护的形式。
146	So, in writing, Why Food Matters, I was interested in how food serves to define and reinforce group identity and distinction.	因此,书面的,“为什么食品问题”, 我对食物如何帮助定义和加强群体特性和区别感兴趣。
147	So distinctions include class, what the upper class in various societies eats, what the lower classes subsist on, and often the stereotypes about what is appropriate for rich people and what rich people imagine poor people eat.	因此,区别包括阶级、不同社会中的上层阶级所吃的、下层阶级所生存的,以及常常对什么适合富人和富人所想象的穷人所吃的东西的定型观念。
148	I'm also very interested in gender, in notions of different preferences that women have versus those of men.	我对性别也非常感兴趣女人对男人有不同的偏好
149	So in the United States, by the late 19th century was thought that men liked hearty food, meat, food with a lot of spices in it, and that women liked delicate food, food with whipped cream or mayonnaise or gelatin.	因此,在美国,到19世纪后期,人们认为男人喜欢心地美食,肉类,食物中含有大量香料,女性喜欢细腻的美食,有奶油的美食,或蛋黄酱或胶水.
150	On the other hand, women were also supposed to be particularly fond of dessert, of sweet dishes.	另一方面,妇女也应该特别喜欢甜点、甜菜。
151	So where did this come from?	这从哪里来的?
152	How does it play out in the modern world?	在现代世界如何发挥?
153	Race also always an important consideration in any history of the United States, but rather than go through a synopsis of the book in the half hour or so that I have remaining, I want to look at how food brings people together, and it's symbolic but vital	种族也是美国任何历史上的重要考虑,但与其在半个小时左右的时间内通过这本书的概要,我还想看看食物如何把人们聚集在一起,这是象征性的,但极为重要的社区建设功能.
154	The word commensality, meaning meals taken in company, is often thought of as a sort of a jargon academic word, but it's actually a venerable term attested since the 17th century, the lexicographer and writer Samuel Johnson in the 18th century defined com	共和性一词,意为在陪伴中进行的餐食,常被认为是一种术语学词,但实际上它是一个自17世纪以来被证实的名词,18世纪的词典学家和作家塞缪尔·约翰逊(Samuel Johnson)将共和性定义为餐桌的研究金,即共同吃饭的习惯.
155	So it is a pompous word.	因此,这是一个自大的话。
156	Mensa means table in Latin, so commensality is eating at the same table.	Mensa在拉丁语中意为桌子,所以共鸣是在同一桌子上吃饭.
157	Among everyone's happiest memories are celebrations involving food, life-affirming expressions of family, of community solidarity, accompanying marriages, anniversaries, school graduations, and the like.	每个人最快乐的记忆包括:涉及食物的庆祝活动、对家庭、社区团结、伴随的婚姻、周年纪念、学校毕业等等。
158	The prophet Mohammed praised commensality.	先知穆罕默德称赞共鸣.
159	Eat together and do not separate.	共食不分别.
160	Blessing is in society, he said.	他说,祝福存在于社会。
161	The 11th of the 12 Shiite Imams is supposed to have remarked that when you sit at table with your brothers, sit long, for it is a time that is not counted against you as part of your lives, unquote.	十二什叶派伊玛目中的十一世本应该说过,当你和兄弟们坐在桌子上的时候,请长坐,因为这个时代不计你为生活的一部分,不计你.
162	Commensality represents religious ceremony as well as worldly togetherness.	礼仪既代表宗教仪式,也代表世界团结。
163	One of the great books of 20th century anthropology by Clifford Geertz was called The Religion of Java, the island in Indonesia, and it was published in 1960.	克利福德·盖尔茨所著的20世纪人类学的伟大著作之一,被称为"印度尼西亚岛屿爪哇的宗教",于1960年出版.
164	And he centered this long study around one particular ceremony involving food called Aslamaton.	他围绕一个叫阿斯拉马顿的食物的仪式来研究这个漫长的学习
165	Aslamaton is a short ceremonial meal, carefully structured, understated, and held in response to occurrences, both favorable and unfavorable.	阿斯拉马顿是一次短暂的礼仪性餐食,精心安排,叙述不足,并因应各种事件而举行,既有利又不利.
166	So moving to a new house requires Aslamaton, but the death of a loved one does as well.	所以搬到新房子需要阿斯拉马顿,但亲人的死也是一样.
167	At Aslamaton, nothing of substance is mentioned relating to what is being commemorated.	在阿斯拉马顿,没有提及任何与纪念内容有关的实质性问题。
168	So there's no toasting, there's no moment of silence.	故无吐司,无一时之寂.
169	Eating together by itself creates a ritual bond.	一起吃饭本身就形成了一种仪式的纽带.
170	The food is traditional, it's served in banana leaves, it's eaten while sitting on the floor, the men consume it and the women prepare it.	食物是传统的,在香蕉叶中供奉,在坐在地板上时被食用,男人消耗,女人准备.
171	When I was a student in college, I lived in Java for six months in 1970, and I participated in Aslamaton with the family that I lived with, when unfortunately, the wife had a miscarriage.	上大学时,1970年在爪哇生活了六个月,我和与我同住的家庭一起在阿斯拉马顿(英语:Aslamaton)生活,不幸的是,妻子流产了.
172	So the response to this miscarriage was a Aslamaton, and nobody said anything.	所以这次流产的反应是一个阿斯拉马顿, 没有人说任何事情。
173	It wasn't, you know, like, oh, you know, I'm sure if you try again you'll be successful or, you know, I'm so sorry.	这不是,你知道, 像,哦,你知道, 我敢肯定,如果你再次尝试你会是成功的,或者,你知道,我很抱歉。
174	The characteristic of this meal and indeed of Javanese culture in general is a kind of transcendence of the trauma of everyday life.	这顿饭的特征乃至整个爪哇文化是一种超越日常生活创伤的特质
175	In Europe and the United States, there are more ostentatious celebrations of life events, so destination weddings, school graduation parties, major birthdays are often very elaborate, including the catering.	在欧洲和美国,生活活动有较多的显式庆祝活动,因此目的地婚礼,学校毕业派对,主要生日往往非常细致,包括餐饮.
176	What's happened, however, is that ordinary family meals, by contrast, have sort of fallen apart.	然而,所发生的是, 普通的家庭餐, 相比之下, 已经有些分崩离析。
177	The members of the family have different tastes, so the teenage children may be vegetarian, they have different schedules, so often people eat meals that they put together by themselves, even standing up.	家庭成员的品味不同,所以十几岁的孩子可能是素食主义者,他们有不同的日程,所以经常有人吃饭,他们自己拼凑在一起,甚至站起来.
178	And there's a lot of lamentation among social critics and observers that the former routine of sitting down together to dinner to exchange news is a thing of the past, right up there with rotary telephones or typewriters.	社会评论家和观察家们中有很多的悲叹, 从前坐在一起共进晚餐以交换新闻的例行公事已经过去了, 上面有旋转电话或打字机。
179	As meals have become more hurried and utilitarian, there has been then this kind of panic about the decline of community.	随着餐食越来越匆忙和功利化,当时社会衰落的这种恐慌已经出现了.
180	But in fact, commensality is alive and well, at least in restaurants.	但事实上,共鸣是活的和好的,至少是在餐馆.
181	Restaurants are immensely popular, at least they were before the pandemic, and they're struggling to come back now in whatever we call this period of pandemic semi-recovery.	餐馆非常受欢迎,至少是在流行之前, 他们正在挣扎着回到我们所称的这个流行半恢复时期。
182	And this popularity of restaurants is not only because of the foodie wave, the wave of enthusiasm for everything having to do with dining, it has a lot to do with ways of socializing and of confirming and extending relationships.	而这种对餐馆的受欢迎,不仅因为美食浪潮,对与餐饮有关的一切事物的热情浪潮,也与社交方式,以及确认和延长关系的方式有很大关系.
183	Conversation at the table tells you about the other person, which is why the first instinct in wanting to get to know someone new is to share a meal with them.	在桌子上的对话会告诉你另一个人, 这就是为什么第一个想要认识新人的本能就是和他们分享一顿饭。
184	That doesn't mean that all examples of commensality or cordial.	这并不意味着所有共和或友好的例子。
185	In the United States, we recently finished the Thanksgiving holiday, and Thanksgiving is certainly a time of gathering together over an excessively large meal and eating foods that most people don't eat at any other time of year.	在美国,我们最近完成了感恩节假期,感恩节无疑是一个聚集在一起,吃过大餐和食物的时代,大多数人在每年任何其他时间都不吃.
186	But in recent times, newspapers have been full of advice about how to avoid fights over Thanksgiving.	但近代以来,报纸对如何避免感恩节的争吵一直充满建议.
187	Political, for example, or old family tensions that are covered over when, you know, you don't see this cousin who you think stole an item of silver from your parents when they died.	比如说,政治,或者旧的家庭矛盾被掩盖了,当,你知道,你没有看到这个表哥,你认为他偷了你父母的银子当他们死了。
188	And so we're going back to that kind of family conflict, a simmering family conflict is associated with Thanksgiving now, much to the detriment of the reputation of that holiday.	所以我们要回到那种家庭冲突, 一个尖锐的家庭冲突现在与感恩节有关, 大大损害了那个节日的声誉。
189	But let's return to restaurants.	我们回餐馆吧
190	There are four kinds of restaurant commensality or socialization I'd like to very briefly discuss.	有四种餐厅的共和性或社交性我想简单谈谈
191	The first is romance.	第一个是浪漫
192	The second is friendship.	第二是友谊。
193	The third is celebration.	第三是庆祝。
194	And the fourth is business.	而第四为业.
195	If we start with romance.	如果我们从浪漫开始。
196	So, there have been historically many ways of meeting potential partners, arrange marriages to online dating sites in classical and medieval literature of the West.	因此,历史上有许多方法可以与潜在的伴侣见面,安排婚姻到西方古典和中世纪文学的在线约会网站.
197	Couples did not tend to develop relationships over meals.	夫妻关系往往不发展于饮食。
198	In Dante's hell, he meets the lovers Paulo and Francesca who had an illicit relationship that began when they were reading chivalric romances together.	在但丁的地狱中,他遇见了情侣保罗和弗朗切斯卡,两人在共同阅读"骑士浪漫"时开始非法交往.
199	In Jane Austin's era in 18th century England, promising matches might be encouraged by strategic seating at meals.	在18世纪英国简·奥斯汀的时代,有希望的比赛可能因为在餐饮时的战略座位而得到鼓励.
200	The way you met people was by introductions at balls dances and chaperoned visits romance at restaurants require sufficient relaxation of social rules to allow a young woman to be alone with a young man.	你认识人们的方式是通过球舞的介绍和陪同参观浪漫在餐馆要求充分放松社会规则允许一个年轻女人与一个年轻男人单独在一起。
201	And in northern Europe and the United States this starts to happen in the late 19th century.	在北欧和美国,这开始于19世纪后期。
202	A once famous American novel by a once famous American writer named William Dean Howells, the novel is called a modern instance and was published in 1882.	该小说曾是美国著名作家威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯(William Dean Howells)创作的美国著名小说,该小说被称为现代案例,于1882年出版.
203	There's a scene where a man named Bartley impresses a naive woman named Marsha by taking her out to one of the fanciest restaurants of Boston at this time, the dining room of the revere house hotel, and Marsha is dazzled by his skill at understanding the	有个场景叫巴特利一个叫玛莎的天真女人带她到波士顿的一家幻想餐厅豪华酒店的餐厅玛莎被他了解
204	menu, the wine list, ordering with a nonchalance that she finds impressive.	菜单, 酒单, 以不切实际的方式订购她觉得令人印象深刻。
205	Restaurants are not places to start a relationship, but rather to follow up an initial encounter.	餐厅不是开始关系的地方,而是跟踪初次接触的地方.
206	For a long time dinner was something that a couple planned in their first early acquaintance a recognized stage in the progress of intimacy.	长久以来,晚餐是一对夫妇在第一次早期熟人中规划的亲密关系进步中公认的阶段。
207	If we proceed from romance to meals among friends in my country certainly these involve a wider range of dining contexts, so that for example in many many American small towns, circles of older men meet for breakfast.	如果我们从浪漫走向朋友的膳食,这些当然涉及更广泛的膳食环境,例如,在许多美国小城镇,老年男子圈子会聚吃早餐。
208	At a McDonald's or other cafe or a donut place and they share news, tell stories, make random complaints and observations and this kind of relationship friendship is the reverse of courting of romance because	在麦当劳或其他咖啡馆或甜甜圈的地方他们分享新闻讲故事随意抱怨和观察这种感情的友谊是浪漫的反面
209	here the point of getting together is not finding out about someone you just met, but rather going over the stories and complaints of people you've known for years.	在这里聚在一起的重心不是发现你刚遇到的人而是研究你认识多年的人的故事和抱怨
210	The fact that you've heard these stories before is part of the comforting routine of meals, such as these.	你以前听过这些故事,这是诸如此类的舒适的日常饮食的一部分.
211	This kind of camaraderie also used to be true of adolescence.	这种友情也曾经是青春期的真情.
212	The 1982 movie Diner, for example, this is a movie set in Baltimore in 1959 and it involves a bunch of guys who are about to graduate from high school and they meet at this diner at this informal kind of restaurant.	1982年的电影"餐厅", 这是1959年巴尔的摩的一部电影, 涉及到一群即将从高中毕业的男生, 他们在这个非正式的餐厅里相遇。
213	And they talk a lot about girls about the frustrations of life and about their plans and what it is is a kind of they're preparing to go their separate ways, they may never meet again.	他们谈论很多关于女孩生活中的挫折感和她们的计划, 以及她们准备走各自不同的道路, 他们可能再也见不到面。
214	And food here has a role of establishing a kind of relationship that will, at least in their minds, endure the destructive effect of time, but this is not really true in the 20th anymore in the 21st century.	这里的食物的作用是建立一种关系, 至少在他们心目中,它会忍受时间的破坏作用, 但是在21世纪的20世纪,这已经不是真的了。
215	Millennial and Generation Z conduct much of their lives online.	千年与世代Z在网络上进行大部分生活.
216	They're also very conscious of time.	他们也非常了解时间.
217	My students, at least what I understand, you know, sort of set aside 10 minutes at Starbucks for a meeting with someone else.	我的学生们,至少我所理解的,你知道, 在星巴克安排了10分钟与别人见面。
218	I mean, they're, they're sort of like booked and their way they have ways of wasting time, but their ways of wasting time don't usually involve long meals at restaurants.	我的意思是,他们是,他们有点像预定和他们的方式他们有浪费时间的方式, 但他们的方式浪费时间通常不涉及长餐在餐馆。
219	So, from friendship to festive events.	所以,从友谊到节日活动。
220	Obviously celebrations are a very old form of group dining, Roman banquets, Native American meals called potlatches in which there's a kind of competitive gift giving our famous examples of collective feasts.	显然,庆祝活动是一种非常古老的团体宴会形式, 罗马宴会, 美洲原住民的餐会称为陶拉子餐, 里面有一种竞争的天赋, 为我们提供了集体宴会的著名例子。
221	Our society makes a point of observing family oriented occasions such as anniversaries, or birthdays.	我们的社会把观察诸如周年纪念或生日等面向家庭的场合作为重点。
222	And finally, meals provide business, professional and political occasions to talk face to face about sometimes vitally important affairs.	最后,膳食提供了商业、专业和政治场合,可以面对面地谈论有时至关重要的事务。
223	Winston Churchill, for example, very carefully prepared the dinners that he gave for political allies and rivals including meetings at Yalta and Potsdam with Stalin Roosevelt and Truman.	例如温斯顿·丘吉尔(Winston Churchill)非常仔细地准备了他为政治盟友和对手提供的晚宴,包括在雅尔塔和波茨坦与斯大林·罗斯福和杜鲁门的会面.
224	The dinners that Mao Zedong gave for Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger are famous examples of food and diplomacy, and the reaction in the United States to these dinners was in 1972 was was extraordinary not only the fact that this was happening, but that	毛泽东给理查德·尼克松和亨利·基辛格的晚宴是食品和外交方面的著名例子,1972年美国对这些晚宴的反应,不仅是这种情况的发生,而且是非凡的.
225	Henry Kissinger and Nixon had learned to use chopsticks had spent several weeks practicing or getting tutorials in how to manipulate food with chopsticks showed a kind of dedication or commitment that was not otherwise thought of as characteristic of thes	亨利·基辛格(Henry Kissinger)和尼克松(Nixon)已经学会使用筷子,在如何用筷子操控食物方面花了数周练习或获得辅导,表现出了某种献身精神或执着精神,而这种献身精神或执着精神原本并不被认为是这两个人的特征.
226	So,	这么说
227	often business lunches in the United States have been extremely important.	美国的商业午餐经常是极为重要的。
228	There was a autobiography about Hollywood by Julia Phillips in 1991 about all the intrigues deals, betrayals backstabbing.	茱莉亚·菲利普斯在1991年写了一本关于好莱坞的自传关于所有阴谋交易,背叛的背影。
229	And its title is, you'll never eat lunch in this town.	它的标题是,你永远不会吃午餐在这个小镇。
230	Again, that was a threat in 1991, meaning, nobody's going to talk to you.	再说一遍,那是1991年的威胁, 意思是,没有人会跟你说话。
231	And now in Hollywood, people don't people don't have lunch together as a way of initiating or sealing deals there are some industries like publishing.	现在在好莱坞,人们没有一起吃午饭作为启动或封存交易的一种方式有一些行业,如出版。
232	So in New York, there are still some restaurants that publishers, agents, and authors can be found at, particularly over lunch.	因此,在纽约,仍然有一些餐厅, 出版商,代理商, 和作者可以在那里找到, 特别是在午餐时。
233	But this is mostly a kind of antiquated survival of people who are in things like banking or real estate, no longer use lunch as a dealmaking	但是,这大多是那些在银行或房地产中不再用午餐做交易的人的老生常谈
234	occasion.	时间。
235	So,	这么说
236	commonality can be comical or tragic.	共性可以是滑稽的,也可以是悲剧性的。
237	The sense of food and dining having a meaning or significance is what I want to emphasize, as opposed to the notion that meals are just necessary for biological survival.	食物和餐饮感具有意义或意义,是我想强调的,而不是食物只是生物生存所必需的概念.
238	I'm not really trying to say that university curricula need to have a place for food history.	我并不想说大学的课程需要有一个食物历史的位置。
239	Rather, I would encourage us to think about food as significant in many experiences of life that are not immediately about food.	相反,我鼓励我们把食物视为许多生活经验中的重要内容,而食物并不是直接的。
240	Cooking recipes dining out celebrations are not just practical ways of getting by.	烹饪食谱吃晚饭的庆祝活动不仅仅是通过的实际方法。
241	They're making sense of the world.	二者正觉世界.
242	Culture is how we organize and regulate experiences, according to unwritten, but familiar codes.	文化就是我们如何按照非书面但熟悉的守则来组织和管理经验。
243	The honest physical significance then food is one of the most important of such methods of orientation.	诚实的物理意义,然后食物是这种定向方法中最重要的一种.
244	So for example, Americans dislike organ meat, a revulsion that was not true 150 years ago, but not and not shared by most of the rest of the world.	例如,美国人不喜欢器官肉, 这种反感在150年前不是真实的, 但并不是,也不是世界上大多数其他人所共有的。
245	On the other hand, tastes change not only did Americans abandoned organ meat during the 20th century, but from 1950 to 2000, they became much more fond of spice in food.	另一方面,味道的变化不仅在20世纪美国人抛弃了器官肉,而且从1950年到2000年,他们更喜欢食物中的香料.
246	I lived in the southern United States from 1979 until 1997 in Nashville, Tennessee.	从1979年到1997年,我住在美国南部的田纳西州纳什维尔.
247	In 1979, most of the food was bland, but the arrival of Thai restaurants, as well as such fads as buffalo chicken or blackened fish dramatically changed that so much so that there's now a dish called Nashville hot chicken, which is a deep fried chicken wi	1979年,大部分食物是淡淡的,但泰国餐馆的到来, 以及野牛鸡或黑鱼等潮湿的风味, 都发生了巨大的变化, 以至于现在有一个叫纳什维尔热鸡的菜肴, 这是一种深层的炸鸡, 皮肤很脆。
248	And it's very highly spiced and the idea that this should be associated with Nashville still seems to me to be amusing.	这非常有香味, 我觉得这应该和纳什维尔有关的想法仍然很有趣。
249	So the point is, food defines us, we manipulate food for pleasure.	重点是食物决定了我们我们操纵食物以取乐
250	And while a lot of the book deals with food and its divisions and its inequities and its problems.	虽然书中有很多涉及食物及其分化及其不平等和问题.
251	I recall the remark of the French diplomat and raconteur, the count Talleyrand, who said of dinner, show me another pleasure that comes around every day and lasts an hour.	我还记得法国外交官兼顾问塔利兰伯爵的话,他说要吃晚饭,他给我又一个快乐,每天都来,持续一小时。
252	And so on that note, thank you for listening to this and if you have comments or questions, I'd be delighted to hear them.	因此,关于这一点,谢谢你的聆听, 如果你有评论或问题, 我会很高兴听到它们。
253	Great.	不错
254	Thank you so much, Paul.	非常感谢,保罗。
255	So we'll move into a time of question and answer.	因此,我们将进入问答的时间。
256	If you have any questions, feel free to type them out in the chat box.	如果有任何问题,请在聊天框中输入。
257	That would be one way to ask them and the other thing you can do is just use the raise hand function on the bottom of your screen.	这是问他们的一种方法另一种你可以做的就是在屏幕底部使用举手功能
258	And if you raise your hand, I will be happy to call on you and you can interact directly with Professor Friedman.	如果你举起手来,我很乐意打电话给你你可以直接和弗里德曼教授互动
259	And of course, like I mentioned before, if you are asking a question to be great if you could turn your cameras on.	当然,就像我之前提到过的, 如果你问一个问题要好如果你可以打开你的摄像机。
260	Just so we can have a little bit of an in person interaction, if that's possible.	这样我们就可以进行一些个人互动,如果可能的话。
261	So anybody with questions please feel free to chat, use the chat box or type in the chat box or raise your hand.	所以,任何有问题的人请随意聊天,使用聊天框或者聊天框中的类型或者举手.
262	I see.	原来如此
263	We have, why is meat associated with masculinity in American culture.	我们有,为什么肉在美国文化中与男性有关。
264	I think some of this is found in many other cultures.	我认为,在很多其他文化中都可以看到其中一些。
265	Certainly it was found in Britain, and its influence on America is strong so the British in the 18th century for example define them as against themselves against the French.	当然,它是在英国发现的, 它对美国的影响很强所以18世纪的英国人把他们定义为反对法国人。
266	And exalting beefsteak as the sort of right of every freeborn Englishman and beefsteak was to be eaten without the sauces and ornamentations that the effeminate French seemed to prefer.	夸张的牛肉烤牛肉是每个自由出生的英国人和牛肉烤牛肉的一种权利, 是在没有酱料和装饰品的情况下被吃掉的, 而这种酱料和装饰品是法国人喜欢的。
267	This is very strong in the United States.	这在美国非常强烈。
268	Now, the	现在,
269	And has a political overtone.	并具有政治色彩。
270	People in supporters of President Trump, for example, and Trump himself has encouraged this belief that the liberals are going to take away me just like they want to take away guns, they're going to take away stakes and you're going to have to eat artific	例如,支持特朗普总统的人,特朗普本人也鼓励这种信念,即自由派要把我带走,就像他们想拿走枪支一样,他们要拿走木桩,你还要吃人造肉.
271	This is a polemical idea of, of great strength.	这是一个极强的论调
272	Another	又一个
273	factoid is, there's been a trend for young women going out on those first dates that I mentioned romantic dinners, or potentially romantic dinners that they'll order steak.	事实上,有一个趋势年轻女性出去在那些第一次约会我提到浪漫晚餐, 或潜在的浪漫晚餐他们会订购牛排。
274	And that is a signal to the guy that the girl is not a vegetarian, and that she's not going to bother him about his diet.	这是给那个家伙的信号她不是素食主义者她不会为他的饮食而烦他
275	That if he sees him eating something that is not particularly helpful.	如果他看见他吃的东西没有特别的帮助。
276	She's not going to say oh you shouldn't eat that.	她不会说,哦,你不应该吃。
277	And what the man is afraid of is being bossed around by the one.	而他害怕的是被那个家伙控制着
278	That's one of the things he's looking for in an initial relationship and so her ordering steak is like proclaiming a safe zone.	这是他初恋时想要的东西之一所以她点牛排就像宣布安全区一样
279	All right, if he wants to eat pork rinds or deep fried.	好吧,如果他想吃猪肉或深炒。
280	You know, or French fries, or, I don't know, deep fried candy bars.	炸薯条,或者,我不知道, 深炸的糖果条。
281	That's fine with her.	她不会有事的
282	Yeah, I can you have your hand up.	把手举起来
283	So I'm going to ask him to mute.	所以我要让他闭嘴
284	Oh, thank you so much for the lecture.	谢谢你的演讲
285	Yeah, I actually have a question like it's kind of personal, because like, I remember when I was young, my mom used to tell me like how important how significant is a Chinese Christmas, the Chinese New Year Eve,	是啊,其实我有一个问题像它有点私人, 因为我记得, 当我年轻的时候, 我妈妈常告诉我,
286	like there was such a big meal, and this is such an important event to her, because she told me like I'm not 1970s.	就像有这么大一顿饭, 这对她来说是一个很重要的事件, 因为她告诉我,像我不是1970年代。
287	This is the only occasion where she can access to a fresh, fresh fish, because people really poor at that time, but now it's like both I and my family members become increasingly	这是她唯一能吃到新鲜鱼的机会因为那时的人很穷但现在我和我的家人都越来越穷了
288	indifferent to such special occasions like, like Chinese, Chinese New Year Eve, or like mid autumn festival.	对这种特殊场合漠不关心,比如中国,中国除夕,或者像中秋节.
289	Do you think that as like because of the like development of the modern agriculture, and the improvement of the supply chains, made most food accessible to	你认为因为现代农业的发展和供应链的改善使得大部分食物可以
290	ordinary people, even though those food that was luxuries before.	普通人,尽管那些食物以前是奢侈的。
291	Do you think that this trend is going to diminish the value of food or significance of food in social relations that you mentioned in this lecture.	你是否认为这个趋势会降低你在这次演讲中提到的食物的价值或食物在社会关系中的意义.
292	I think it has a negative effect that you've described of diminishing celebrations.	我认为这有负面影响你描述的越来越少的庆祝活动。
293	In other words, either people are busy, they have more options, they're living far away.	换句话说,要么人忙碌,选择更多,生活在遥远的地方.
294	And the food that at one time was special is no longer special.	而一度特殊的食物则不再特殊.
295	So you certainly get this with American Thanksgiving.	所以,你肯定得到这一点美国感恩节。
296	The whole point of Thanksgiving was originally like what you're describing for people who are if not really poor, at least don't have a whole lot of choice in what to eat.	整个感恩节的要点原本就像你描述的那些即使不是真正贫穷的人, 至少没有太多的选择吃什么。
297	You had this splendid meal once a year.	你每年都吃一顿好饭
298	Well now, you know, problems of obesity are more important or at least more visible than problems of malnutrition and so	现在,你知道,肥胖的问题比营养不良的问题更重要或至少更明显,所以
299	the significance of the food in the holiday is less, it becomes even amusing.	食物在节日的意义就更小了,甚至变得有趣.
300	People say, you know, people are so unused to roasting meat that the many people try to make the turkey on Thanksgiving and don't really know how to use their oven, because they never use their oven except that day.	人们说,你知道,人们被利用来烤肉,以至于许多人试图在感恩节时做火鸡,并且并不真正知道如何使用他们的烤箱,因为除了那天,他们从不使用他们的烤箱.
301	I think in China, it's different, partly because there has been so much emphasis on food as an expression of culture, because of the availability of so many different ingredients and cuisine.	我认为在中国,这不同,部分原因是因为人们一直强调食物是文化的一种表现,因为有这么多不同的成分和菜肴.
302	And food takes different forms of prestige.	而食物的声望形式也不同.
303	So in the United States, distance no longer matters.	所以在美国,距离不再重要。
304	I mean, anybody can get bananas cheaply.	我的意思是,任何人都可以便宜地得到香蕉。
305	On the other hand, to get food that is seasonal, or that tastes like what you remember it should, to take an example, asparagus.	另一方面,为了得到季节性的食物,或者品尝你应该记得的味道,举个例子, as.
306	So when I was growing up, you could only get asparagus in March and April.	所以当我长大的时候你只能在3月和4月才能得到para
307	And it, I guess by the time I was a teenager, it came from California in the spring.	到了我十几岁的时候春天从加州来的
308	Now it's available all year round from Mexico and Peru, but it's not actually very good.	现在全年都有来自墨西哥和秘鲁的,但实际上并不很好.
309	When you compare it to the seasonal asparagus that you get in the spring, if you really look hard for it, and it's much more expensive, that is the local asparagus grown, say in New York or New Jersey, is much more, twice or three times the price of aspar	当你把它和春季得到的季节性para类相比时, 如果你真的很努力地寻找它, 它更昂贵, 也就是当地种植的para类,比如纽约或新泽西, 要比秘鲁的para类价格高一倍或三倍。
310	So I think that you'll find that it's just that the definition of what foods are prized changes, rather than people taking all food for granted.	所以,我认为你会发现,只是对什么是值得珍视的食物的定义有所改变,而不是人们把所有的食物当作理所当然的食物.
311	Okay, okay.	好,好,好,我们走
312	Yeah, I think that's fair.	是的,我觉得这很公平。
313	Thank you, Professor.	谢谢你,教授
314	Yeah.	对
315	Great.	不错
316	Thank you.	谢谢
317	We have another question from the chat box.	我们还有一个问题从聊天箱。
318	Right.	对
319	On demand food delivery platforms.	在需求食品交付平台上。
320	So I think this has had a tremendous impact in cities like Beijing, has it not, including to the point of having a tremendous problem of waste disposal, since food delivery comes with all sorts of packaging and stuff like that.	因此我认为这对北京这样的城市产生了巨大的影响,没有, 包括废物处理的巨大问题, 因为食品的运送伴随着各种各样的包装和类似的东西。
321	I haven't done any research related to this topic.	我还没有研究过这个话题
322	It's so new, but the studies I've seen certainly suggest that it's an expanding category, particularly in cities.	这是这么新的, 但我所看到的研究无疑表明这是一个不断扩大的类别, 特别是在城市。
323	And, yeah, we'll see.	而且,是的,我们会看到。
324	It's, it's changing restaurants, many restaurants have converted into what are called ghost kitchens.	就是,它正在改变餐馆,许多餐馆已经改建成所谓的鬼厨房.
325	So a ghost kitchen is a place that prepares food for delivery and take out only.	所以鬼厨房是准备食物送货的地方,只能取出.
326	And it can even offer different cuisines, and, you know, it will have a name, like, I don't know, Bangkok temple, but it's not a restaurant, it's a delivery service.	它甚至可以提供不同的菜肴, 你知道,它会有一个名字, 比如,我不知道,曼谷寺庙, 但是它不是一个餐厅,它是送餐服务。
327	We'll see if that flourishes after COVID, I would like to say no, but I'm probably wrong about that.	我们看看COVID之后的兴旺, 我想说不, 但我可能错了。
328	So also in the chat, a plant based diet for sustainability.	所以在聊天中, 一种基于植物的可持续饮食。
329	This is a crucial question.	这是一个关键问题。
330	And a lot of it depends on how closely plant based products can imitate meat.	并且很多都取决于植物产品能在多大程度上模仿肉类.
331	They seem to have done a very good job.	他们似乎做得非常好。
332	Crucially, will be to go beyond ground meat.	关键是要超越地面肉类
333	So I think already impossible burger beyond meat and like are actually likely to have a substantial market share.	所以,我认为已经不可能的汉堡除了肉类, 和类似的东西可能实际上有一个相当大的市场份额。
334	It is true that it is literally unsustainable for us to continue to eat meat produced the way meat is produced now in the escalating global quantities.	确实,我们继续食用生产的肉类实在是无法维持的,因为肉类的生产方式现在在全球不断升级。
335	And so the question is partly will people be willing to give up meat under what circumstances, and then also, you know, how long is this going to be able to go on and it can't.	问题在于人们是否愿意在什么情况下放弃肉类, 然后,你知道,这还能持续多久?
336	The impact of meat of livestock rearing of the destruction of forests to create pastures, the creation of methane gas by concentrated feeding operations, the transport of animals and animal carcasses, all this as it exacts a tremendous, tremendous cost.	牲畜饲养的肉对破坏森林以创建牧场的影响,通过集中喂食活动产生的甲烷气体的影响,以及动物和动物尸体的运输的影响,所有这些都造成了巨大和巨大的成本。
337	Having said that, am I a vegetarian by conviction?	说了这话后,我是否因信仰而成为素食主义者?
338	No, actually, I certainly tried to think about what I eat.	不,实际上,我当然想想想我吃什么。
339	I try to use meat as more of a flavor than as an everyday, you know, main course.	我尝试用肉作为一种更多的口味而不是日常,你知道,主菜。
340	But yeah, here I have some hope for technology.	但是,是的,我有一些希望技术。
341	There was another question in the chat box.	聊天盒里还有一个问题
342	I'm curious about whether different types of cutleries reflect features of different cultures.	我好奇的是,不同类型的餐具是否反映了不同文化的特点。
343	For example, why do Chinese people use chopsticks, whereas Europeans use forks and knives?	例如,为什么中国人使用筷子,而欧洲人使用叉子和刀?
344	Some of it, I think, is just culture preference and not explicable by some functional explanation.	我认为,其中一些只是文化偏好,不能用某种功能解释来解释。
345	Nevertheless, this has to do with meat eating and meat eating in large pieces.	尽管如此,这与肉食和大块肉食有关.
346	The one tool that Europeans always brought to a meal or were given at a meal in the Middle Ages was a knife.	中世纪欧洲人总是带进一顿饭里或者在一顿饭上献出的一个工具是一把刀.
347	So the knife is necessary beyond a fork, spoon or any other implement, because you're served pieces of meat that have to be cut.	所以刀在叉子,勺子或任何其他执行之外是必需的,因为你得到的是必须切的肉片.
348	And forks are later.	而叉子为后.
349	So knives and spoons, spoons for the poor people, also for things like porridges and grills.	所以刀和勺子,勺子给穷人,也给粥和烤肉等东西.
350	Chopsticks are useful in a meal in which the meat is already cut up and in which you tend not to be served large pieces of meat, which you then have to slice yourself.	筷子在一顿餐中有用,其中肉已经切开,在餐中你往往不会得到大块的肉,然后你不得不切片.
351	That's not a explanation that covers everything.	这不是一个涵盖一切的解释。
352	Another contrast that's interesting is eating with your hands.	另一个有趣的对比是用你的手吃饭.
353	So in Indonesia, whereas I said I ate, I lived rather for six months, some meals were taken with the hand and only the right hand, of course, I had the misfortune or comical misfortune to be left handed.	在印度尼西亚,虽然我说,我吃了六个月, 有些饭是用手吃,只有用右手吃, 当然,我还有不幸或滑稽的不幸,
354	And it was very hard for me to remember to use my right hand, just considered horribly disgusting to use your left hand, certainly unthinkable to use it for food.	我很难记得用我的右手, 只是认为可怕的恶心用你的左手, 当然是无法想象的用它来做食物。
355	And even even like to offer money like you're at a store and you're paying, and I would take the money out of my wallet with my left hand, and then put it in my right hand and pay with my right hand.	甚至喜欢提供金钱就像你在商店里,你正在支付, 而我会从钱包里拿钱用我的左手,然后把它放在我的右手, 用我的右手支付。
356	You know, I think nice try.	你知道,我觉得不错的尝试。
357	But I had a student who was from Bangladesh, and I asked her I'm always interested in international students responses to, you know, being in college in the United States.	但我有一个来自孟加拉国的学生, 我问她,我总是对国际学生的反应感兴趣, 你知道,在美国上大学。
358	You know what what what her food experiences had been and she said the hardest thing was getting used to eating with a fork, knife and spoon, not that he had any problem you know like manipulating the instrument, but it can feel like she was actually eati	你知道她的食物经历是什么她说最难的就是习惯用叉子、刀和勺子吃东西而不是他有什么问题你懂的
359	But somehow if you eat with your hand, you're, you're actually consuming the food, whereas for her, eating with a fork and knife was almost like, like being intravenously fed you know you're not hungry but you're also not experiencing the pleasure that yo	但不知何故,如果你用手吃饭, 你实际上正在消耗食物, 而对于她来说,用叉子和刀吃饭几乎就像, 就像被静脉注射喂食, 你知道你并不饿, 但你也没有体验到与你共进晚餐的乐趣。
360	That's fascinating.	这太迷人了
361	Then we have a question.	那我们有个问题
362	Lynn.	莲恩
363	Yeah.	对
364	Hi.	顿
365	Thank you very much Professor from.	非常感谢你的教授。
366	Thank you for the lecture I have a question also about the pump based diet.	谢谢你的演讲,我还有一个关于泵式饮食的问题。
367	I feel like now the public that I'm sorry can hear me clearly.	我感到现在的公众,我很抱歉能够清楚地听到我的声音.
368	Sorry, say that again.	对不起,再说一遍。
369	Yeah, um, now I thought I found that plant based diet gets very popular go global wide.	是啊,嗯,现在我想我发现植物的饮食变得非常受欢迎在全球范围。
370	It's especially very popular in Western countries in general, I stayed in London for the past four years and it's just the industry that the market for pump a diet is just grow tremendously and I feel like now after I came back to China.	这在西方国家中特别受欢迎,我在过去4年中在伦敦停留了, 只是这个行业, 泵食市场只是巨大的增长, 我觉得现在我回到中国后。
371	I'm currently based in Shanghai.	现驻上海.
372	There's also a huge trend of vegan burger and vegan, vegan fried chicken but at the same time in the Chinese culture we have pump based diet already for example the tofu which you can get the pump based protein so I'm, my question is do you think	素食汉堡和素食炸鸡也有大趋势, 但与此同时,在中国文化中,我们已经有了以豆腐为原料的食物, 比如豆腐,你可以得到以豆腐为原料的蛋白质。所以我,我的问题是,你觉得
373	it is still necessary for the say Chinese market to embrace or to build factories to produce another sort of plant based product.	所谓中国市场仍有必要接受或建造工厂生产另一种以工厂为基础的产品。
374	And yes, I think you would know the answer better than I, in other words, I am curious as to, on the one hand, from the outside, we are all aware that China has a very long tradition of plant based cuisine of giving credit to vegetables as something other	是的,我想你比我更清楚答案,换句话说,我好奇的是,一方面,从外部看,我们都知道,中国有着悠久的植物烹饪传统,即把蔬菜作为功劳,而不是一种近乎于
375	And of all sorts of mock preparations that is tofu used to resemble duck.	豆腐的模拟配料都像鸭子
376	On the other hand, as a country that has still a substantial population that is becoming newly affluent meat consumption has risen.	另一方面,作为一个人口仍然相当多、正在成为新富裕的肉类消费的国家,消费有所增加。
377	In recent years tremendously, because people have more money, and one of the first things people do when they have more money is change their diet and changes for reasons of prestige as well as taste often mean an increase in meat eating so	近几年来,因为人们有更多的钱, 而当人们有更多的钱,
378	those two trends are different they're not incompatible, but I wonder which is going to be more important is vegan	这两种趋势是不同的, 它们不是不相容的, 但我想知道哪一个更重要是素食
379	diet	饮食
380	What is popular with people in places like Shanghai, or, you know, the young people in Shanghai, or tastemakers in Shanghai.	在上海等地,或者在上海的年轻人,或者在上海的品尝者中,什么是流行的.
381	What is the majority of the population in other cities that may be, you know, less culturally advanced, like to say nothing of rural areas.	其他城市的大部分人口, 文化水平较低, 比如说农村地区。
382	So yes, I think there is still a need to try and shift diets but the advantage in China is that there is a long heritage of cuisines that are not dependent on meat for their effects.	所以是的,我认为仍然需要尝试改变饮食, 但在中国的优势是,有很长的菜肴遗产不依赖肉的效果。
383	Thank you very much.	谢谢
384	Thank you.	谢谢
385	Max had another question in the chat box, referring to power lunches and meals being significant for politicians and business people.	Max在聊天盒里还有另一个问题,提到权力午餐和餐饮对政治家和商人都很重要.
386	But now, his observation is that finance people don't really prefer meals for business settings.	但是现在,他的观察是,金融界的人并不真正喜欢为商业环境提供膳食。
387	And you talked about this a little bit but sort of what do you think is the reason for some of these shifts.	你谈到了这一点,但是你觉得是什么原因导致这些转变。
388	I think they think it's a waste of time.	我觉得他们觉得这是浪费时间
389	And the.	还有那个
390	I mean they still play golf and stuff.	我的意思是,他们仍然打高尔夫球之类的。
391	So there's still plenty of informal social networking that goes on in these industries, but	因此这些行业中仍然有很多非正式的社交网络,但是.
392	they deals are faster.	他们的交易更快。
393	They often involve	它们往往涉及
394	remote conversations via zoom or other platforms.	通过缩放或其他平台进行远程对话.
395	My wife is a corporate lawyer, and is both taking advantage of and suffering from multiple time zones.	我妻子是一名公司律师,同时利用多个时区并遭受痛苦.
396	So a deal that involves people in China, and in the UK.	所以这个交易涉及中国和英国的人。
397	So, you know, in certain areas you just have to be able to put things together, perhaps without ever meeting in person, the interlocutors.	所以,你知道,在某些领域,你只需要能够把事情放在一起,也许永远不要亲自会见对话者。
398	And another question from Chung Yifei, this may be the last one.	钟一菲又问了个问题这可能是最后一个问题了
399	Hi, Professor Freeman.	嗨,弗里曼教授,你好吗?
400	Yeah, sorry I have another question like is inspired by the discussion.	是的,抱歉,我还有一个问题类似是受到讨论的启发。
401	Yeah, it's inspired by the discussion about the plant based meal that we discussed just now right.	是的,这是从我们刚才讨论的以植物为原料的餐食的讨论中启发的。
402	So I think I observed something really interesting in my life.	所以我认为我看到了一些有趣的东西
403	It's like in my mom's time right like in 1970s 1980s like in China, like the rich people, they can have meat like every day on their dish table, they'd like me so much.	就像在我妈妈的时代,就像20世纪70年代,80年代一样,像中国一样,像富人一样,他们可以每天在餐桌上吃肉,他们会非常喜欢我.
404	But to the poor people, actually the only available food to them is the healthy food we talked about today, like the sweet potatoes, vegetables, these things right.	但对于穷人来说, 对他们来说唯一可用的食物就是我们今天谈论的健康的食品, 就像土豆,蔬菜,这些东西是正确的。
405	But now like in 21st century I found that the trend is actually reversed.	但现在和21世纪一样,我发现这一趋势实际上正在逆转。
406	I'm currently in South Africa, which is a very racially divided society.	我目前在南非, 这是一个种族分裂的社会。
407	And I found like in the restaurants, the people who choose the plant based meals are mainly those white people, rich white people, and they kind of like use plant based meal to show that they're more like social economically more advanced.	我在餐馆里发现,那些选择以植物为主的餐食的人主要是那些白人,富有的白人, 他们喜欢用植物为主的餐食来表明他们更像是在经济上更先进的社会。
408	But like to the poor black people in South Africa is that they still, they still like very stick to meat, and they think like that they prefer meat in the restaurants.	但在南非,对贫穷的黑人来说, 他们仍然喜欢非常坚持肉类, 他们认为他们喜欢在餐馆吃肉。
409	So what do you think caused the reverse of the trend about people's choice of meat or vegetables or plant based meal.	所以,你认为什么导致了人们选择肉类或蔬菜或植物类餐食的趋势的反向.
410	Yeah.	对
411	Yes.	对
412	Well, I think the short answer is a lot has to do with body image.	我想简短的答案和身体形象有关
413	So, a lot of those people in South Africa, just as everywhere in, you know, the sort of developed world.	所以,南非的很多人, 就像在发达世界的任何地方一样。
414	A sign of prestige is thinness, or athletic body.	威望的标志是瘦弱,或者运动体格。
415	And so, it's very striking in the United States that the problems of obesity, this is a country where, you know, easily a third of the population is seriously overweight.	所以,在美国,肥胖症的问题非常引人注目, 在这个国家,三分之一的人口很容易超重。
416	This is associated with poor people, rural people, and people in the middle of the country.	这与穷人、农村人口和中部人民有关。
417	So, I have a friend who teaches medieval history now at Fordham University in New York.	我有个朋友在纽约福特汉姆大学教授中世纪历史。
418	And previously he was at the University of Colorado, which is in Boulder, Colorado.	而之前他就读于科罗拉多大学,该校位于科罗拉多州的博尔德.
419	Beautiful, beautiful place at the base of the Rocky Mountains.	洛基山脉基地的美丽美丽的地方.
420	And Boulder is a place that's even hipper than California.	而博尔德是一个甚至比加利福尼亚州还河马的地方.
421	And, you know, everybody's vegetarian, the vegetarians are the, you know, the right wing, the vegan is, everybody's in beautiful condition.	而且,你知道,每个人都是素食主义者,素食主义者是,你知道,右翼,素食主义者是,每个人都处于美丽的状态。
422	And everybody looks like they just stepped out of a magazine.	每个人都看起来像是刚从杂志上出来
423	I mean, obviously not everybody, but that's the sort of image one has of Boulder.	我的意思是,显然不是每个人, 但这是那种人的形象博尔德。
424	And my friend is maybe 10 pounds overweight.	我朋友可能体重超重10磅
425	And when I said something like how could you leave paradise to come to gritty old New York and the Bronx at that to teach and he said, you know, I was tired of being the fattest man in Boulder, Colorado.	当我说,你怎么能离开天堂来到老纽约和布朗克斯去教书他说,你知道,我厌倦了成为科罗拉多州博尔德最胖的人。
426	So, you know, fattest man in Boulder, 10 pounds overweight.	所以,你知道,最胖的男人在博尔德,10磅超重。
427	He's not, you know, he's not morbidly obese by any stretch of the imagination.	他没有,你知道, 他不是病态肥胖通过任何的想象力。
428	So a lot of this has to do with a desirable body image.	所以,这与理想的身体形象有关。
429	And some of it certainly has to do with taking responsibility for environmental deterioration.	其中一些当然与承担环境恶化的责任有关。
430	But it's, you know, it's similar to mindfulness, yoga, sustainable coffee, you know, artisanal coffee drinking.	但它,你知道, 它的相似性意念,瑜伽,可持续咖啡, 你知道,手工咖啡饮用。
431	You know, it's part of what an observer called global Brooklyn.	你知道,这是一部分一个观察员叫全球布鲁克林。
432	And what you're experiencing is global Brooklyn.	你正在经历的是全球布鲁克林。
433	Brooklyn standing in for, I mean, this is a typically arrogant American assumption that its tastes rule the world.	布鲁克林站在那里,我的意思是, 这是一个典型的傲慢美国假设,它的味道统治世界。
434	But you know what I mean.	但是你知道我的意思,你应该知道
435	One could also, I'm sure, identify certain neighborhoods in Chinese cities that are full of these same kinds of things.	我敢肯定,我们也可以确定中国城市中的某些街区充满了同样的事物。
436	You could even have a global New Haven as long as New Haven was defined as just the area right around Yale, since in fact, New Haven is a city of tremendous poverty otherwise.	只要纽黑文被定义为耶鲁附近的地区,你甚至可以拥有一个全球的纽黑文, 因为事实上,纽黑文是一个极度贫困的城市。
437	But yeah, that's a fascinating observation.	但是,是的,这是一个迷人的观察。
438	Thank you.	谢谢
439	Yeah, certainly changing tastes and globalization will play a large role in sustainability as well.	当然,改变口味和全球化也会在可持续性方面发挥重大作用。
440	So I think that's a good way to sort of tie everything we've discussed together.	所以,我认为这是一个很好的方法排序连接我们讨论过的一切。
441	And going back to one of Paul's earlier books about about taste and how that sort of, if you can sort of affect people's taste and what they perceive as prestigious, and that will change foodways and ultimately change.	回到保罗早期的一本书里, 关于品味和这种味道, 如果你可以影响人们的品味, 以及他们认为什么是名声, 这会改变食物的流向,并最终改变。
442	And may I just say that that book on taste called Food, the History of Taste exists in a Chinese edition, published by the University of Zhejiang.	请允许我说,这本关于味道的书叫做"食物"(Food,The History of Taste),它存在于浙江大学出版的中文版中.
443	That's right.	没错
444	It's the sole, sole work of mine that's been translated into Chinese.	这是我唯一,唯一一部被翻译成中文的作品.
445	Not that that means anything to this audience since you're	这对观众来说不是意味着什么因为你是
446	at a restaurant.	在一家餐厅。
447	So, anyway, thank you, Professor Friedman for joining us for this fascinating talk thank you everybody for taking time to have this discussion.	所以,不管怎样,谢谢你,弗里德曼教授加入我们的这个令人着迷的演讲感谢你们花时间来讨论这个话题。
448	I hope that it was inspirational to many of you to go and have a meal with somebody.	我希望你们中许多人能去和某人一起吃顿饭,这很鼓舞人心。
449	If it's, if COVID permissions, permits you to do so.	如果是,如果COVID允许的话,允许你这样做.
450	But, yeah, here's to having many more great meals together.	但是,是的,我们来一起吃更多伟大的饭。
451	And we do this every, every talk but I'm going to ask people if we're willing to take a group photo.	我们每一次,每一次谈话都这样但我要问大家我们是否愿意拍张合影
452	This is some semblance of having time together.	这有点像有时间在一起。
453	If you are willing to turn your camera so we can have a group photo, then that would be great.	如果你愿意把相机转过来这样我们就能拍张合影那太好了
454	So, say cheese, I guess, one, two, three cheese.	所以,说起司,我想,一,二,三起司。
455	Great.	不错
456	Thank you so much.	非常感谢
457	And I will unmute everybody.	我会解除对每个人的指责
458	Thank you everybody.	谢谢大家
459	It's a pleasure.	幸会
460	Well, bye bye, Devon, we'll talk.	再见,德文,我们谈谈
461	Thank you.	谢谢
462	Bye.	再见。
463	Thank you.	谢谢
464	Have a nice day.	祝你们愉快
465	Yeah, you too.	对,你也是
466	Was an evening.	是一个晚上。
467	Thank you.	谢谢

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